Hemispheres UnitedOld World & New World

Come Together

Critical Intro.

Make a strong argument for

which explorer made the most

significant contribution/discovery.

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Critical Intro.

Write an 8-10 line poem

highlighting the “Technology in

Navigation”

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Critical Intro.

Work with your partner.

Write a thesis comparing racial

divisions in Central and South

America vs. that of North

America.

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Critical Intro.

How did the Spanish and

Portuguese exploration goals

and strategies compare?

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Exploration

• Exploration before the late fifteenth century was largely limited to land travel.

• Ships were used on the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade routes for centuries, but they were linked up to land routes through Persia, Arabia, northern Africa, or central Asia on the Silk Road.

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I. Transoceanic Reconnaisance – leads to new discoveries.A. Ming China

1. Admiral Zheng He explores Indian Ocean for China2. Ming then pull back from oceanic trade.

I. Transoceanic Reconnaisance – leads to new discoveries.B. Portuguese

1. Navigation school2. W. African exploration3. Establish global trading posts

I. Transoceanic Reconnaisance – leads to new discoveries.C. Spanish

1. Seeking western route/cross Atlantic2. Competition w/Portugal

I. Transoceanic Reconnaisance – leads to new discoveries.D. Oceania & Polynesia

1. Not dramatically affected2. Infrequent European reconnaissance

II. The Spanish Empire in AmericaA. Conquistadors (conquerors) defeat Aztec and Incas.

1. 1519 - Hernan Cortes + 600 soldiers march into Mexico to Aztec capital.

a. Moctezuma taken prisoner, killed in Aztec counterattackb. Spanish gained support of Aztec rivals.c. Aztec empire falls to Cortes & Span.

2. Francisco Pizarro led Spanish soldiers to Andes Mts.a. Spaniards capture Incan leader Atahualpa b. Atahualpa agrees to fill rooms with gold to gain

freedomc. Spanish break promise; baptize & strangle

Atahualpad. 1540 - Spanish control Incan Empire

Pizarro

3. Why Spanish success? “Guns, Germs, Steel”a. Devastating impact of smallpox & other diseases on native pop. b. Guns, horsesc. Steels swords/armor

Critical Intro.

• Write a paragraph describing the

relationship between:

– Commercial Revolution or Commercialization

– Mercantilism

– Joint-Stock companies

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Critical Intro.

North American vs.

Caribbean/Brazilian Colonies

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In which colonies was there more racial

mixing?

What is an explanation for this?

In which colonies was there a higher degree

of racism? More racial segregation?

Evidence of that?

With a partner or two, write a paragraph addressing the following questions.

Triangular TradePattern of trade between Europe, Africa and

the Americas

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Middle Passage

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Triangle Trade

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The Middle

Passage:

Slaves from

Africa brought

to the New

World

Slave ship on “Middle Passage”

Slave ship on “Middle Passage”

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Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas:Divided new lands between Spain and Portugal

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III. Iberian (Spain & Portugal) Colonial OrganizationA. Spanish & Portugal take control of lands conquistadors claimed

1. Spain divided “New Spain” possessions into 4 Viceroyalties w/capitals at Mexico City & Lima, Peru.2. Portugal established Viceroyalty of Brazil.3. Each Viceroyalty controlled by a governor/Viceroy (King’s rep. in the New World)4. Audiencias = special courts to review Viceroy decisions, monitor administration of territories.

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B. Catholic Jesuits and Franciscans moved into countryside

1. Encourage conversions2. Establish churches in rural areas3. Care for the poor4. Many priests become sympathetic to abuses

against Amerindians.

IV. The Colonial Economy in Latin AmericaA. Spanish set up silver mines in Mex. & Peru and plantations throughout Viceroyalties.

B. Required large labor force of native workers1. Spanish = Encomienda System

a. Natives forced to work for Spanish in exchange for care and conversion.

2. In Peru, Spanish used old Inca Mit’a System3. Mit’a System = 1/7 of males working at all times.4. Both systems fail because disease deaths5. Reliance on imported African slaves increased6. Slavery becomes race-based!

C. Impact of Spanish Silver Mines1. Spain = one of wealthiest nations2. Stimulated Spanish-American economy3. Manila Galleons = Span. ships carrying silver across Pacific from Acapulco Mexico to Manila Philippines

a. Exchanged silver for Asian luxury goods 4. Big impact on world economy

a. increased global flow of silver; stimulated tradeb. Downside =Caused European inflation

D. Portuguese Sugar Plantations in Brazil1. relied on slave labor; native at first, then eventually, imported African slaves2. Africans; more resistant to disease = better investment3. Portuguese will import more slaves than any other country.

E. Cash Crops drive investment and economies1. Cash crops = crop produced for profit/exportnot consumption by grower2. Examples:

a. sugar in Brazil & Caribbeanb. tobacco in Virginia & Carolinasc. cotton in southern N. Amer.

V. Society in Colonial Latin AmericaA. Greatest social division was between Europeans & Amerindians

Peninsulares

Span./Port.

CreolesSpan./Port

Mestizos(European &

Amerindian)

Mulattoes(European &

African)

Amerindians and Blacks

Born in Old World – 1st

administrators

Born in New World

- eventually dominate

politics & economy

VI. The Columbian ExchangeA. Global diffusion of crops, humans, animals & disease following exploratory voyagesB. Vast changes in:

1. Natural Environmenta. Clearing New World lands for monoculture(single crop) plantation systemb. herds of imported animals (cattle, horses, pigs, sheep) destroy landsc. Horse = important new animal; changed travel, hunting, warfare.

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2. Healtha. Disease killed 50-90% of Amerindiansb. Corn, potatoes improved diets in Old Worldc. tobacco changed European lifestyles/habits

3. Demographicsa. Amerindian pop. decreasedb. Natives replaced by mixed groupsc. Old World pop. increased (corn, potatoes)

Triangle Trade or“Great Circuit”

N. Amer.

S. Amer.

Africa

Europe

Caribbean

Directions: Use reading to illustrate AND annotate

the Triangle Trade. Annotations should provide

thorough explanations of & for the three portions of

the trade route.

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The European Age of Discovery

God, Gold and Glory

Factors contributing to

the European discovery

of lands in the Western

Hemisphere

Demand for gold, spices, and natural

resources in Europe

Innovations of European and

Islamic origins in navigational arts

Pioneering role of Prince Henry the

Navigator

Support for the diffusion of ChristianityPolitical and economic competition

between European empires.

In other words:

In other words:

In other words:

In other words:In other words:

The Sternpost Rudder- invented in China during the Han Dynasty- allowed for better navigation of shipsLateen Sails- allowed the ships to sail in any direction regardless of the windAstrolabe- portable navigation device- measures the distance of the sun and stars above the horizonNew & Improved Maps – Cartographers (map makers) created more accurate and reliable maps enabling more predictable, safer and efficient journeys.

Three-Masted Caravels- these larger ships employed

larger sails and could hold provisions for longer

journeys

Magnetic Compass- borrowed from the Chinese,

through trade with Arabs, allowed sailors to determine

direction of land without staying in sight of land

Technology of Exploration

My Exploration Poem/Song

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Commercial Revolution and Mercantilism

European

trading posts

along coast of

Africa

Trade in gold,

ivory, slaves &

other resources

Colonization by small

groups of merchants &

Trade Companies: Joint-

Stock companies

facilitating trade in foreign

lands. Eventually gain

administrative and military

power in regions.

Dutch East India Company

(Spice Islands)

British East India Company

(India)

European

colonization

Americas

Mercantilism:

An economic practice

adopted by European

powers in an effort to

become self-sufficient;

based on the theory that

colonies existed for the

benefit of the mother

country

Commercial Revolution:

•European maritime nations

competed for overseas markets,

colonies & resources

•A new economic system

emerged

•New money & banking

systems were created

•Economic practices such

as mercantilism evolved

•Colonial economies were

limited by the economic

needs of the mother

country

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Mercantilism Model

Summarization: Use the illustrations above to summarize, in your own words, the theory of Mercantilism.

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Portugal: Vasco da Gama

France: Jacques CartierEngland: Francis Drake

Spain: Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese)

Spain: Christopher ColumbusEarly Explorers

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Portugal: Vasco da Gama

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Spain: Christopher Columbus

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Portugal : Ferdinand Magellan

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England: Francis Drake

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France: Jacques Cartier

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North American

vs. Central &

South American

Colonies

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Spanish Conquest of Aztec & IncaLED by four horsemen in full armour, the small column of Spanish

infantry, with their leader, Hernan Cortes, and further horsemen in the

rear, marched along the narrow causeway across the shallows of

Lake Texcoco. They were heading for the walled towers of the

entrance to Tenochtitlan, the mighty capital of the Mexica; as we now

call them, the Aztecs.

There Cortes and his 250 men met their target: Moctezuma, the Aztec

ruler, bedecked with a splendid feather head-dress, richly-decorated

mantle and gold-soled sandals encrusted with jewels. A generation

after Colombus had landed in Hispaniola, the Spaniards in 1519 had

penetrated to the heart of the most populous and wealthiest

civilisation in the Americas.

How did Moctezuma’s appearance further motivate the

conquistadors?

For three months, as the Spaniards came inland, Moctezuma had

been paralysed by indecision: how should he handle them? He

was constrained by custom, religion and superstition. In Aztec

Mexico, ambassadors (as Cortes falsely claimed to be) were

entitled to hospitality; war was ritualised, and normally began only

after elaborate diplomacy.

The conquistadors played by different rules. After being lodged in

one of Tenochtitlan’s whitewashed palaces, they imprisoned their

host, and killed hundreds of unarmed nobles. Led by

Cuauhtemoc, Moctezuma’s nephew, the Aztecs rallied. Though

reinforced, the Spaniards were besieged, then routed as they

fled. They were soon back, and laid siege in turn. By August

1521, they were masters of a ruined city, its population cut to a

third of its pre-war 200,000.

How did custom compromise Aztec defenses?

A decade later, an even smaller Spanish force similarly struck the second great

American empire of this millennium, that of the Incas. Francisco Pizarro too followed

a code different from that of his opponents. He invited Atahualpa, the Inca ruler, to

the Spanish camp in Cajamarca, in today’s northern Peru, and then ordered an

attack against the mostly unarmed Inca escorts. The Incas stripped temples of their

gold wall-plates and ornaments to pay the ransom for Atahualpa’s release. The

Spaniards melted down 11 tonnes of gold objects, and then, after a hasty “trial”, killed

him.

How was Pizarro’s method similar to Cortes’?

Here too they faced resistance for almost a year. Indeed, the fierce topography of the

Andes made the conquest of some areas difficult. But by the 1540s, Spain had

conquered the main population centres of Central America and western South

America. The Portuguese would penetrate Brazil far more slowly. Similarity between

Aztec & Inca reaction?

Why the Spanish Conquistadors WonThe Spaniards won because they had better tactics—Aztecs in battle tried to

capture, not kill, their opponents—and technology. Horses, mastiffs and guns

terrified Aztecs and Incas armed with slings, stonetipped clubs and spears

(though Inca archers did better). The Spaniards had two other crucial

advantages. One was the diseases they had brought: the Aztec forces in the

battle for Tenochtitlan were ravaged by smallpox. The second arose from the

internal weaknesses of the two native-American empires. Sum up “Why?” in

3-5 words

Both empires had a weak point: their resentful subject peoples.

The Aztecs extracted tribute from these, and worse: over time,

mass human sacrifice came to occupy a central place in Aztec

religion, an instrument of control in what had become a reign of

terror. The Incas were less given to human sacrifice, but exacted

labour service. Cortes found ready allies: the Totonacs of

Mexico’s gulf coast and others supplied him with several

thousand troops and bearers, as well as food. And Pizarro found

the Inca empire riven by civil war after the death (probably from

smallpox) of Atahualpa’s father. In your own words, reasons

& impacts of the “Internal Weaknesses”

Greed, faith and killing

Why were the Spaniards there? In part, for profit and precious metals. (“I and my

companions suffer from a disease of the heart that can be cured only with gold,” Cortes

told envoys of Moctezuma.) But they were also driven by the militant Catholicism forged

in the centuries-long campaign to drive Islam from Spain. In 1493 a Spanish pope had

granted Castile exclusive right of conquest in the Americas, west of the Portuguese

possessions, and with it the obligation to convert the inhabitants to Christianity. 2 main

reasons for conquest?

The conquistadors did both, appallingly. To cow their subjects, Cortes and others,

sometimes abetted by priests, on occasion massacred civilians, or burned them alive.

The indigenes died from war, disease, overwork and hunger caused by the disruption of

their traditional farming. Estimates of Mexico’s population on the eve of the conquest

range from 12m to 25m; by 1568, it was under 3m. Peru had 9m people in 1532, under

1.5m in 1570. Generally speaking, impact on native population?

The Spaniards often left local rulers in place, while extracting tribute and labour service

from the shrunken native peoples. They found their own freedom of action limited by

royal officials and judges, and at times by conscience-stricken churchmen such as

Bartolome de las Casas, a landholder turned Dominican friar. The first law to protect the

“Indians” was brought in in 1542.

Why do you think African slaves will be brought to the Americas?

Differing

Aspect

Description of Difference Analysis: Reason for/Impact of

Difference

Plantation Societies of Brazil and Caribbean vs. Southern Colonies in British North America

Thesis: How did plantation societies of Brazil and the Caribbean differ from those of southern colonies in British North America?

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Differing

Aspect

Description of Difference Analysis: Reason for/Impact of

Difference

British Settler Colonies in North America vs. Counterparts in Latin America

Thesis: What distinguished the British settler colonies of North America from their counterparts in Latin America?

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