Hemopoietic System Spring 2012 FINAL. 2 Hemopoietic System 1) 2) 3) 4)
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Transcript of Hemopoietic System Spring 2012 FINAL. 2 Hemopoietic System 1) 2) 3) 4)
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Three Types of Blood Cells• ______________
– Red blood cells– Responsible for transferring oxygen and CO2 to &
from various organs in the body
• _______________– White blood cells– Formed within bone marrow– Play an important role in body’s defense system
• _______________– Platelets– Necessary for blood to clot properly
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Erythrocytes
• Very small cells in relation to other blood cells
• Don’t contain a ___________– Live approx _____________
• Individuals with less than 12g per 100ml of blood have anemia
• Contain various ___________ or lack of which determines blood type
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____________________
• Rejection of cells due to antigens– Can cause immediate shock– Delayed symptoms
• _______________________________– Universal donor (does not have antigens)
• _______________________________– Universal recipient
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Erythrocytes
• http://coursewareobjects.elsevier.com/objects/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s03l0101_p1/11s03l0101_p1.html
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Leukocytes
• May be classified as _______&___________– Granular has _________granules and irregular _____– Non-granular does not contain granules & has a
__________nucleus
• Mainly formed in __________& ____________
• Able to move out of capillaries and attack foreign substances
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Leukocytes
• http://coursewareobjects.elsevier.com/objects/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s04l0101_p1/11s04l0101_p1.html
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Thrombocytes• Necessary for blood to
___________________
• Formed in ____________
• Live for __________ days
• Critical for preventing ___________
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Thrombocytes
• http://coursewareobjects.elsevier.com/objects/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s05l0101_p1/11s05l0101_p1.html
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Lymphocytes
• Most _________________________ blood cells• Most important in the development of ________
• Derived from lymphatic tissue (T) and bone marrow (B)– Both work together to ingest foreign substances and
process the specific foreign antigens– With transplants- these cells along with macrophages
see it as a foreign substance• Try to destroy the foreign antigens resulting in rejection of
graft or organ
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Spleen• Largest ______organ
• Produces ______________and ______________
• Cleanses _______ & lymphocytes to fight infectious blood-borne microorganisms– Removes
_________________
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Anemia
• ______________________________________– Results in improper formation of new RBC’s– Increased rate of RBC destruction– Or a loss of RBC as a result of prolonged bleeding
• Person appears_____________________
• Has muscle weakness, fatigue, & SOB
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_______________________
• Most common type
• Results from ___________________________– From an ulcer, malignant tumor, or menorrhagia– Inadequate iron intake– Pregnancy
• Treatment– _________________________________– _________________________________
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________________________
• Shortened life span of the red blood cells with resulting hemolysis and the release of hemoglobin into the plasma
• 3 hereditary defects1)
2)
3)
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____________________
• Hemoglobin molecule is abnormal and RBC’s are __________________– Tend to rupture
• X-ray demonstrates biconcave indentations on both the superior & inferior margins– _____________________
_– _____________________
_
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Thalassemia• Defect in hemoglobin
formation
• Occurs in persons living near Mediterranean Sea
• ___________________
• Extensive hyperplasia
• X-ray demonstrates widening of medullary spaces and thinning of the cortices– _____________________
_______________________
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____________• A deficiency of
______&__________
– Can be from __________, strict vegetarianism & alcoholism
– Leads to defective DNA synthesis
– Decreased number if __________________
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_____________________
• Failure of _________________ to function
• Results in a decrease in RBC’s, leukocytes, and platelets– Cannot _______________ and have a
______________________________
• Causes include exposure to chemical agents, drugs, infections and invasion of bone marrow by cancer
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______________________
• Infiltration of bone marrow by ____,________, &___________________
• Causes cortical thickening and can cause a severe decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow
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AIDS• It is caused by HIV 1 and HIV 2
• HIV 1 more virulent– Paralyzes the normal immune mechanisms
resulting in severe immunosuppression– In the majority of cases in western hemisphere
• HIV 2– Converts viral RNA to a DNA copy– Each time cell divides retroviral DNA is
duplicated
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HIV and Tissues
• One major sign in the presence of unusual opportunistic infections
• Symptoms include fever, lymphadenopathy, malaise, joint pain w/in 1-4 weeks of infection
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_______________
Most common malignanancyIn AIDS pts
Especially in homosexual malesCo-infected with herpes
Present in 25-30% of AIDS pts
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Case StudyREVIEW
• _______________
• Chest radiograph of patient with dyspnea, hypoxia, and HIV infection.
• The pattern of diffuse interstitial infiltrates as seen suggests a diagnosis of PCP.
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______________
X-ray plays an important role as ____ of cases has bone involvement
X-ray demonstrates ___________withDiscrete punched out _______ lesions
MRI can be useful in early stage
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Multiple Myeloma
• Disease of plasma cells that results in cell proliferation
• Usually confined to _________________
• Forms tumors with weakened bone
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Leukemia
• Neoplastic disease of leukocytes
• May lead to anemia, bleeding & infection
• All forms require destruction of cells through radiation therapy or chemotherapy– Leaves pt severely immunosuppressed– Survival rates depends on complete remission– May bone marrow transplant
• Radiography plays limited role
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LeukemiaAcute
• Quick onset
• May have hemorrhage
• Children primarily– 33% of all cancer deaths
in children under 15
• Without treatment die in 6 months
• Poor differentiated cells
Chronic• Slow onset
• Non specific signs– Fatigue & weakness
• Over age 60 years
• Mature differentiated cells
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Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
• CT of abdomen & pelvis is used to stage disease
• Treatment consists of chemo and/or Rad therapy
• Symptoms vary– Lymphadenopathy
and anemia
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Case study:Hodgkin’s Disease
• CT exams show enlarged retroperitoneal nodes
• NM and MRI can be useful in staring of this disease as well
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Hodgkin’s Disease
Treatment includes RAD therapyAnd chemotherapy
Symptoms include malaise, fever,Anorexia, enlarged lymph nodes
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Infectious Mononucleosis
X-rays can demonstrate this by Demonstrating _______________&____________________________
Hilar lymph node enlargement bilateral
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Hemophilia
• Inherited anomaly of ____________________ that only affects males
• X-ray demonstrates recurrent bleeding in _____– Most commonly ______,______, &_____________– Soft tissue prominence– Synovial hypertrophy– Causes destruction of bone leading to segments of
severe osteoporosis
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Imaging Considerations
• X-ray plays a limited role– Except in cases of multiple myeloma, some types of
leukemia and AIDS
• CT is valuable in determining lymph node involvement of neoplastic disease
• CT and MRI of brain can assist in diagnosis and treatment of CNS problems associated with HIV
• MRI useful in diseases of the blood marrow