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M ea n i n g a n d objecti v es of pl a n n i n g:

Planning is an intellectual pr ocess of think ing in advance about setting of goals and

developing str ategies w hich ar e r equir es to attain the goals efficiently .

M ea n i n g a n d objecti v es of pl a n n i n g : “Planning is a w ay to system atize, dir ect and or ganize

the events or com petitions and ex tr act the advantage and benefit of the available r esour ces.”

“Planning is the pr ocess of m ak ing a sequence of w or k for a futur e line of action”

T he success of Physical education pr ogr am s depends upon efficient staffing, food, dir ection,

pr oper contr ol, w ell super v ision, good co-or dination and m inim ize the chances of lapses.

Objecti v es of pl a n n i n g:

a. T o k eep contr ol over all activ ities w hich suggests that planning & contr ol ar e connected

w ith each other .

b. it also helps in k eeping a good contr ol in or ganizing a tour nam ent.

c. b. R educe the chances of m istak e

d. I t suggests pr ogr am m es can be conducted w ith pr oper coor dination w ith least m istak es

r ather focusing on success.

e. T o pr om ote innovative ideas.

f. T o pr ovide dir ection tow ar ds the goal

g. T o r educe undue pr essur e

h.T o pr ovide pr oper co-or dination am ong the com m ittees.

HEM SHEELA MODEL SCHOOL DURGAPUR

CLASS 12 PHYSICAL EDUCATIONREVISION NOTES

BYSOURABH LAHIRI & ANJAN KR BISWAS

i .T o have good contr ol over all the activ ities.j.T o im pr ove efficiency.

k .T o r educe the chances of m istak es.

l .T o incr ease the cr eativ ity .

m .T o enhance the spor ts per for m ance.

n.T o pr otect ex isting faci lities.

o.Pr ovide new facilities to m eet dem and.

p.H elps in decision m ak ing.

V a r i ou s com m i ttees a n d r espon si bi l i ti es :

Differ ent com m ittees w or k together for the sm ooth conduct of the spor ts events.T he var ious

com m ittees ar e:

(ì ) T echnical Com m ittee: T his com m ittee is r esponsible for the technical conduct or the

E m m is. T his com m ittee selects var ious officials such as r efer ees, judges, star ter s, um pir es,

tim e k eeper s etc.

(i i ) T r anspor t Com m ittee;T his com m ittee is r esponsible for pr oviding the faci lities r egar ding

tr anspor tation of var ious team s I f the venue of spor ts events.

(ì ì ì ) R eception Com m ittee: T he m em ber s of this com m ittee ar e r esponsible to w elcom e the

Chief Guest and spectator s at opening and closing cer em onies.

(ìv) B oar ding and L odging Com m ittee: T his com m ittee is r esponsible for m ak ing necessar y

ar r angem ents for pr oviding accom m odation and ser ving m eals to the spor tsper sons Abel

other officials,

(v) Gr ound and E quipm ent Com m ittee :T his com m ittee m ales necessar y ar r angem ents of

equipm ent r elated to events.

(v i) M edical and F ir st Aid Com m ittee: T his com m ittee i5 For m ed to pr ovide m edical

assistance. e to par ticipants r ound the clock

(vi i ) Pr otest Com m ittee : it's pr otest against a judgm ent, the m em ber s of this com m ittee

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decide about it.

(v i i i ) Publicity Com m ittee: All the pr ess r eleases and pr ess confer ences ar e conflicted by

W ho’s com m ittee.

(ix ) F inance Com m ittee: T his com m ittee is assigned to m ak e the budget for the event and

handle the ex penses.

(x ) R efr eshm ent Com m ittee :T his com m ittee is for m ed to pr ofi le r efr eshm ent to the

par ticipants.

T ou r n a m en ts:

A tour nam ent is a com petition involving r elatively lar ge num ber of com petitor s, all

par ticipating in a spor ts or gam e. I t is a ser ies of contests w ith sever al r ounds in w hich m any

contestants com pete, individually or as a team to decide the w inner . I n other w or ds,

tour nam ent is a ser ies of contests in w hich a num ber of contestants com pete and the one

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that pr evails thr ough the final r ound or that finishes w ith the best r ecor d is declar ed the

w inner .

1.3 T ou r n a m en t: A ser ies of spor ts com petitions, in w hich, a team finally w ins and r est of

the par ticipating team s lose the m atches. I t depends on var ious factor s i .e. . . - No. of

par ticipating team s, availability of gr ounds and equipm ent,

No. of days and funds.

I m por tance of tour nam ents ar e -

Sour ce of R ecr eation; A lar ge num ber of people go to w atch var ious gam es and spor ts for

getting r ecr eation. Spor ts tour nam ents pr ovide am ple r ecr eation to the spectator s.

Developm ent of Social Qualities: Social qualities such as cooper ation, toler ance, sym pathy,

gr oup cohesion, br other hood and discipline ar e developed am ong par ticipants thr ough

spor ts tour nam ents.

I m por ta n ce of tou r n a m en t

T he spor tsm an lear ns the discipline by playing tour nam ents.

T he spor tsm an m eets other spor tsm an at a single platfor m .

H e lear ns ethical values such as honesty, fair play, r espect for other s.

T our nam ents pr ovides r ecr eation to all , i .e. . . or ganizer s, spectator s, students.

T y pe of tou r n a m en t:

K n ock ou t: I n this type of tour nam ent, the team once defeated, gets elim inated fr om

the tour nam ent. Only the w inning team s contest in the nex t r ounds. Oppor tunities

ar e given to the w inning player s/team s.

L ea gu e: I n single league tour nam ent all par ticipating team s com pete once, w ith each

other , w her e as in double league, each team plays w ith ever y as in double league,

each team plays w ith ever y other team tw ice, w ithout any consider ation of v ictor y or

defeat.

Com bi n a ti on T ou r n a m en ts: Com bination tour nam ents ar e or ganized in gr oup or

zonal m atches. W henever ther e is a lar ge num ber of team s, com bination tour nam ents

facilitate the Physical E ducation T eacher s, job. I t gives them elbow r oom to tr y out

new ex per im ents.

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T h er e a r e m a i n l y f ou r ty pes of com bi n a ti on tou r n a m en ts:

1. K nock out cum K nock out

2. L eague cum league

3. K nock out cum league

4. L eague cum K nock out

Ch a l l en ge T ou r n a m en t : T his type of tour nam ent com es handy w hen ther e ar e one to

one contests or ther e ar e tw o player s on each side. One player challenges the other

and the other player accepts the challenge. Gam es in w hich such tour nam ents ar e

held ar e - B ox ing, T ennis, T able T ennis, B adm inton etc

F ix tur es in such tour nam ents ar e decided accor ding to :

1. L adder M ethod

2. Physical M ethod

3. Cobw eb M ethod

V ar ious types of tour nam ents ar e

(í) K nock -out tour nam ent

(i i )L eague tour nam ent

(i i i ) Com bination tour nam ent

(iv) Challenge tour nam ent

K n ock ou t tou r n a m en ts:

I n k nock out tour nam ents the team s w hich gets elim inated gets autom atically elim inated

fr om the tour nam ent.

I n this type of tour nam ent , i f a team is defeated once, it gets elim inated. Only the w inner s

continue in the com petition. I t is the fastest m ethod to k now about the w inner team in the

tour nam ent.

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Seedi n g a T ea m :- T he sor ting of the team s and fitting them in the fix tur es so that the

str onger team s do not m eet each other in ear lier r ounds is k now n as Seeding. T his m ethod is

good if w e k now the r eal str ong team s. T he or ganizer s should find out the r eal str ong team s

fr om the pr evious tour nam ents or old r ecor ds figur e star ting a new tour nam ent.

B y e:

B ye is a pr iv i lege given to a team , genr e by dr aw ing lots, ex em pting it fr om plays fir st

r ound.

B y e:- T he advantage given to a team usually by dr aw ing a lot, and ex em pting it fr om paying

a m atch in the fir st r ound is k now n as B ye. T hese ar e given to a specific num ber of team s in

the fir st r ound. T he num ber of byes ar e decided by subtr acting the num ber of team s fr om

the nex t higher num ber w hich is in pow er of tw o’s.

B ye Nex t H igher No-no of T eam [2n-no of team s]

T he pr ocedur e of giv ing byes is as follow s:

T he fir st bye is given to last team of low er half.

T he second bye is given to fir st team of upper half.

T he thir d bye is given to fir st team of low er half

T he four th bye if given to last team of upper half.

T he nex t bye or byes w ill be given in the sam e or der as descr ibed above.

Advantages of k nock out tour nam ent:

T hese ar e less ex pensive.

H elpful in enhancing standar d of spor ts.

I t r equir es less tim e to com plete the tour nam ent.

M inim um no. of officials ar e r equir ed.

Disadvantages of k nock out tour nam ent:

T her e ar e m any chances of elim ination of good team s in pr elim inar y r ounds.

T her e ar e m any chances of w eak team s to enter in the final r ound.

Spectator s m ay not have enough inter est in the final r ound.

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M eth ods of Pr epa r i n g F i x tu r es f or K n ock -ou t T ou r n a m en ts: -

1. T otal num ber of team s par ticipating in the tour nam ent

2. T otal num ber of m atches to be played in the tour nam ent

For m ula for calculating num ber of m atches=n-1,w her e n is the total num ber of team s

par ticipating in the tour nam ent.

3. T ota l n u m ber of r ou n ds pl a y ed i n th e tou r n a m en t depen ds u pon tw o th i n gs: -

a . T he num ber of team s playing in the tour nam ent

b . T he higher near est num ber fr om the total num ber of team s of pow er of tw o’s =

4. M ethod of deter m ining the num ber of team s in upper half and low er half:-

a . I f he num ber of team s is even, then equal num ber of team s w ill be div ided in both halves

i .e. . .- n/2,w her e n is the total num ber of team s.

b. I f the num ber of team s is odd, the follow ing m ethod is applied:

Num ber of team s in upper half=(n+1)/2,w her e n=num ber of team s.

Num ber of team s in low er half=(n-1)/2,w her e n=num ber of team s

5. T he num ber of byes is a k nock -out tour nam ent ar e decided by subtr acting total num ber of

team s fr om the nex t higher near est num ber in pow er of tw o’s

Dr a w a k n ock ou t f i x tu r e of 17 tea m s?

No. of team s = 17,

T otal No. of m atches = N-1 = 17-1 = 16

No. of team s in upper half N+1/2 = 17+ 1 = 9

No. of team s in low er half N-1/2 = 17 - 1 = 8

T otal no. of byes = 32- 17 =15 byes,

No. of byes in upper half = NB -1/2 = 15 - 1 = 7

No. of byes in low er half = NB + 1/2 = 15 + 1 = 8

T otal r ounds = 4

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L ea gu e tou r n a m en t:

I n this type each team plays w ith ever y otgher team once if it is a single league tour nam ent

and each team plays w ith ever y other team tw ice if it is a double league tour nam ent.

Cy cl i c m eth od:

I n cyclic m ethod, I f the num ber of team s is in even num ber , the team num ber 1 is fix ed on

the top of r ight hand side and then other team num ber s in ascending or der consecutively

dow nw ar d and then upw ar d on the left hand side and then fr om the nex t r ound team s w ill

r otate in clock w ise dir ection. I f the num ber of team s is odd then the bye is fix ed on the top of

r ight hand side and r est of the pr ocedur e w ill r em ain sam e. I f the num ber of team is even

num ber than num ber of r ounds w ill be (N-1). I f the num ber of team s is odd num ber then

num ber of r ounds w ill be equal to num ber of team s.

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Fix tur e- No of m atches=n(n-1)/2 = 8(8-1)/2 =28

No. of r ounds=N-1= 8-1=7

Fix tur e- Cyclic m ethod

1st r ound 2nd r ound 3r d r ound 4th r ound 5th r ound 6th r ound 7th r ound

A-B A-H A-G A-F A-E A-D A-C

H -C G-B F-H E -G D-F C-E B -D

G-D F-C E -B D-H C-G B -F H -E

F-E E -D D-C C-B B -H H -G G-F

(b) Cy cl i c M eth od : I n cyclic m ethod, i f the num ber of team s is even, the team num ber 1 is

fix ed on the top of r ight hand side and other team s in ascending or der consecutively

dow nw ar d and then upw ar d on the left side and r otate them clock w ise. I f the num ber of

team s is odd, then bye is fix ed on top r ight side and the r est pr ocedur e r em ains sam e. T he

num ber of r ounds in case of even num ber of team s w ill be n -1, w her e n = num ber of team s.

T he num ber of r ounds in case of odd num ber of team s w ill be n, w her e n = num ber of team s.

E x a m pl e 1. Dr aw a fix tur e of 6 team s on league basis accor ding to cyclic m ethod.

Sol u ti on : T otal num ber of team s = 6

T otal num ber of m atches

Num ber of r ounds = n-1 = 6-1 = 5 r ounds.

F i x tu r es

I R I I R I I I R I V R V R

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1.4 B . M eth od f or dr a w of f i x tu r e i n l ea gu e tou r n a m en t: -

(a ) Sta i r -ca se M eth od : I n stair -case m ethod, the fix tur es ar e m ade just lik e a ladder or a

stair - case. I n this m ethod, no bye is given to any team and ther e is no pr oblem of even or

odd num ber of team s.

E x a m pl e : Dr aw a fix tur e of 9 team s on league basis accor ding to stair -case m ethod.

Sol u ti on : F i x tu r e

Com bi n a ti on tou r n a m en t:

Com bi n a ti on tou r n a m en ts ar e conducted w hen the m atches ar e to be played on gr oup

basis or zonal basis. T hese tour nam ents depend on the suitability of the activ ity , the num ber

of par ticipating team s and the ar eas and distance fr om w hich they com e to par ticipate.

Depending upon the num ber of team s in each zone and the availability of tim e, he

tour nam ent can be or ganized on the basis of k nock out or league and after that national level

tour nam ent can also be conducted either on k nock out or league basis.

1.5 A I N T R A M UR A L A N D E X T R A M UR A L :M E A N I N G , OB JE CT I V E S A N D I T S SI G N I F I CA N CE

M ea n i n g of I n tr a m u r a l : -

I ntr am ur al is der ived fr om the L atin w or d’ I ntr a” and “m ur alist’.” I ntr a” m eans “w ithin” and

“M ur alist” m eans ‘W aif .So w e can say that the activ ities, w hich ar e per for m ed w ithin the

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w alls or w ithin the cam pus of an institution ,ar e called ‘I ntr am ur al” .

T he intr am ur al spor ts m eans com petitions w ithin the w alls or w ithin the school, i .e. being or

occur r ing w ithin the lim its usually of a com m unity, or ganization, or institution. T his

pr ogr am m e offer s the school com m unity the oppor tunity to par ticipate in or ganized spor ts

com petition. T he r ules of the gam es/ spor ts ar e m odified accor dingly, i f needed.

Objecti v es of I n tr a m u r a l : -

T o pr ovide oppor tunity to ever y student to par ticipate in Gam es and Spor ts

T o develop L eader ship Qualities am ong students

T o develop Feeling of Cooper ation

T o pr ovide R ecr eation

T o develop the Feeling of Spor tsm anship

T o pr ovide oppor tunity to lear n a var iety of gam es and Sk ills

T o pr ovide oppor tunity to get E x per ience of Or ganization of Com petitions

T o find out talented Spor t per sons

T o pr ovide oppor tunity to Develop per sonality

E x tr a m u r a l s :

E x tr am ur al spor ts satisfy the need for str uctur ed spor ts activ ities betw een students fr om

var ious schools, or ganizations, or institutions. E x tr am ur al m eans com petitions outside w alls

or boundar ies, as of a city or tow n or a univer sity . T hese tour nam ents w ill be or ganized on a

zonal, r egional, state or national basis.eg. CB SE tour nam ents, SGFI tour nam ents etc.

B . E X T R A M UR A L :-

E x tr am ur al is der ived fr om the L atin w or ds “E x tr a” and “W aif” . So, w e can say that the

activ ities w hich ar e per for m ed outside the w alls of an institution or school, ar e k now n as

“ex tr am ur al” .

Objecti v es of ex tr a m u r a l :

T o pr ovide E x per ience to Students

T o im pr ove the Standar d of Spor ts

T o br oaden the B ase of Spor ts

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T o develop Spor tsm anship and Fr ater nity

T o pr ovide k now ledge of New R ules and Advanced T echniques

Si gn i f i ca n ce of i n tr a m u r a l s a n d ex tr a m u r a l s :

H elps in pr oviding the w ays and m eans for the developm ent self esteem , citizenship,

r esponsibility , spor tsm anship, and sk i lls in co-oper ative behavior .

H elps in pr oviding tak e par t in activ ities that encour ages active par ticipation,

enjoym ent, and fun w ithout ex ter nal pr essur e or r ew ar d.

H elps in pr oviding to r einfor ce the concept that w inning is less im por tant than

pr epar ing to w in. L osing should not be the sam e as fai lur e, nor success the sam e as

w inning.

H elps in pr oviding to deter m ine par ticipation by inter est r ather than sk i ll , not

lim iting activ ities to the gifted or ear ly m atur ing athlete.

H elps in pr oviding oppor tunities for students and ex pose them to a w ide var iety of

spor ts, sk i lls and activ ities so that the m ay r efine inter est and m ak e choices to suit

their per sonal abilities and needs.

H elps in pr oviding oppor tunities for students, faculty , and staff to actively engage in

activ ities involving spor ts, r ecr eation, and play w hile pr oviding str uctur e for an

ex per im ental education.

1.6 SPE CI F I C SPOR T S PR OG R A M M M E

Spor ts and gam es pr ogr am s ar e ar r anged in the w or ld as w ell as in our countr y to pr om ote

the gam es and spor ts for a specific cause. E ver y countr y in the w or ld has som e or other cause

for pr om oting specific spor ts pr ogr am s.

T he pr ogr am s m otivate and cr eate the feeling to tak e par t in these spor ts pr ogr am s. People

becom e health-conscious and tr y to r em ain fit and stay healthy for as long as possible. T hese

specific spor ts pr ogr am s ar e usually or ganized by the feder ations, state gover nm ent, NGO

etc. to cr eate health consciousness am ong the people and tak e par t in health-r elated spor ts

pr ogr am s.

M or e and m or e people of all age gr oups should tak e par t in such spor ts pr ogr am s. Specific

spor ts pr ogr am m es ar e such pr ogr am m es of spor ts w hich ar e not usually r elated to

com petitions. T hese pr ogr am m es have var ious objectives such as cr eating aw ar eness am ong

peoples r egar ding unity , health & diseases etc.

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T he var ious im por tant specific pr ogr am s ar e:-

l . SP OR T S DA Y –

A. School–Annual Spor ts Day

B . NAT I ONAL SPOR T S DAY

2. H E AL T H R UN: these ar e or ganised by health depar tm ents to am elior ate the standar d of

health in a countr y along w ith r aising funds for char ity .

3. R UN FOR FUN: I t is also or ganised to spr ead the m essage am ong m asses to r em ain healthy

and fit. I t m ay be or ganised to m otivate the people to r em ain fit.

4. R UN FOR UNI T Y: I t is or ganised to show unity and peace am ong the people of differ ent

r eligions. I ts pur pose m ay be national and inter national integr ation and br other hood.

5. R UN FOR SPE CI F I C CAUSE : T H is is the r un r elated to specific or noble cause. M ost of the

social non- pr ofit or ganisations or ganises these r uns for cr eating aw ar eness about AI DS,

E ducating the gir l child, Cancer , etc.M um bai and Chennai M ar athons ar e or ganised for such

noble pur pose.