6- Hemodynamic Disorders(Httpfaculty.ksu.Edu.satatiahPathology Lectures6- Hemodynamic Disorders.pdf)
HEMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT: CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY William Hellenbrand MD Director,...
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HEMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT: CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
LABORATORY
William Hellenbrand MD
Director, Pediatric Cardiology
Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York - Presbyterian
Columbia University Medical Center
Komansky Center for Children’s Health
Cornell University Medical Center
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CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
• Cardiac output
• Shunt & Resistance
• Oxygen transport
• Pressure-Volume loops
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FICK PRINCIPLE• The amount of flow through an organ or any circuit
may be determined if • 1 - that organ consumes or secrets a given
substance• 2 - the concentration of that substance can be
measured as it enters and leaves the organ• 3 - The total amount of the substance consumed or
secreted can be measured per unit time
∆S/∆t
C2S – C1S
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FICK PRINCIPLE
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OXYGEN IN BLOOD
• When oxygen is exposed to blood it exists in 2 forms
Bound to hemoglobin
Each gram of Hgb is capable of binding 1.36 ml O2.
Therefore if the Hgb is 15 gm/100ml then the maximal amount of oxygen(Capacity) that can be taken up by Hgb is 20.4 ml/100ml(Vol%)
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OXYGEN IN BLOOD
• When oxygen is exposed to blood it exists in 2 forms(cont)
• In solution in plasma – At body temperature of 370 , there
is .00003 ml of O2 per one ml of plasma at a partial pressure of oxygen of 1 mm Hg(1 torr)
Thus the solubility coefficient of oxygen in plasma is 0.00003 ml/ml/mm Hg
Therefore the amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma is equal to .003(PO2)
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OXYGEN IN BLOOD
• Oxygen capacity = Hgb(gm/100ml)*1.36 ml O2/gm = ml O2/100ml (Vol%)
• Oxygen saturation = proportion of O2 actually combined with hemoglobin to the total capacity
• Oxygen content = Capacity*Saturation + .003*PO2
= ml/100ml (Vol%)
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OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
• VO2 = VIFIO2 - VEFEO2
• If RER is 1 then VI = VE and all you need to measure is VEFEO2
• RER = VCO2 / VO2
– RER is close to 1 with carbohydrate metabolism– RER may be as low as 0.7 with mostly fat
metabolism– Standard nomograms assume RER of 0.9
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Oxygen Consumption
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CARDIAC OUTPUTSYSTEMIC BLOOD FLOW
Qs = VO2 CaoO2 - CmvO2
Qp = VO2 CpvO2 - CpaO2
If there is no shunt Qp = Qs
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SHUNT CALCULATIONS
• Qs = VO2
CaoO2 - CmvO2
• Qp = VO2
CpvO2 - CpaO2
• Qep = VO2
CpvO2 - CmvO2
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• SIMPLE SHUNT– Ql-r = Qp - Qs
– Qr-l = Qs - Qp
• BIDIRECTIONAL SHUNT– Ql-r = Qp - Qep
– Qr-l = Qs - Qep
SHUNT CALCULATIONS
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RESISTANCE TO FLOW
• Poiseuille equation
Q = ∆Pπr4 1 = 8nl R
∆P = pressure drop
r = radius Q = ∆P
n = viscosity R
l = length of tube
πr4
8nl
R = ∆P
Q
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RESISTANCE
• SVR = AO(MEAN) - RA(MEAN)
Qs
• PVR = PA(MEAN) - LA(MEAN)
Qp
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SYSTEMIC OXYGEN TRANSPORT(SOT)
SOT = Q X OXYGEN CONTENT
SOT = Q X [(1.36 X Hgb X O2 SAT) + (.003 X PO2)]
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SYSTEMIC OXYGEN TRANSPORT(SOT)
SOT = Q X [(1.36 X Hgb X O2 SAT) + (.003 X PO2)]
Anemic Hypoxia: HgbSOT Acute compensation Q SOT Chronic compensation HgbSOT
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SYSTEMIC OXYGEN TRANSPORT(SOT)
SOT = Q X [(1.36 X Hgb X O2 SAT) + (.003 X PO2)]
Hypoxic Hypoxia: 02 SAT SOT Acute compensation Q SOT Chronic compensation Hgb, Q SOT
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SYSTEMIC OXYGEN TRANSPORT(SOT)
SOT = Q X [(1.36 X Hgb X O2 SAT) + (.003 X PO2)]
Stagnant Hypoxia: Q SOT (Low Cardiac Output)
Compensation Hgb, 02 SATSOT
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VSD
M=6
M=8
80/6
80/40M=60
80/50M=65
70
70
85
80
80
95
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VSDRoom Air
• Hgb = 10.0 Vol%• V02 = 150 ml/min/m2• Saturations
– Svc = 70– Ra = 70– Rv = 85– Pa = 80– Ao = 95
• Pressures– Ra = 6(mean)
– Rv = 80/6
– Pa = 80/40 60(mean)
– La = 8(mean)
– Ao = 80/50 65(mean)
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VSDRoom Air
• Capacity = 1.36*10 = 13.6
• Contents = – Ao =13.6*.95=12.9
– Mv = 13.6*.70=9.5
– Pa = 13.6*.80=10.9
– Pv = 13.6*.95=12.9
• S(a-v)02 difference = 3.4
• P(a-v)02 difference = 2.0
• Qp = 150/2.0
– = 7.5 l/min/m2
• Qs = 150/3.4
– = 4.4 l/min/m2
• Ql-r = 7.5-4.4=3.1
• Qp/Qs = 7.5/4.4=1.7
• PVR =(60-8)/7.5 =6.9
• SVR =(65-6)/4.4=13.4
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VSDfI02 = 1.0
• Hgb = 10.0 Vol%
• V02 = 150 ml/min/m2
• Saturations– Svc = 75 (45)
– Ra = 80
– Rv = 94
– Pa = 95 (85)
– Ao = 100 (600)
• Pressures– Ra = 6(mean)
– Rv = 80/6
– Pa = 80/40 60(mean)
– La = 8(mean)
– Ao = 80/50 65(mean)
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VSD fI02 = 1.0(PO2 not included)
• Capacity = 1.36*10 = 13.6
• Contents = – Ao =13.6*1.0=13.6
– Mv = 13.6*.75=10.2
– Pa = 13.6*.95=12.9
– Pv = 13.6*1.0=13.6
• S(a-v)02 difference = 3.4
• P(a-v)02 difference = 0.7
• Qp = 150/0.7
– = 21.4 l/min/m2
• Qs = 150/3.4
– = 4.4 l/min/m2
• Ql-r = 21.4-4.4=17.0
• Qp/Qs =21.4/4.4=>4/1
• PVR =(60-8)/21.4 =2.4
• SVR =(65-6)/4.4=13.4
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VSD fI02 = 1.0(PO2 included)
• Capacity = 1.36*10 = 13.6
• Contents = – Ao =13.6*1.0+1.8=15.4
– Mv = 13.6*.75+.15=10.4
– Pa = 13.6*.95+.25=13.2
– Pv = 13.6*1.0+1.8=15.4
• S(a-v)02 difference = 5.0
• P(a-v)02 difference = 2.2
• Qp = 150/2.2
– = 6.8 l/min/m2
• Qs = 150/5.0
– = 3.0 l/min/m2
• Ql-r = 6.8-3.0=3.8
• Qp/Qs = 6.8/3.0=2.3
• PVR =(60-8)/6.8 =7.6
• SVR =(65-6)/3.0=20.0
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VSD
• P02 not included• Qp = 150/0.7
– = 21.4 l/min/m2
• Qs = 150/3.4– = 4.4 l/min/m2
• Ql-r = 21.4-4.4=17.0• Qp/Qs =21.4/4.4=>4/1• PVR =(60-8)/21.4 =2.4• SVR =(65-6)/4.4=13.4
• P02 included• Qp = 150/2.2
– = 6.8 l/min/m2
• Qs = 150/5.0– = 3.0 l/min/m2
• Ql-r = 6.8-3.0=3.8• Qp/Qs = 6.8/3.0=2.3• PVR =(60-8)/6.8 =7.6• SVR =(65-6)/3.0=20.0
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VALVE AREA CALCULATION
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VALVE AREA CALCULATION
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VALVE AREA CALCULATION
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OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE
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OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE
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OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE
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PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOPS
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P-V LOOPS
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P-V LOOPSPump Failure
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P-V LOOPSPump Failure
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P-V LOOPS