Herbicide Resistant Weeds - Peter Sikkema - 3

Glyphosate Resistant

Weeds in Ontario

Sikkema, UG

Giant ragweed

Common ragweed

Canada fleabane

Waterhemp

Sikkema, UG

Sikkema, UG

Sikkema, UG

Herbicide resistance is the ability of

a plant to survive and reproduce

after exposure to a previously lethal

dose of a herbicide.

Yuan et al. 2006

Herbicide Resistant Weeds

Definition

Glyphosate Resistant Weeds

1. Number of species

a. 36 species in the world

b. 15 species in the USA

c. 5 species in Canada

d. 4 species in Ontario

i. Giant ragweed (2008)

ii. Canada fleabane (2010)

iii. Common ragweed (2011)

iv. Waterhemp (2014)

Introduction

Control 0.67 L/ac0.33 L/ac

Susceptible Resistant

Control 0.67 L/ac0.33 L/ac

Vink, UGVink, UG

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane

Essex


2010

Essex

Kent

Lambton

Elgin

Middlesex

Niagara


2011

Essex

Kent

Lambton

Elgin

Middlesex

Huron

Haldimand

Niagara


2012

12 Counties


2013

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane – 2014

28 Counties

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane – 2015

30 Counties

Perth

Essex

Perth

Hastings

Kent Brant

Wentworth

Niagara

Oxford

Perth

Waterloo

Perth

Hastings

Lennox

Addington

Norfolk

Prescott

Russel

Prince Edward

Essex

Norfolk

Not surprisingly, Ontario farmers indicate that

glyphosate resistant Canada Fleabane is the

#1 weed management issue in the province

GFO, 2015

The problem has become even worse …

Multiple Resistant Canada Fleabane

Glyphosate Resistant Multiple Resistant

Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG

Roundup + Broadstrike RC

Morpeth, ON Mull, ON

Multiple Resistant

23 Counties

Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp

in Corn

Sikkema, UG

Lambton


2014

Essex

Kent

Lambton


2015

Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp in Ontario

Summary (from 49 sites)Resistance Group # of

sites

% of

sites

Counties

Pursuit 2 49 100 Essex, Kent & Lambton



sites

% of

sites

Counties


Aatrex 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton



sites

% of

sites

Counties



Roundup 9 40 82 Essex, Kent & Lambton

Waterhemp

Glyphosate (900 g/ha)

ResistantSusceptible

Schryver, UG Schryver, UG



sites

% of

sites

Counties




Pursuit + Aatrex 2 & 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton



sites

% of

sites

Counties





Pursuit + Roundup 2 & 9 40 82 Essex, Kent & Lambton



sites

% of

sites

Counties






Aatrex + Roundup 5 & 9 30 61 Essex & Lambton



sites

% of

sites

Counties






Aatrex + Roundup 5 & 9 30 61 Essex & Lambton

Pursuit + Aatrex +

Roundup

2, 5 & 9 30 61 Essex & Lambton

Multiple Resistant Waterhemp

PursuitAtrazineRoundup

Schryver, UGSchryver, UGSchryver, UG


Multiple Resistant

Multiple Resistant Waterhemp


in Soybean

Sikkema, UGSikkema, UG

1. Target site resistance …

a. Occurs when the herbicide reaches the target site at a

lethal dose but there are changes at the target site that limit

herbicide impact

2. Non-target site resistance …

a. Involves mechanisms that minimize the amount of active

herbicide that reaches the target site

Classifications

Why are these weeds resistant?

Target Site Resistance

1. Single amino acid substitution (2-3 fold resistance)

a. Position 106 of the EPSPS enzyme

b. Proline to threonine, serine or alanine

2. Double amino acid substitution – goosegrass (>100 fold

resistance)

a. Position 102 and 106 of the EPSPS enzyme

i. TIPS

a. Threonine to isoleucine - T102I

b. Proline to serine – P106S

Altered Target Site


Double amino acid substitution - goosegrass

Sensitive Proline 106 Serine

Threonine 102

Isoleucine

Proline 106 SerineControl

Sprayed with glyphosate

Powles, UWAPowles, UWAPowles, UWAPowles, UWA

1. Waterhemp in Ontario

Gene Amplification


Sikkema, UG

2. 6-13 extra copies of the EPSPS gene

(Tranel, UI)

= Susceptible

= Resistant

1. Canada fleabane

a. Less than half as much glyphosate is

translocated to the roots (Feng et al.

2004) and apical meristem (Ge et al.

2009)

Reduced Translocation

Sensitive

Non-Target Site Resistance

Glyphosate is translocated

from the treated leaf

throughout the plant

1. Canada fleabane

a. Less than half as much glyphosate is

translocated to the roots (Feng et al.

2004) and apical meristem (Ge et al.

2009)

Sensitive

Reduced Translocation

Non-Target Site Resistance

Resistant

Glyphosate remains

in the treated leaf

2. Sequestration in the vacuole

a. Canada fleabane

i. Susceptible - 15%

ii. Resistant - 85%Susceptible biotype

Resistant biotype

15%

85%

Exclusion/Sequestration

Non-Target Site

Resistance

How can GR Canada fleabane be

controlled in a corn/soybean/wheat

rotation?

Sikkema, UGSikkema, UGSikkema, UG

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane in Corn



Average 65% corn yield loss on Ontario farms – up to 99%


50

51

70

65

89

0 20 40 60 80 100

Atrazine

Banvel

Marksman

Callisto+Atrazine

Broadstrike RC

Converge+Atrazine

Integrity

Primextra

Battalion

Weed Control (%)

Summary of 6 experiments

Corn - Preplant

Sikkema, UG


50

90

95

91

51

70

92

65

89

0 20 40 60 80 100

Atrazine

Banvel

Marksman

Callisto+Atrazine

Broadstrike RC

Converge+Atrazine

Integrity

Primextra

Battalion

Weed Control (%)

Corn - Preplant

Sikkema, UG

Weedy Check

Canada Fleabane - Corn - PP

Callisto + Atrazine (91%)

Integrity (92%) Marksman (95%)

Sikkema, UG


Sikkema, UG


13

71

38

72

76

67

42

43

38

0 20 40 60 80 100

Roundup

2,4-D

Atrazine

Banvel

Distinct

Marksman

Pardner + Atrazine

Peak + Banvel

Callisto + Atrazine

Impact + Atrazine

Vios G3

Liberty

Permit

Weed Control (%)


Corn - Postemergence

Sikkema, UG


13

71

38

96

91

96

91

72

76

67

42

43

38

0 20 40 60 80 100

Roundup

2,4-D

Atrazine

Banvel

Distinct

Marksman

Pardner + Atrazine

Peak + Banvel

Callisto + Atrazine

Impact + Atrazine

Vios G3

Liberty

Permit

Weed Control (%)

Corn - Postemergence

Sikkema, UG

Weedy Check

Canada Fleabane - Corn - POST

Pardner + Atrazine (91%)

Marksman (96%)Banvel (96%)

Sikkema, UG


Sikkema, UG

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane in Soybean

Sikkema, UG

Average 70% soybean yield loss on Ontario farms – up to 99%

Sikkema, UG

Sikkema, UG

Kent County

Kent County

Kent County

Sikkema, UG

Herbicide %

R+2,4-D 73

R+Aim 29

R+Liberty 74

R+Gramoxone 80

R+Eragon 77

R+Integrity 84

R+FirstRate 74

R+Classic 75

R+Valtera 29

Guardian Plus 72

Herbicide %

R+Classic 65

R+FirstRate 73

R+Lorox 37

R+Sencor 85

R+Broadstrike 73

R+Pursuit 30

R+Command 20

R+Fierce 22

Guardian Plus 56

R+Conquest 26

Herbicide %

R+Blazer 13

R+Reflex 16

R+Basagran 32

R+Pinnacle 17

R+Classic 45

R+FirstRate 51

R+Pursuit 25

R+Cleansweep 24

Flexstar 20

These 29 tankmixes were evaluated and

did NOT provide acceptable control …

Preplant Burndown

Herbicides

Soil Applied Residual

Herbicides

Postemergence

Herbicides

The bottom line in Canada

fleabane management is

that we are trying to

avoid having to control it

with postemergence

herbicides, since they

largely do not work.

Dr. Mark Loux

Ohio State University


Canada Fleabane

Flexstar

Baker, Clark Agri Service

Herbicide %

R+2,4-D 73

R+Aim 29

R+Liberty 74

R+Gramoxone 80

R+Eragon 77

R+Integrity 84

R+FirstRate 74

R+Classic 75

R+Valtera 29

Guardian Plus 72

Herbicide %

R+Classic 65

R+FirstRate 73

R+Lorox 37

R+Sencor 85

R+Broadstrike 73

R+Pursuit 30

R+Command 20

R+Fierce 22

Guardian Plus 56

R+Conquest 26

Herbicide %

R+Blazer 13

R+Reflex 16

R+Basagran 32

R+Pinnacle 17

R+Classic 45

R+FirstRate 51

R+Pursuit 25

R+Cleansweep 24

Flexstar 20

These 29 tankmixes were evaluated and

did NOT provide acceptable control …

Preplant Burndown

Herbicides

Soil Applied Residual

Herbicides

Postemergence

Herbicides

56

0 20 40 60 80 100

90-100%

80-89%

70-79%

50-69%

0-49%

% of studies

Summary of 25 studies in Essex and Kent county

Consistency of Control?

Sikkema, UG

Roundup + Eragon is the foundation for

GR Canada Fleabane control, but …

56

8

8

8

20

0 20 40 60 80 100

90-100%

80-89%

70-79%

50-69%

0-49%

% of studies

Summary of 25 studies in Essex and Kent county

Consistency of Control?

Sikkema, UG

Roundup + Eragon is the foundation for

GR Canada Fleabane control, but …

Variable control


Roundup + Eragon


The variable emergence pattern of Canada fleabane

and its tendency to emerge late in the season,

means there are no “bullet-proof” Canada fleabane

management programs

Dr. Mark Loux

Ohio State University


8085 88 89 87 84

78

0

20

40

60

80

100

6 am 9 am 12 pm 3 pm 6 pm 9 pm 12 am

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane Control

Roundup + Eragon + Merge

Weed C

ontr

ol (%

) 8 W

AA

Time of Day affects

GR Canada Fleabane Control

Budd, UG

36

4043 45 43 42

39

0

10

20

30

40

50

6 am 9 am 12 pm 3 pm 6 pm 9 pm 12 am

Soybean Yield (bu/ac)

Roundup + Eragon + Merge

Soybean Y

ield

(bu/a

c)

Time of Day affects

Soybean Yield

Budd, UG

12

84

0 20 40 60 80 100

Roundup

Roundup + Eragon

Roundup + Eragon +2,4-D

Roundup + Eragon +Gramoxone

Roundup + Eragon +Sencor

GR Canada fleabane control (%) – 8 WAA

New Tankmixes

Budd, UG

Three-way tankmixes with Roundup + Eragon for

Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane control?

12

84

92

95

97

0 20 40 60 80 100

Roundup

Roundup + Eragon

Roundup + Eragon +2,4-D

Roundup + Eragon +Gramoxone

Roundup + Eragon +Sencor

GR Canada fleabane control (%) – 8 WAA

Budd, UG

Three-way tankmixes provide effective control

Canada Fleabane in Wheat


Sikkema, UGBrown, UG

89

72

81

62

61

80

59

0 20 40 60 80 100

2,4-D ester

MCPA ester

Target

Estaprop

Buctril M

Refine M

Trophy

Infinity

Peak+Pardner

Visual Weed Control (%)


Winter Wheat

Sikkema, UG


89

72

92

81

62

61

80

92

59

0 20 40 60 80 100

2,4-D ester

MCPA ester

Target

Estaprop

Buctril M

Refine M

Trophy

Infinity

Peak+Pardner

Weed Control (%)

Winter Wheat

Sikkema, UG


Weedy Check

Canada Fleabane – Wheat - POST

Trophy Infinity

MCPA



Resistant Canada Fleabane In Ontario

Conclusion

Our research indicates and practices by

Ontario farmers show that this is a

manageable problem

Can Glyphosate Resistant Canada

Fleabane be managed in soybean?


Sikkema, UG

Resistant Canada Fleabane In Ontario

Conclusion

Our research indicates and practices

by Ontario farmers show that this is a

manageable problem,

BUT

Ontario farmers will lose a tremendous

amount of money due to …

a) Increased herbicide cost

b) Yield loss due to GR Canada

fleabane interference

1. Corn

a. PP – Banvel, Callisto + atrazine, Integrity or Marksman

b. POST – Banvel, Distinct, Marksman or Pardner +

atrazine

2. Soybean

a. PP – Eragon (or Optill or Integrity) + Sencor

b. Roundup Xtend, Xtendimax or Engenia in RR2 Xtend

soybean

3. Wheat

a. POST - Infinity

Summary

How can I control GR Canada fleabane?

Can Ontario Farmers Eliminate this

Problem through Good Management?

Sikkema, UG

This takes guts to say publiclyDr. Michael Owen, Iowa State University

The evolution of glyphosate resistant weeds is not a

problem with the herbicide, glyphosate, or the

Roundup Ready technology.

Glyphosate resistant weeds developed because of the

way we used glyphosate and the Roundup Ready

technology.

North American corn and soybean

farmers have indicated by their

purchasing patterns that they value

Roundup Ready crops and the use of

glyphosate for weed control

Dr. Peter Sikkema

University of Guelph

I think you will agree …

1. It must be used less frequently, or

2. It must be used differently than it was

in the past

I think you will also agree …

For farmers to continue to get benefit

from this technology in the future …

Insanity: doing the same thing over and over

again and expecting different resultsAlbert Einstein

Cropping system diversity is the

foundation for resistance management

Dr. Stephen Powles

University of Western Australia

Glyphosate Stewardship

1. Would you consider …


Adding a non-RR crop to your rotation, or, adding an additional

non-RR crop to your diversified crop rotation?

a. Conventional corn

b. IP soybean

c. Cereals - Winter wheat or spring cereals

d. Dry beans

e. Forages

333

223

78

58

0 100 200 300 400

14.0

10.5

7.0

3.5

14.0 10.5 7.0 3.5

Canola

Reithmuller,

DAFWA


Narrow row widthsRow Width

Inches

Reithmuller,DAFWA

Reithmuller,DAFWA

Weed seed production (#/m2)

Diverse Crop Rotations

Sikkema, UG


2. Would you consider…


Applying multiple herbicide modes-of-action on every acre,

every year by using a two-pass weed control program?

a. Corn

i. Converge, Engarde, Integrity, Lumax, Primextra

b. Soybean

i. Boundary, Canopy, Conquest, Fierce, Freestyle,

Integrity, Optill, Pursuit or TriActor


Applying multiple herbicide modes-of-action on every acre,

every year by adding a tankmix partner to Roundup applied

POST?

a. Corn

i. Banvel, Halex, Marksman, Vios G3

b. Soybean

i. Classic, FirstRate, Flexstar, Pursuit


Multiple Crops & Multiple Herbicide Modes-of-action

Crop Timing Herbicide Group

Corn POST Distinct 4, 19






Soybean PP Eragon + Sencor 14, 5






Soybean PP Eragon + Sencor 14, 5

Wheat POST Infinity 27, 6

Six modes-of-action over a three-year, three-crop rotation





Strategically incorporating some of the alternate/new

technologies when they become available rather than relying

on Roundup Ready exclusively?

a. Corn

i. Liberty Link, Enlist

b. Soybean

i. Liberty Link, RR2 Xtend, Enlist, Balance Soybean



Including tillage at strategic points in your diversified crop

rotation?

Cowbrough, OMAFSikkema, UG



Seeding a cover crop after winter wheat harvest to reduce

Canada fleabane emergence?

Sikkema, UG

No cover crop after combining wheat Tillage radish + crimson clover + annual

ryegrass

Cholette UGCholette UG



Inter-seeding a cover crop in your corn to

reduce Canada fleabane emergence?Schaus, Maizex

Schaus, Maizex



Making near-perfect weed control your objective in your

corn/soybean/wheat rotation?

a. Reduce weed seed return to the soil

Sikkema, UGSikkema, UGSikkema, UG

Corn Soybean Wheat


The intensive use of glyphosate in the absence

of other weed management tools is not a

sustainable practice.

Dr. John Soteres

Monsanto

February 2013

Closing Quotes

We found that grower management practices

were the number one factor that influenced

the selection for glyphosate resistant

waterhemp on individual farms.

Dr. Pat J. Tranel

University of Illinois


Closing Quotes

That Ontario farmers will implement weed

management practices that limit the

selection of additional glyphosate resistant

weeds. This will ensure the usefulness of

glyphosate and Roundup Ready crops for

many years in the future.

Dr. Peter Sikkema



My hope is …

Acknowledgements

• Graduate Students – Joe Vink,

Joanna Follings, Holly Byker, Laura

Ford, Annemarie Van Wely, Scott

Ditschun, Chris Budd, Mike Schryver,

Taiga Cholette, Brittany Hedges,

James Ferrier

• Research Technician - Chris Kramer

• Summer research assistants

• Funding agencies

If you do not have glyphosate resistance on your

farm yet – adopt

Integrated Weed Management

now.

Use glyphosate judiciously at strategic points in

your long term crop rotation.

Dr. Peter Sikkema



Final Thoughts

Farmers need to know what weeds they're

dealing with, what resistance exists, select

the right herbicide, and then “micro-manage”

each field.


Final Thoughts

Herbicide Resistant Weeds - Peter Sikkema - 3

Food

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