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Heredity (B) -2013

KAREN LANCOURHEREDITY

NATIONAL SUPERVISORkarenlancour@charter.net

mailto:karenlancour@charter.netmailto:karenlancour@charter.net

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Event Rules 2013DISCLAIMER

This presentation was prepared usingdraft rules. There may be some changesin the final copy of the rules. The rules

which will be in your Coaches Manual andStudent Manuals will be the official rules.

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Event Rules 2013BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2013 EVENTRULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS

AND TOPICS FOR EACHCOMPETITION LEVEL

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TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Point content overviewTraining Handout - content informationSample Tournament sample problems with keyEvent Supervisor Guide prep tips, event needs,and scoring tipsInternet Resource & Training CDs on the ScienceOlympiad website at www.soinc.org under EventInformationBiology-Earth Science CD , Genetics CD (new) forHeredity and Designer Genes as well as theDivision B and Division C Test Packets are availablefrom SO store at www.soinc.org

http://www.soinc.org/http://www.soinc.org/http://www.soinc.org/http://www.soinc.org/

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Heredity (B)

ContentBasic principles of geneticsSome possible areas dominant, recessive,incomplete dominance, co-dominance,monohybrid & dihybrid crosses, test cross,multiple alleles, sex-linkage, genotype,phenotype, epistasis, mutations, multifactorialtraits, pedigrees, karyotypes, mitosis, meiosis,

nondisjunction, genetic disorders, DNAstructure and replication, transcription,translation, common genetic disorders

Process Skills data analysis, predictions,calculations, inferences, observations

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Possible Topics for Various LevelsRegional & State Regional & State National (all topics)

Monohybrid cross Dihybrid cross Pedigree construction and analysis

Dominant and recessive alleles Sex-linked traits Production of gametes with Abnormal #s of chromosomes

Genotype vs. phenotype Pedigree analysis Trihybrid cross (probabilityanalysis)

Human sex determination Multiple alleles Analysis of karyotypes for deletion, addition, translocation

Gene: protein relationship DNA structure &replication

Transcription and translation

Mitosis Meiosis and gameteformation

Multifactorial traits

Human karyotypes analysis fornondisjunction disorders

Co-dominance &Incomplete Dominance

Epistasis

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PRINCIPLES OF GENETICSGENES come in pairs

Section of DNA codes protein or part of protein

One from each parent ALLELE different forms of a geneMULTIPLE ALLELES more than 2 forms of ageneHOMOZYGOUS same alleles HETEROZYGOUS different alleles

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Dominant vs. RecessiveDominant alwaysexpressed

Capital letters N Homozygous - NN Heterozygous - Nn

Recessive prevented bydominant

Lower case letters n Homozygous nn

Punnett Square Box showingallele combinations

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Dominant and Recessive Autosomal DominantDominant gene on an autosome

Autosomal RecessiveRecessive gene on an autosome

Sex-linked Dominant

Dominant gene on a sex chromosome Sex-linked Recessive Recessive gene on a sex chromosome

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Monohybrid CrossHybrid Ss X SsOne Trait Smooth vs

wrinkledTwo gametes per parent

S and s

Punnett Square with 4boxes 4 offspring

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Genotype & Phenotype

Genotype PhenotypeSS or Ss Round

ss Wrinkled

Genotype frequency 1:2:1

Phenotype frequency3:1

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Dihybrid

CrossDihybrid 2 traitsGametes per parent =

4Punnett Square 16boxes

Genotype ratio

1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1Phenotype ratio

9:3:3:1

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Incomplete DominanceHybrid is a blend oftwo traits

Genotype frequency1:2:1Phenotype frequency

1:2:1

Examples : Flowers, Animal fur

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Co-dominanceMore than one dominant allele Blood types A,B,O alleles Phenotypes Genotypes

A I AI A or I AiB I BI B or I Bi

AB I AI B O ii

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Co-dominance

co-dominance both dominant alleles (genes) in an individual are expressed as bloodtypes

A and B genes are co-dominant and both dominant over the O gene which is

recessive

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ABO Blood System

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Independent Assortmentvs. Linkage

Independent Assortment genes ondifferent chromosomes separateindependently during meiosisLinkage genes on the samechromosome are inherited as a group

Autosomal linkage on autosomes Sex-linked on sex chromosomes

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Linkage Sex Linkage

Linkage genes on the samechromosome inherited as a group

Sex-linkage genes on sexchromosomes (esp. X) Y-chromosome shorter some genesfrom X missing

X-linked traits more common in menMen get X-chromosome from momRed-green colorblindness, hemophilia

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Environmental influenceon genes expression

Gene function is influenced byenvironment as with identical

twinsGenes have blueprint for proteinsor parts of proteins

Proteins can be structural proteins(parts of body) or functionalproteins (hormones/enzymes)

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Pedigree Symbols

Generations = I Original Parents, II- F1 (children), III F2

(grandchildren)

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Pedigree Curly vs StraightHair

Types of AnalysisRelationshipsDominant Gene HCurlyRecessive Gene h

StraightGenotypesPhenotypes

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KaryotypesPairs 1-22 =Autosomes

XY = Sex chromosomes Male = X & YFemale = only X Nondisjunction Extra chromosomes(Trisomy)

Missing chromosomes(Monosomy)

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Cell Cycle

Interphase G1

S DNA replicatesG2

MitosisProphaseMetaphase

AnaphaseTelophase

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Mitosis vs Meiosis

Mitosis Growth and Asexual ReproductionOne division 2 diploid cellsGenetically same as original

MeiosisGametes for Sexual Reproduction2 divisions 4 haploid cells

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DNAReplication

Replication (innucleus)

DNA uncoils & splitsReads 3 to 5

Assembles 5 to 3

4 types ofnucleotidesOkazaki fragments

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Types of RNA

Differences between DNA & RNASingle strandRibose instead of DeoxyriboseUracil instead of Thymine

Messenger RNA carries blueprint Transfer RNA brings amino acids Ribosomal RNA reads code

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Transcription &Translation

Transcription makes RNA (in

nucleus)Translation (protein synthesis) -Readsblueprint and makes protein or part of

protein (in cytoplasm at theribosome)

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Transcription of RNA fromDNA

Transcription: Synthesis of RNA from a DNA Template.Requires DNA-dependent RNA polymerase plus the fournucleotides (ATP, GTP. CTP and UTP).Synthesis begins at a the initiation site on DNAThe template strand is read 3' to 5' and the mRNA is

synthesized 5' to 3'

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Translation Protein Synthesis

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Mutations

Mutation any change in the DNAGene mutationChromosomal mutation

Agents causing mutations

radiation, chemicals, excess heat