Helmut Krueger, Zürich - MET · digital human models: „Ramsis“ source: Human Solution, Tecmar,...

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Old, new and recurrent challenges in Ergonomics

H. Krueger ZfA - Access for all | AEH - Centre for Occupational Medicine, Ergonomics & Hygiene Juli 2014

Helmut Krueger, Zürich

HFE Quo vadis?

UngarnJuly 2014version 4

Hungary 2014

H. Krueger ZfA - Access for all | AEH - Centre for Occupational Medicine, Ergonomics & Hygiene

2

Juli 2014

HFE: general remarksHFE: view of the world of workHFE: current SituationHFE: advantages and disadvantagesConclusion

Contents

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Juli 2014

• HFE: general remarksHFE: view of the world of workHFE: current SituationHFE: advantages and disadvantagesConclusion

Contents


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Juli 2014

HFE

Factors affecting promotion

Partially after Zink K., Ergonomics, 2000

Following factors have in part challenge for promoting HFE:

� globalization of competition

� de-regulation

� decentralization of processes

� rapidly changing technologies

� productivity (over-capacity)

� financial crisis

� emergence of more demanding customers

� …

� defensive academic environment

Following factors have in part challenge for promoting HFE:

� globalization of competition

� de-regulation

� decentralization of processes

� rapidly changing technologies

� productivity (over-capacity)

� financial crisis

� emergence of more demanding customers

� …

� defensive academic environment

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Ergonomics:

topics (IEA)

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HFE:

• Physical function

Anatomical, anthropometrical, physiological, and biomechanical characteristics.

• Cognitive function

Mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor responses.

• Work organizationOptimization of socio-technical, work-related, or other systems.

• Economic – Social contextHow business procedures and relationships between employers and workers affect the work.

HFE:

• Physical function

Anatomical, anthropometrical, physiological, and biomechanical characteristics.

• Cognitive function

Mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor responses.

• Work organizationOptimization of socio-technical, work-related, or other systems.

• Economic – Social contextHow business procedures and relationships between employers and workers affect the work.

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Evolution of HFE

timeSafety and health, W. Jastrzebowski

Productivity, F. Taylor

Cognitive aspects, World War II

Multifactorial approaches

Managerial responsibilities

Integration of community oriented goals

ICT-based cultural changes

timeSafety and health, W. Jastrzebowski

Productivity, F. Taylor

Cognitive aspects, World War II

Multifactorial approaches

Managerial responsibilities

Integration of community oriented goals

ICT-based cultural changes

Menozzi M (2014)24-06-14

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HFE

some topics

� TerminologyTerminology aspects should not be overestimated. However, they are important

from the perspective of marketing; HFE is difficult to market, in the CH ergonomics mostly is limited to anthropometry and strain of the muscular system; Therefore plea for human factors / Human Factors is introduced in the Anglo-

Saxon Language

� Human Factors (Dul J et al.)Objective work ability and employability on the one hand and health and well-

being on the other hand; short work + Health

� Inside view and outside viewThere are many statements on the self-understanding. But the fact is that HFE is

still only partially perceived as a separate subject. Therefore, HFE repairs mostly only.

� HFEHFE is an auxiliary science for occupational medicine, occupational hygiene,

occupational safety, product development, and rehabilitation medicine.

� TerminologyTerminology aspects should not be overestimated. However, they are important

from the perspective of marketing; HFE is difficult to market, in the CH ergonomics mostly is limited to anthropometry and strain of the muscular system; Therefore plea for human factors / Human Factors is introduced in the Anglo-

Saxon Language

� Human Factors (Dul J et al.)Objective work ability and employability on the one hand and health and well-

being on the other hand; short work + Health

� Inside view and outside viewThere are many statements on the self-understanding. But the fact is that HFE is

still only partially perceived as a separate subject. Therefore, HFE repairs mostly only.

� HFEHFE is an auxiliary science for occupational medicine, occupational hygiene,

occupational safety, product development, and rehabilitation medicine.

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HFE

General remarks

Conferences and meetings� Congresses of work science fall apart - One reason certainly is the

diversity of topics.

� The congresses in the German area are carried in the main by people engaged in research, education or training at universities.

� Many specialists in special topics of HFE prefer to attend special events where their specific problems are treated. There they reach for their "ego" the necessary attention and acceptance.

� On the other hand you will seldom meet HFE specialists at national and international meetings of occupational safety or the designer community.

� At general HFE meetings rarely take part people who need the knowledge in HFE for their business.

� There are few important special companies for HFE problems and these are hard to find on the relevant meetings. Thus, there are small job perspectives for students. With these stands or falls the appeal of a special field.

Conferences and meetings� Congresses of work science fall apart - One reason certainly is the

diversity of topics.

� The congresses in the German area are carried in the main by people engaged in research, education or training at universities.

� Many specialists in special topics of HFE prefer to attend special events where their specific problems are treated. There they reach for their "ego" the necessary attention and acceptance.

� On the other hand you will seldom meet HFE specialists at national and international meetings of occupational safety or the designer community.

� At general HFE meetings rarely take part people who need the knowledge in HFE for their business.

� There are few important special companies for HFE problems and these are hard to find on the relevant meetings. Thus, there are small job perspectives for students. With these stands or falls the appeal of a special field.

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HFE: general remarks• HFE: view of the world of work

HFE: current SituationHFE: advantages and disadvantagesConclusion

Contents


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Juli 2014

HFE

topics

Ergonomics: Ergonomic view of the world of work

� HFE model

� old - new problems (examples)Muscular stresses and strains

Augmented Reality

Human-computer interaction

ICT (Software ergonomics)

Hospital ergonomics

Green technologies

Risk Management

Work organization: shift work, blurring boundaries of work

Socio-psychological problems: mobbing, bullying, stress, ...

Workability in different age phases

e-Inclusion

etc.

Ergonomics: Ergonomic view of the world of work

� HFE model

� old - new problems (examples)Muscular stresses and strains

Augmented Reality

Human-computer interaction

ICT (Software ergonomics)

Hospital ergonomics

Green technologies

Risk Management

Work organization: shift work, blurring boundaries of work

Socio-psychological problems: mobbing, bullying, stress, ...

Workability in different age phases

e-Inclusion

etc.

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Human Factors / Ergonomics (HFE)

objectives

02-2013

4676

The effect of HFE design on performance and well-being.after Jan Dul, Ralph Bruder, Peter Buckle, Pascale Carayon, Pierre Falzon, William S. Marras, John R. Wilson and Bas van der Doele (2012)

A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession.Ergonomics 2012, 1–27

Performance

Performance

Performance

Performance

HFE designFitting the

environment to thehuman

HFE designFitting the

environment to thehuman

HealthWell-being

HealthWell-being

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Human Factors / Ergonomics (HFE)

objectives

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Redesign of the formal principle of HFE.

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HFE

ongoing and new problems

� ongoing problems: equipment, products, systemswork seats, input / output devices, augmented reality, medical devices,

software systems, robots, vehicles, public traffic, ICT, .....

� ongoing problems: environmentillumination, noise, climate, biological toxicants, PSA, ...

� ongoing problems: work organisationshift work, unlimited work, ...

� ongoing problems: work systemsdistribution of activities, system interfaces, reliability, safety, risk, trust

� ongoing problems: specific groups of peoplekids, adolescents, pregnant women, older employees, senior citizens, persons

beyond 80 years

� new problems: new technologiesgreen technologiesnanotechnologies

� . . .

� ongoing problems: equipment, products, systemswork seats, input / output devices, augmented reality, medical devices,

software systems, robots, vehicles, public traffic, ICT, .....

� ongoing problems: environmentillumination, noise, climate, biological toxicants, PSA, ...

� ongoing problems: work organisationshift work, unlimited work, ...

� ongoing problems: work systemsdistribution of activities, system interfaces, reliability, safety, risk, trust

� ongoing problems: specific groups of peoplekids, adolescents, pregnant women, older employees, senior citizens, persons

beyond 80 years

� new problems: new technologiesgreen technologiesnanotechnologies

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HFE

some exemplary construction sites of interest

� Physical workmuskuloskeletal disorders (health, performance, risk)

� TrafficEmployability and ability to work (risk, safety)

� Medical devicesergonomic examination of the functions (security, performance)

� Medical systemsorganisation of hospitals (performance, security, risk, acceptance)

� ICT (information and communication technologies) accessibility,

easy to use, usability (performance, safety, acceptance)

� Working timeunlimited working time (health, well-being, acceptance)

� Psychosocial factorsbullying, stress, rehabilitation,

health management (health, well-being, acceptance)

� Physical workmuskuloskeletal disorders (health, performance, risk)









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Video-demonstration

repetitive work - constrained posture

04-2011

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Repetitive work in an unreasonable posturef4504# Zwangshaltung Schweissen Demonstration Muskelarbeit Simfer Kayseri MOV01707 Schweissen

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Low back pain

"diagnostic camera"

Tanaka Y et al., DHM Symposium, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2013adapted from Menozzi M (2014)24-06-14

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Anthropometry

digital human models: „Ramsis“

source: Human Solution, Tecmar, 2008

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Sitting

in motion

The human body needs movement!Therefore, there is not one ergonomic seating position, but only a change between different positions guarantees ergonomic seating!

An ergonomic seat must support different seating po sitions .24-02-00

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Sitting

"limbic chair"

Patrik Künzler http://www.inno-motion.com/de/ June 201423-06-14

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Sitting

Crane driver seat: working situation

Menozzi M, Bergande E, Sury P, 200824-06-14

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Sitting

Crane driver seat

Menozzi M, Bergande E, Sury P, 200824-06-14

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© Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) - IHA Ergonomics / Work + Health H. Krueger

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31-10-2000

Ergonomic products?

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"Ergonomic Products„are not ergonomic "per se"

but only with regard to:

�Processes�Procedures

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"Ergonomic Products„are not ergonomic "per se"

but only with regard to:

�Processes�Procedures

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Risk

Incidents in anaesthesia

Weiniger MB,Journal of Clinical Monitoring, 1999; 15:319–323adapted from Menozzi M (2014)24-06-14

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Interface

cognitive overload

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Range of information in anesthesia - Variety of devi ces in the University Hospital of ZurichHeld J. (2008)

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Medical care

NASA-TLX in Laparoscopy

Hubert N et al., Int J Med Rob & Comp Ass Surg, 2013: 9; 142-147

NA

SA

TLX

rat

ings

Standard Laparoscopy

Robot AssistedLaparoscopy

Robot Assisted Laparoscopymy.clevelandclinic.org

Standard Laparoscopywww.cs.unc.edu

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Input devices

multidimensional

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Menozzi

Dataglove

Cyberpuck

Dataglove

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Visual load

visual complexity in phone display

Menozzi M (2014)24-06-14

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visual and cognitive load

Control room

District heating network control, Vienna24-06-14

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Complexity of web pages

assessment

adapted from Menozzi M (2014) / Tuch AN et al., Int. J. Human-Computer Studies 67 (2009) 703–715 24-06-14

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Complexity of web pages

psychophysiological reactions

adapted from Menozzi M (2014) Tuch AN et al., Int. J. Human-Computer Studies 67 (2009) 703–715

Facial EMG response

Heart beat interval response

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Complexity of interfaces

estimation of complexity from XHTML data in three steps

Harper Jay C, Michailidou E, Quan H. (2013) Analysing the visual complexity of web pages using document structure.Behaviour & Information Technology, 32(5); 491-502

First step: find block-level elements (information junks) in XHT

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Second step: overlay grid (eventually optimize size ) over web page

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Third step: count elements in each grid cell

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Attention

different complexity of the visual field

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Presentation of a stimulus of good contrast on different backgrounds (grey, still picture, video).

The probability that a front passenger discovers a target, from the complexity of the image decreases (a neutral gray background, unmoving road image, video of a real ride)

M. Menozzi, F. Hofer, U. Näpflin, H. Krueger (2003) Visual performance in augmented reality systems for mobile use.International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction

possible target positions

possible target positions

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Functional field of vision

“Tunnel vision”

OECD 2006, Speed Managementadapted from Menozzi M (2014)

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Reflector control

reality

Held

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Reflector control

visual control strategy depends on the object and on the subject

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A good reflector surface quality needs about 2-3 seconds inspection time. When inspecting a critical part of the surface it needs about 1 second and more inspection time for the human inspector. Held J

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Ageing

work ability

Age-related effects •decrease: motor sensory skills, muscular force, multitasking•improvement: experience, knowledge of human nature,

quality awareness, customer orientation, risk assessment

•large inter-individual differences

Age-related issues •productivity •sickness absence•technical risks •risk behaviour•adaptation to technological change

Age-related measures• design of tools, workplace & work organization• adaptation working environment • promotion of work ability (continuous training)• social conditions (integration, flexible retirement)

Age-related effects •decrease: motor sensory skills, muscular force, multitasking•improvement: experience, knowledge of human nature,

quality awareness, customer orientation, risk assessment

•large inter-individual differences

Age-related issues •productivity •sickness absence•technical risks •risk behaviour•adaptation to technological change

Age-related measures• design of tools, workplace & work organization• adaptation working environment • promotion of work ability (continuous training)• social conditions (integration, flexible retirement)

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Work ability

06-2013

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Opportunities for older workers and female workersWorking conditions do not change (A)Impact of advances in productivity (B)Effect of changes of necessary knowledge (C)

adapted from Liedtke P M (2002) Risiko Zukunft - Chance Arbeit.In Kilger G, Bienek H-J (Ed) Neue Qualität der Arbeit. Campus Verlag; Frankfurt New York; p. 197-209

[%]100

80

60

40

20

010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

age [years]

A

[%]100

80

60

40

20

010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

age [years]

B

[%]100

80

60

40

20

010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

age [years]

C

physical abilitymental abilityover all ability

demands

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Green Technologies

European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Green jobs and occupational safety and health: Foresight on new and emerging risks associated with new technologies by 2020

https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/green-jobs-foresight-new-emerging-risks-technologies, June 2014

In a buoyant economy, funds are available for inves tment in safety, but

the high pace of innovation and the rapid roll-out of new technologies and

new products, and the creation of new jobs requirin g new skills mean that

a wider population faces new risks over shorter tim escales.

It is, therefore, important that OSH assessments are undertaken early in

the development cycle of a technology or product so that the pace of

development doesn’t leave OSH behind.

• Wind energy• Green construction and building retrofitting• Bioenergy• Waste management and recycling• Green transport• Green manufacturing, robotics and automation• Domestic and small-scale renewable energy• Batteries and energy storage• Energy transmission and distribution

In a buoyant economy, funds are available for inves tment in safety, but

the high pace of innovation and the rapid roll-out of new technologies and

new products, and the creation of new jobs requirin g new skills mean that

a wider population faces new risks over shorter tim escales.

It is, therefore, important that OSH assessments are undertaken early in

the development cycle of a technology or product so that the pace of

development doesn’t leave OSH behind.

• Wind energy• Green construction and building retrofitting• Bioenergy• Waste management and recycling• Green transport• Green manufacturing, robotics and automation• Domestic and small-scale renewable energy• Batteries and energy storage• Energy transmission and distribution

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HFE: general remarksHFE: view of the world of work

• HFE: current SituationHFE: advantages and disadvantagesConclusion

Contents


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Juli 2014

HFE

HFE: Current Situation

� Reparative versus prospective activity

� Standards

� "good practice" guidelines

� Certification


� Reparative versus prospective activity

� Standards


� Certification

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HFE

business aspects

Business aspects of HFE� Unaware of the importance and the benefit of HFE specialists, there is

only a limited willingness of companies to outsource HFE tasks or to hire HFE experts.

� There is hardly a considerable knowledge transfer from science into practice.

� There are small enterprises in the field of HFE. But they are focused on specific problems, i.e. usability testing of software products, lighting companies, acoustic consultancies, experts for stress management and occupational health management, etc..

� Unlike the occupational medicine centers HFE centers are usually very small enterprises or one-person activities at least.

Business aspects of HFE� Unaware of the importance and the benefit of HFE specialists, there is

only a limited willingness of companies to outsource HFE tasks or to hire HFE experts.

� There is hardly a considerable knowledge transfer from science into practice.

� There are small enterprises in the field of HFE. But they are focused on specific problems, i.e. usability testing of software products, lighting companies, acoustic consultancies, experts for stress management and occupational health management, etc..

� Unlike the occupational medicine centers HFE centers are usually very small enterprises or one-person activities at least.

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Design

ISO 9241-210:2010 Human centered design process for interactive systems

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identify the need for human-centered design

understand &specify the context

of use

understand &specify the context

of use

specify the user &Organizationalrequirements

specify the user &Organizationalrequirements

produce design solutions to meet

the user requirements

produce design solutions to meet

the user requirements

evaluate designs against

requirements

evaluate designs against

requirements

Designed solutionmeets user

requirements

Umsetzung

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Illumination

designer luminair

Lucellino NT is called "bird", and is a wall lamp by Ingo Maurer.2009

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HFE


� StandardsHFE

industrial hygiene

toxicology

occupational medicine



� StandardsHFE

industrial hygiene

toxicology

occupational medicine


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HFE

education and training - certification

Education and training in ergonomics� There is no simple description of the HFE occupation.

� There are only few courses for specific problems that address practitioners.

� Universities offer small training courses and / or opportunitiesfor research projects, but no job perspectives.

CREE certified ergonomists: 422 in 2014

SwissErgo (CH):..……………….…............ca. 150 in 2010GfA (Arbeitswissenschaft DE):…………… ca. 470 in 2012SELF (Soc. Ergo. Langue Française):…... ca. 660 in 2012

Menozzi M (2014)

Education and training in ergonomics� There is no simple description of the HFE occupation.

� There are only few courses for specific problems that address practitioners.

� Universities offer small training courses and / or opportunitiesfor research projects, but no job perspectives.

CREE certified ergonomists: 422 in 2014

SwissErgo (CH):..……………….…............ca. 150 in 2010GfA (Arbeitswissenschaft DE):…………… ca. 470 in 2012SELF (Soc. Ergo. Langue Française):…... ca. 660 in 2012

Menozzi M (2014)

2323 55 114114 22 5050 7272 99 77

1919 4343 55 77 11 3535 2828

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HFE: general remarksHFE: view of the world of workHFE: current Situation

• HFE: advantages and disadvantagesConclusion

Contents


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Juli 2014

HFE

consequences

Occupational Hygiene, occupational medicine and saf ety• Technical, industrial safety is generally accepted in practice.• Occupational medicine has the advantage of legally defined formal service time.• Occupational medicine and industrial hygiene are in a similar situation as HFE.

How can HFE be positioned?• Specialist for the triage of actual HFE problems of work and entertainment.• There are enough problems in practice, these relate to health, performance,

safety or acceptance of devices or work systems.

Result:

� There are many tasks for HFE specialists.� The problem of HFE is the variety.HFE is just an umbrella over many tasks and

objectives.� HFE specialists have to try to provide a platform for discussing general

problems and to involve different specialists. � HFE must operate as a network.

Occupational Hygiene, occupational medicine and saf ety• Technical, industrial safety is generally accepted in practice.• Occupational medicine has the advantage of legally defined formal service time.• Occupational medicine and industrial hygiene are in a similar situation as HFE.

How can HFE be positioned?• Specialist for the triage of actual HFE problems of work and entertainment.• There are enough problems in practice, these relate to health, performance,

safety or acceptance of devices or work systems.

Result:

� There are many tasks for HFE specialists.� The problem of HFE is the variety.HFE is just an umbrella over many tasks and

objectives.� HFE specialists have to try to provide a platform for discussing general

problems and to involve different specialists. � HFE must operate as a network.

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HFE

proposals for development

� Organization of congresses with limited issues as opposed to "umbrella"

congresses. Presentation of concrete solutions of HFE problems with

discussion of "pros and cons". Targeted addressing of customers for

ergonomic knowledge.

� Creation of job opportunities in HFE and not just organizing education &

training.

� Effort to establish small HFE enterprises; best in terms of "outsourcing" with

start order of larger companies.

� It takes courage for a longer breath!

Result: HFE problems there are many. Let's do it.

� Organization of congresses with limited issues as opposed to "umbrella"

congresses. Presentation of concrete solutions of HFE problems with

discussion of "pros and cons". Targeted addressing of customers for

ergonomic knowledge.

� Creation of job opportunities in HFE and not just organizing education &

training.

� Effort to establish small HFE enterprises; best in terms of "outsourcing" with

start order of larger companies.

� It takes courage for a longer breath!

Result: HFE problems there are many. Let's do it.

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Juli 2014

HFE: general remarksHFE: view of the world of workHFE: current SituationHFE: advantages and disadvantages

• Conclusion

Contents


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Juli 2014

HFE

exemplary construction sites of interest

� Physical workmuskuloskeletal disorders (health ,performance, risk)









� Physical workmuskuloskeletal disorders (health ,performance, risk)









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Con

clus

ion


53

Juli 2014

HFE

exemplary construction sites of interest

� Age-appropriate product designConsideration of age-related restrictions of

physical, sensory and cognitive abilities (accessibility, acceptance)

� Age-appropriate system-designConsideration of age-related restrictions of

physical, sensory and cognitive abilities (risk, performance, acceptance)

� Age-appropriate Retirementfirst: age-appropriate working conditions

second: promoting work ability of all ages third: raising the retirement age (performance, acceptance)

� . . .

Attention!Cobbler, stick to your last. But a HFE specialist must be able to communicate at

eye level with the experts in physiology, neurology, psychology, technology and work design.

Therefore education and training in HFE is necessary!

� Age-appropriate product designConsideration of age-related restrictions of

physical, sensory and cognitive abilities (accessibility, acceptance)

� Age-appropriate system-designConsideration of age-related restrictions of

physical, sensory and cognitive abilities (risk, performance, acceptance)

� Age-appropriate Retirementfirst: age-appropriate working conditions

second: promoting work ability of all ages third: raising the retirement age (performance, acceptance)

� . . .

Attention!Cobbler, stick to your last. But a HFE specialist must be able to communicate at

eye level with the experts in physiology, neurology, psychology, technology and work design.

Therefore education and training in HFE is necessary!

24-06-14

4746-2

Con

clus

ion

Helmut Krueger, Zürich - MET · digital human models: „Ramsis“ source: Human Solution, Tecmar,...

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Transcript of Helmut Krueger, Zürich - MET · digital human models: „Ramsis“ source: Human Solution, Tecmar,...