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Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle Dr. Simon Kenyon Slide 2 Objectives Recognize the common musculoskeletal disorders of cattle Understand the management factors that lead to them Understand prevention, monitoring and control of these conditions Review treatment options for individual animals Slide 3 Common musculoskeletal problems Laminitis and hoof horn quality problems Infectious conditions of the bovine foot Joint disease Nutritional & toxic Other conditions Slide 4 Lameness in cattle 95% of lame cattle are dairy breeds 80% of cases involve the digits 80% of digital lameness involves the hindlimbs 50% of digital lameness involves the horn and 50% the skin (mostly heel warts) 70% of the horny lesions involve the outer claw Slide 5 Diseases of the hoof horn Laminitis inflammation of the laminar corium, founder Sole hemorrhage, sole ulcer (Rusterholz ulcer), under-run sole White line disease separation of the laminar corium Heel erosion slurry foot Double sole Slide 6 Slide 7 Rusterholz Ulcer Slide 8 Under-run Sole and Hemorrhage Slide 9 Double sole Slide 10 Sand Crack Slide 11 Acute Laminitis Roached back Obviously sore feet Extremely reluctant to walk Slide 12 Laminitis in Dairy Cattle Laminitis: Inflammation of the laminar corium of the hoof wall and the sole corium Slide 13 Locomotion Scoring ZINPRO Corp. Slide 14 Slide 15 Laminitis in Dairy Cattle Slide 16 Significance of Locomotion Scores Cows with a locomotion score > 2 2.8 times more likely to have increased days to first service 15.6 times more likely to have increased days open 9.0 times more likely to have more services per conception 8.4 times more likely to be culled than herdmates ________________________________________ Sprecher, et al., Theriogenology, 1997, 47:1179-1187. Slide 17 Impact of Lameness on Culling NAHMS, USDA 1996 15% of culling because of lameness Additional impact on milk yield, and reproduction. Estimated that indirect effects of lameness contribute to another 49% of culls Slide 18 Slide 19 Horse pedal bone hangsin the lamellae Slide 20 Laminitis in the Horse Slide 21 Slide 22 A Cow is Not a Horse Slide 23 Slide 24 Slide 25 Bovine Suspensory Apparatus P3 fixed supported by digital cushion and suspended by bundles of collagen fibers attached to the basement layer of the abaxial wall. If fibers stretch P3 sinks and Deforms and compresses the sole. From Lischer & Ossent, 2007 Slide 26 Effects of Laminitis and Sinkage of P 3 on the Digital Cushion From Lischer & Ossent, 2007. Slide 27 Bicalho et al JDS 2009 Mean Digital Cushion Thickness measured here Slide 28 From Bergsten, 2004 Slide 29 Slide 30 Risk Factors in the Cow Nutritional i.e. rumen acidosis Calving Compression and pressure effects on the digital cushion Thinning of the sole Mechanical stress on the foot Uneven wear Slide 31 Dairy Nutrition Maximize dry matter intake Maximize energy intake Preserve rumen health Protect the transition cow Slide 32 Slide 33 Energy& Fiber Constraints Percent of Ration Dry Matter Slide 34 Slide 35 Slide 36 Slide 37 Cow Time Management 3-5 hours eating 9 14 meals 48,080 chews (10% of energy use) 7 10 hours ruminating 30 minutes drinking 2-3 hours milking Needs 10 hours of lying/resting Slide 38 Freestall comfort Slide 39 Time budgets Top 10% vs the rest (hrs/day) ActivityTop 10%Average Eating5.5 Resting14.111.8 Standing1.12.2 Perching0.51.4 Drinking0.30.4 Matzke, 2003 Slide 40 Mattresses Resilient Well bedded Knee test Slide 41 Free Stall Use Slide 42 Slide 43 Slide 44 Slide 45 Slide 46 Slide 47 Slide 48 Slide 49 Flooring Green concrete very abrasive Grooving Scrabbling Rubber mats Slide 50 Slide 51 T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989. Slide 52 T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989. Slide 53 Slide 54 Slide 55 Supplementation Biotin 20 mg/day Zinc Slide 56 Diseases of the hoof skin Digital dermatitis hairy heel warts Interdigital necrobacillosis phlegmon, foul in the foot, foot rot Interdigital skin hyperplasia corns (Interdigital dermatitis) and (verrucose dermatitis) both probably the same as digital dermatitis Slide 57 Infectious pododermatitis Slide 58 Digital dermatitis Slide 59 Slide 60 Read & Walker J Vet Diagn Invest 10:6776 (1998) Slide 61 Slide 62 Slide 63 OTHER CONDITIONS Infectious, Toxic, Nutritional Slide 64 Soft tissue inflammation Septic arthritis Slide 65 Through and through lavage Slide 66 Slide 67 Slide 68 Fescue foot Slide 69 Refer also to summer slump (epidemic hyperthermia) Slide 70 Enzootic nutritional myopathy (White Muscle Disease) Slide 71 Slide 72 Slide 73 Slide 74 Sand Crack Slide 75 Spastic paresis Slide 76 Hygromata FAO pic Neil Anderson, OMAFRA Slide 77 Slide 78 Interdigital hyperplasia Slide 79 Stifle injury Cranial Cruciate Rupture Slide 80 Femoral Nerve Paralysis Calving Injuries Image: NADIS.ORG Slide 81 Contracted flexor tendons Slide 82 Calving Injuries Obturator and Sciatic Nerve Injury Slide 83 Slide 84 Calving Injuries Tibial Nerve Injury Image: NADIS.ORG Slide 85 Cow lift devices Aqua Cow Slings Slide 86 Coxofemoral luxation Slide 87 Slide 88 Slide 89 Slide 90 Slide 91 Coverall Barn Slide 92