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Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

HERBAL SECONDARY METABOLITE FOR GASTRO-PROTECTIVE

ULCER ACTIVITY WITH API STRUCTURES

Purabi Saha1*, Roshan Kumar

2, Richard Owusu Nyarko

3, Ivan Kahwa

4, Paul Owusu

Boateng5, Christian Asum

6, Rosemond Owusu Nyarko

7, Neha Kumari

8 and Md. Umar

9

1Dept. of Pharmacy, Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dehradun Uttarakhand

India.

2Dept. of Pharmacology, Dev Bhoomi Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Dehradun,

Uttrakhand, India.

3School of Medicine, American International University of West Africa, The Gambia.

4Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and

Technology, P.O Box 1410, Uganda.

5Department of Medicine, Family Tree Medical Centre, Accra – Ghana.

6School of Medicine, American International University of West Africa, The Gambia.

7School of Graduate Studies York University, Canada.

8Dept. of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi.

ABSTRACT

Herbal remedies are very effective in the treatment of different human

diseases. The plants and herbs consumed in their natural state have

shown fewer harmful side effects and are therefore economically

effective. This awareness has generated demand for herbal medicinal

products in developing and developed countries worldwide. Peptic

ulcer disease is a widespread gastrointestinal condition in clinical

practise, with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcers, NSAIDs, and tension

ulcer is a common form of peptic ulcers. In the geriatrics and the lower

socio-economic community, gastric ulcers are often observed. Many

synthetic drugs are used to treat peptic ulcers but cause different kinds

of adverse effects. Herbal medicines are also remarkable for their

ethnic, ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological application. In this study, attempts were

made to learn the natural antiulcer drugs with their prescribed portion of drugs, screening

method and extract form used to test and demonstrate their uses.

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 10, Issue 5, 32-44 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

*Corresponding Author

Purabi Saha

Dept. of Pharmacy,

Uttaranchal Institute of

Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Dehradun Uttarakhand

India.

Article Received on

24 Feb. 2021,

Revised on 16 March 2021,

Accepted on 06 April 2021

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20215-18861


33


KEYWORDS: Herbal drugs, H. pylori, Ulcer, NSAIDs.

INTRODUCTION

Peptic ulcers are acid lesion of the digestive tract and usually in the stomach or proximal

duodenum. Denuded mucous membranes characterize it with a defect that extends into the

submucosa or Muscularis Propria.[1]

The general population reports peptic ulcer disease

prevalence to be 5-10 per cent.[2]

Recent epidemiological studies have shown decreased

peptic ulcers, mortality, and hospital admission rates.[3,4]

New therapies and hygiene changes

are most likely secondary to the introduction, resulting in decreased infections with

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) (H. pylori). However, the risk of peptic ulcer complications

has increased four times in NSAID patients and twice in aspirin users.[5]

Concurrent use of

NSAID/aspirin anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and serotonin's limited recovery.[6,7]

H. pylori-

negative, NSAID-negative and aspirin-negative peptic ulcers identified as idiopathic ulcers

can be diagnosed in roughly one-fifth of the cases.[8]

However, the imbalance between

mucosal integrity factors and violent insults remains unknown as the pathogen behind the

production of idiopathic peptic ulcers.[9]

A Danish study found that psychological stress could

worsen peptic ulcers.[10]

Ischemia, medications (steroids, chemotherapy) and radiation

therapy, bacteria, histamine, microbial penetration, gastric bypass surgery and metabolic

disorders are other etiologies.[11]

Ulcer causes

Peptic ulcer (PUD) has many causes, but most etiological conditions are accounted for by

PUD associated with Helicobacter pyloric and PUD associated with NSAID.[12]

Fig. 1: Causes of ulcer.


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Symptoms

Large ulcers have some common symptoms, despite extreme bleeding (Figure. 2), while

lower ulcers seldom cause symptoms, may not have them.[13]

Fig. 2: Some common symptoms present in ulcer.

Treatment

There have been two primary methods of treating peptic ulcers, prophylactic and therapeutic

types, in the past.

Prophylaxis mechanism (Gastroprotective or cytoprotective) In addition to other gastrin-

protective acts, protection factors are strengthened with enhanced prostaglandin synthesis and

stimulated somatostatin synthesis.[14,11,12]

Moreover, several other gastroprotective effects that

help treat peptic ulcers are the prevention of oxidative damage to gastric mucosa (by

preventing lipid peroxidation and substantially reducing superoxide dismutase and increasing

catalase activity),[13,16]

the possible NO-synthase pathway.[15]

Therapy process[8]

Therapeutic agents treat illnesses by innovative or curative antics. The treatment of ulcers by

local mucosal enhancement has an antagonistic role in gastric secretion or proton pumps'

inhibition.[17]


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Synthetic medications[16]

They may also ruin the life of a human being, in addition to their novel cause, by generally

damaging the quality of life and creating many other dangers. Synthetic drugs of different

forms, introduced for treatment using their (MOA) and side effects of drug class, are in Table

1.

Table 1: Group of drug class and Their moa with side effects related to ulcer.

Group of drug class Moa of drug List of drug used

on this

side effects of drug

class

a. Anti-Muscarinieagents

Inhibits gastric

secretion action

Pirenzepine drug Blurred Vision[24]

b. H2-receptor

blockersagents

Inhibitor of

H2 receptor

(CYP450)action

Cimetidine drug Headaches

Prostaglandins agents Inhibits the acid

secretion action

Misoprostol drug Vomiting[29]

c. Antacids drug Reduces pepsin

formation action

Calcium bicarbonate

drug

Hypokalemia[28]

d. Proton pump inhibitors

drug

Inhibits H+/K

+

ATPase in parietal

collection

Inhibits

H+/K

+ ATPase in

parietal cells reaction

Risk of Pneumonia

e. Mucosal protective

agents

Stimulates

angiogenesis for

healing action

Bismuth

Subsalicylate drugs

Darkening of

stools[30]

In ulcer activity herbal plant used

Linn Sanctum from Ocimum, Ocimum sanctum belongs to the Lamiaceae family because of

its therapeutic ability. The Ocimum sanctum has two versions of the same chemicals: black

(Krishna Tulsi) and green (Rama Tulsi).[4]

Ocimum sanctum is widely distributed through

different plant areas to prevent and cure several Ayurveda and Siddha diseases. Fig: 3 Tulsi is

a common medicine for many conditions like injury, bronchitis, liver conditions, catarrh,

otalgia, lumbago, hiccups, ophthalmic conditions, gastric conditions, genitourinary issues,

skin conditions, various types of poisoning, and psychosomatic stress disorders.[5,6]

It also has

herb, intestine, carminative, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and alexiteric

properties.[7]


36


Fig. 3: Diagram of tulsi.

The action of an antiulcer[8,9]

a. Anti-bacterial

b. Anti-inflammatory

c. Antihypertensive

d. Cardioprotective

e. Central nervous system

f. Anti-depressant

g. Antioxidant

Musa acuminata acuminata

Musa acuminata is an orchid and Liliaceae family herb. The Musa acuminata, Fig.4 and the

wild plants of M. Balbisiana are the progenitors of the heart rhythm, the working cells, and

the modern complex's nerves. And muscles. And muscles. And muscles. And muscles.[9]

as

well as antiulcer,[3]

hypoglycaemia,[4]

colitis, inflammation, snakebite and hypolipidemia.

Fig. 4: Diagram of banana tree.


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Antiulcer activity[5,6]

Plant components such as peels, stalks, berries, banana roots and leaves have been consumed

orally or topically for diarrhoea and dysentery medications. Bananas' anti ulcerative effect is

due to natural flavonoids and can vary because of these natural active elements in different

bananas types.

Zingiber roscoe[10]

The official Zingiber Roscoe is also known as Ginger, a spice from the Zingiberaceae family,

which is eaten as a flavouring agent. Antioxidant, anti-migraine, antimicrobial, anti-

inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-analgesic, anti-proliferative, anti-arthritic, anti-hepato-

proletarian pharmacological activities.

Fig. 5: Diagram of ginger.

Antiulcer activity[11]

Ginger was isolated from many antiulcer compounds, including 6-ginge-sulphonic acid 6-

and curcumin. The most extraordinary of all is 6-Gingesulfonic acid.

Alkaloids are used in model for protecting in ulcer[16-20]

An alkaloids are complex organic products from ornithine. Anticholinergic compounds such

as atropine and scopolamine are essential for anticholinergic compounds extracted from

plants in Datura spp.[23]

Muscarinic anti-acidity was used to facilitate spastic colitis, peptic

ulcer, and gastroenteritis. They are useful methods to explore new active concepts that have

important effects on the gastrointestinal tract. This composition affected the gastric ulcer

caused by radicals and increased the level of intragastric pH. Another one of the tropane

alkaloids, cocaine, also demonstrated antiulcer potential using the same dosage of 10 mg/kg


38


by oral administration route.[27]

It is obtained from the coca leaves Nicotine is a secondary

compound called pyridine alkaloid found in the Solanaceae family,[28]

particularly in the

tobacco plant. This drug activates the acetylcholine-like receptors in the central nervous

system of mammals. Chronic nicotine use can lead to addiction.These alkaloids eliminated

secretion and impaired gastric function. Piperine, a piperidine alkaloid, was found to relieve

Capsaicin is a Phenylalkylamide alkaloid, often pungent. It can be used as a probe of

transmission of nociceptive information by slowly conducting primary afferent neurons.In

this research, alkaloids were examined in health[29]

benefits linked to Pachysandra terminalis

plants' consumption.[24]

V Besides alleviating inflammation, peroxynitrite scavenging leads to

a lower blood glucose level.[27]

Reserpine, isolated from a plant of Rauvolfia Serpentina

(Apocynaceae), did not show any effects in preventing gastric ulceration or stress-induced

ulceration in mice. Other alkaloids have been isolated from the domestic plant Uncaria

Rhynchophylla.

The five substances are developed in Quassia amara, Simaba multiflora, Sapongia Perugina

and Eurycoma Longifolia, which are currently more widely used as relievers of

gastrointestinal problems, weight loss supplements, anti-inflammatory agents, stimulants for

intestinal motility and central nervous system activities. It has been successful against gastric

ulcers arising from alcohol and indomethacin. They demonstrated regeneration of micro

vascularization of wounded epidermis and inhibition of inflammatory immune response.[30]

1. Imidazole alkaloids[21,22]

A) Allantoin

B) Histamine


39


C) Hirsuteine

D) Reserpine

2. Isoquinoline alkaloids

A) Berberine

B) Cathinone


40


3. Non- nitrogen heterocyclic alkaloids

A) Chlorophyll

4. Pyrazine alkaloids

A) Ligustrazine

Ulcer protective with flavanoids[27,28]

Natural, plant-derived compounds are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and contain a

compound called flavanone (2- Phenylchromone or 2-Phenylbenzopyrone). Gastric ulcer

pathophysiology still not completely elucidated. Most studies indicate a defect in antral-

pylorus-duodenal motility. Abnormal motility patterns promote reflux of contents into the

stomach resulting in damage to the gastric mucosa. Excessive postponement of gastric filling

will cause increased exposure of acids, pepsin and refluxed contents to the stomach.

I.) Silymarin

II.) Kaempferol


41


III.) Sophoradin

CONCLUSION

The side effects of some medications, including brucine, are hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and

carcinogenic. Risks harm the development of analgesics. Besides, some alkaloids are not

used because of their composition. The anti-stress hormone change in size plays major

pharmaceutical consequences. It is worth noting that exploring natural pharmacopoeia with

antiulcer and gastroprotective capacities is essential. Study on flavonoids has been performed

in most universities in the world. Both Mecicadanol and sofalcone have been tested for their

clinical efficacy and be effective. While these were not used as effective antiulcer drugs, they

demonstrate medical and economic promise. Researchers are seeking to find an effective

drug for ulcers with an organic compound naturally occurring.

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