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![Page 1: Hepatocellular Carcinoma Abby Siegel MD, MS Columbia University Co-Chair, SWOG Hepatobiliary Committee NCI Task Force, Hepatobiliary Cancers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649d9c5503460f94a8462b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hepatocellular CarcinomaAbby Siegel MD, MS
Columbia University
Co-Chair, SWOG Hepatobiliary Committee
NCI Task Force, Hepatobiliary Cancers
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Outline
• Epidemiology
• Biology
• Staging/Prognosis/Management
• Future of Targeted Therapy
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Outline
• Epidemiology
• Biology
• Staging/Prognosis/Management
• Future of Targeted Therapy
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El-Serag and Rudolph, Gastroenterology, 2007
Liver Cancer Mortality Worldwide
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• Colon cancer• Gastric cancer• Pancreatic cancer• Hepatobiliary cancers
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HCC Incidence and Death Rates are Increasing in the US
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HCC Risk Factors
• Exposures– HCV, ETOH, Aflatoxin– HBV
• HBV viral load>104 copies/ml, genotype C, e antigen positive• Genetic susceptibility
– hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson’s disease
• Metabolic factors – NASH, metabolic syndrome
• Demographics• Older age, male sex
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Impact of NAFLD• Up to 30% of the US population
has fatty liver disease: the “hepatic manifestation” of metabolic syndrome
• This can progress to inflammation, known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
• NASH contributes to up to a third of HCCs in this country, and incidence is increasing
• Those with features of metabolic syndrome also have worse outcomes from several kinds of cancer
Siegel et al, Cancer 2009 115:5651-5661
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Potential Reasons for Worse Outcomes Unclear…
• Screened differently?• Comorbidity?• Biological hypothesis?
• Dietary obesity promotes HCC in mice
• Increased BMI may be associated with increased vascular invasion
• Can we modulate these risk factors for both prevention and treatment with statins/metformin?
Calle EE et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1625, Park et al, Cell 2010, 140:197, 2010 , Siegel et al, Transplantation 2012, 94:539, Tsan et al, JCO 2013 31:1514, Siegel JCO 2013 31:1499, Zhang et al, Scan J Gastro 2013, 48:78
Mortality from cancer according to BMI…
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Outline
• Epidemiology
• Biology
• Staging/Prognosis/Management
• Future of Targeted Therapy
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Pathway Alterations in HCC
Han et al, Ann Rev Genomics and Human Genetics, 2012
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Sequencing of HCC
• Wnt-B-catenin, TP53 most commonly altered– p53 activator and WNT tx in phase I trials
• Chromatin remodeling genes also altered
• Sequence of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinomas related to a 400 kb deletion on chromosome 19 leading to novel fusion of DNAJB1 and PRKACA
Guichard et al, Nature Genetics 44:694-98 2012, Honeyman et al, Science 2014, 343:6174
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Major pathways altered in hepatocellular carcinoma. Signaling pathways recurrently mutated in HCC are shown in the right panel. Oncogenes are indicated in red and tumor-suppressor genes in blue with percentages of alterations.
Nault et al. J. Hepatology, 2014, 60:224-226
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Clinical Applications of HCC Sequencing
Sung et al, Nature Genetics, 2012 44:765 Arao et al, Hepatology, 2013 57:1407
HBV integrations related to worsened survival after resection
FGF3/FGF4 amplifications seen in responders to sorafenib
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Outline
• Epidemiology
• Biology
• Staging/Prognosis/Management
• Future of Targeted Therapy
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Llovet et al. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2008 100:698-711
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Staging Classification
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<1 cm>1 cm
Liver lesion in a cirrhotic
4 phase CT or dynamic contrast enhanced MRI
Repeat US 3 months
Arterial hypervascularityand venous or delayed
phase washout
Another scan,(Different modality)
Growing/changing
Stable
Yes No
NoYes
HCCInvestigate
according to size
Arterial hypervascularityand venous or delayed
phase washout
Biopsy
AFP is no longer needed for diagnosis!
Workup of Liver Mass in Cirrhosis
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Chemotherapy can Reactivate HBV• Guidelines vary• If ag positive, treat with antiviral before and after tx• Prevalence of HBV in DR and parts of Asia=15%-25%• Not unreasonable to test everyone
– Risk of reactivation 20%-50% with chemo– Core (+) patients can also reactivate, although at lower rates– HBV reactivation in 22% of those getting 3D CRT*– Get hepatology involved if questions
Chou et al, Clin Canc Res 2007 13:851-857, Kim et al, Int J Rad Onc Biol Phys 2007 69:3, 813-819
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Cirrhosis and HCC
Macronodular: HBV, autoimmune
Micronodular: HCV, NASH, ETOHNormal liver
HCC with cirrhosis
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Milan Criteria for Liver Transplantation
• If only one tumor, it must be 5 cm or less
• 3 or fewer tumors, each 3 cm or less
• No gross vascular invasion
Mazzafero et al. NEJM 1996, 334:693-700
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Resection
• Consider resection in:– Non-cirrhotics (often those with HBV!)
– Compensated cirrhotics (normal bilis and hepatic venous pressure gradient <10 mm hg)
– Only 10-20% of those in the West are candidates for resection
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Local Therapies
• RFA– Nonrandomized data suggest outcomes as good as
resection for small (<2 cm) lesions• Embolization (bland, chemo, Y90)
– Metaanalyses suggest benefit in well-selected patients for embolization c/w placebo
– Y90 better for PVT, but can do fewer tx due to radiation toxicity
• External beam radiation– Exciting, awaiting randomized trials (RTOG 1112)
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RFA (Radiofrequency Ablation)
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Chemoembolization (TACE)
• The normal liver receives most of its blood supply through the portal vein, and only about 25 percent from the hepatic artery
• Tumors receive almost all of their blood supply from the hepatic artery
• “Dual therapy” using both embolization and chemotherapy
• Now also using Y90: radiolabeled beads
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Chemoembolization
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Review of Chemoembolization
• Overall survival advantage seen with chemoembolization
• Approximately ½ the risk of death with two year follow up
• Response rates in 35% of patients
• Highly selected patients
Llovet and Bruix, Hepatology 2003; 37:429-422
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Advanced Disease:Chemotherapy Historically Disappointing
• Difficult to give chemotherapy with liver compromise
• Overexpression of MDR-1 gene
• Targets until now have been poorly defined
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Molecularly Targeted Therapy for HCC
Modified from Siegel et al, Hepatology 52:360-369, 2010
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Phase III Trial of Sorafenib (Bay 43-9006) In First-Line Advanced HCC
Randomized phase III trial comparing sorafenib vs. placebo for previous untreated HCC: Sorafenib HCC Assessment Randomized Protocol (SHARP)
Unresectable and/or metastatic HCC
No prior therapy
N=602
Arm A: Sorafenib
Arm B: Placebo
Llovet et al, N Engl J Med 359:378-390, 2008
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Overall Survival Increased from 7.9 to 10.7 months in Treated Group
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Grade 3-4 Toxicities of Sorafenib
• Hand-foot reaction 21%– Randomized trial suggests benefit with
up-front urea cream 20% • Diarrhea 39%• Anorexia 14%• Bleeding 7% (p=0.07)
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Limited Data for Sorafenib in CP B: GIDEON
• International registry• Interim analysis: 1586 patients• 23% CP B• Overall survival short (5 months)• No significant differences in adverse
events attributable to sorafenib between CPA and CPB patients
Lencioni, ASCO 2011, Chicago Il
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Dosing Sorafenib for Hepatic Dysfunction
• CALGB 60301
– T. Bili up to 1.5 x ULN• Full dose (400 mg BID) ok
– T Bili up to 3 x ULN: • Half dose (200 mg BID) ok
– T Bili > 3 x ULN:• Not even 200 q 3 days tolerable
Miller et al, JCO 2009; 27:1800-5
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Other Options? Randomized Trials in Advanced HCC so far NEGATIVE
– First Line:• Sunitinib, brivanib, erlotinib+sorafenib, linifinib
– Second line • Brivanib: improved PFS with mRECIST, trend
toward OS with imbalances favoring placebo
– One possible exception first-line: EACH • FOLFOX vs Doxorubicin: “close” p value (p=0.07,
later updated to 0.04)• Asian population, some imbalances in arms
favoring FOLFOX
Cheng et al, JCO 2013, Johnson, et al. JCO 2013, Zhu et al, submitted, Cainap et al, ASCO 2012, Llovet et al, JCO 2013, Qin et al, JCO 2013
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Problems With These Trials
• Based on non-randomized phase II data
• Significant heterogeneity of patient populations (etiology, region, etc)
• No predictive biomarkers!
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Outline
• Epidemiology
• Biology
• Staging/Prognosis/Management
• Future of Targeted Therapy
![Page 37: Hepatocellular Carcinoma Abby Siegel MD, MS Columbia University Co-Chair, SWOG Hepatobiliary Committee NCI Task Force, Hepatobiliary Cancers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649d9c5503460f94a8462b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
C-Met Inhibitors• Proto-oncogene important for embryogenesis
and wound healing
• Overexpressed in 20-50% of HCC
• Poor prognostic marker
• Very “druggable” at ligand or TK
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Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/MET Pathway
Appleman L J JCO 2011;29:4837-4838
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C-MET Inhibition
• Several drugs: – Cabozantinib (combo VEGFR/c-MET TKI)– Tivantinib (“pure” c-MET TKI-? other effects)
• C-MET expression emerging as possible predictive and prognostic biomarker…– Those who express it do worse but– They may respond better to c-MET inhibition
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Clinical Activity of MET Inhibition
Rimassa et al, ASCO 2012
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Other Potential Avenues for Targeted Therapy…
• Delve further into anti-angiogenics– Ramucirumab, lenvatinib
• mTOR inhibition– Predictive biomarkers pending– Dual inhibitors (metformin, CC-223)
• Immune therapies – CTLA-4, PD-1, PDL1 abs
• Targeting stem cells: – WNT targeted decoy receptor (OMP-54F28)
• Methylation pathways– SGI 110
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Sorafenib Combinations
• TACE + sorafenib: data NEGATIVE so far (Asia, SPACE)• Two studies pending: ECOG 1208, British TACE-2
• STORM• Treating high risk patients after local therapy or resection for up
to 4 years: NEGATIVE
• Post-transplant• Multicenter Phase I trial of high-risk HCC patients completed at
Columbia: MTD 200 BID
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Ongoing Phase III Trials
• First Line:– Sor +/- Doxorubicin – Sor vs Lenvantinib
• Second Line:– Ramucirumab vs BSC– ADI-PEG vs BSC– Tivantinib vs BSC– Regorafenib vs BSC
• Multi-modality: – Sor +/- SBRT, Sor +/-TACE, Sor vs Y90– Adjuvant STORM reportedly (-)
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• We’ve made progress, but still have a long way to go…
• Recognize those who may be curable
• Encourage enrollment on clinical trials
• Continue search for new biomarkers!