helmet mini.doc

8/10/2019 helmet mini.doc

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SVS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

INTELLIGENT HELMET FOR COAL MINER

1. INTRODUCTION:

Underground mining is inherently dangerous and its safety monitoring is a om!le"#

interdisi!linary researh area $hih s!ans se%eral deades& In China# almost one third of

the loal mine fatalities are aused 'y inade(uate tem!erature hanges& Therefore# the

essential funtion of mine safety monitoring system is to monitor the $eather of the

$or)ing !lae of miners timely& Furthermore it should meet the re(uirements of lo$

lateny# high data fidelity# fully and relia'le o%erage on the underground mining tunnels&

The urrent underground mine safety monitoring systems are of t$o )inds* $ired systems

and $ireless ones& The $ired safety monitoring are more eonomi than $ireless

systems&

The goal of this $or) is to de%elo! a large sale# energy+sa%ing# lo$ ost#

reusa'le# and $ired to meet the !ratial re(uirements for the mine safety monitoring& To

ahie%e this hallenging goal $e started 'y studying the e"isting underground mine

safety monitoring systems and identifying their re(uirements and onstraints& ,e then set

u! a hierarhial !rototy!e system for underground mine safety monitoring# namely

INTELLIGENTHEL-ETFO.CO/LMINE.S&

10E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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2.BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.1 Block diagra d!"cri#$io%

&'(1 MICROCONTROLLER:

The /T23C45 is a lo$+!o$er# high+!erformane C-OS 2+'it miroontroller

$ith 6) 'ytes of Flash 1rogramma'le and erasa'le read only memory 7E.O-8&/T23C45

has many funtions and to this miroontroller many other %arious om!onents are

onneted for the funtioning of their !artiular o!erations and to get the !artiular

re(uired out!ut& This is %ery neessary in eah and e%ery em'edded !ro9et&

20E1/.T-ENT OF ECE

MUX

Sensor1 Sensor2

ADC

Micro

Controller

Max

232

PC

RS

232

:u;;er


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MA) 2*2:

-a" 45 miroontroller need TTL %oltage le%el#

as finger!rint module %oltage is mos %oltage le%el #'ut 'y using the ma"2>= family is a series of three C-OS 2+'it suessi%e a!!ro"imation /?0

on%erters using a resisti%e ladder and a!aiti%e array together $ith an auto+;ero

om!arator& These on%erters are designed to o!erate $ith the miro!roessor+ontrolled

'uses using a minimum of e"ternal iruitry& The =+State out!ut data lines an 'e

onneted diretly to the data 'us&

M+,2 GA- -EN-OR:

-@+< gas sensor has high sensiti%ity to L1G # -ethane # 1ro!ane and Hydrogen# also

ould 'e used to and other om'usti'le steam# it is $ith lo$ ost and suita'le for different

a!!liation.

O/ER -UL0:

1o$er su!!ly is needed for eah and e%ery IC and also the modules# so it su!!lies the

re(uired amount of !o$er to all the om!onents and has ma9or !art the !ro9et# it su!!lies

a high !o$er 'ut 'y using the %oltage regulator $e an su!!ly the re(uired amount of

!o$er to the om!onents&

LM*(:

The L-=4 series are !reision integrated+iruit tem!erature sensors $ith out!ut %oltage

is linearly !ro!ortional to entigrade tem!erature&

C:

/ !ersonal om!uter is !laed at monitoring enter $hih loo)s after the entire su'+mine

and analysis en%ironment 'y using sensor information send to it&

30E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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2.2. -c!a$ic diagra

40E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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2.* /orki%g #ri%ci#l!

-ain idea is to de%elo! a $ireless 'ased a!!liation through $hih oal mine engineers

an organi;e !arameters li)e tem!erature and humidity in oal mines and ta)e re(uired!reautions 'ased on the information

In our iruit 'oard there are t$o su!!ly $ires oming from a transformer to a 'ridge

$a%e retifier $hih on%erts an a& signal to a !ulsating d& signal and this is further

Gi%en to a filter a!aitor $hih gi%es 5


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*. Hardar! D!"cri#$io%

*.1 AT&3C(1:

/ miroontroller is a general !ur!ose de%ie# 'ut that is meant to read data#

!erform limited alulations on that data and ontrol its en%ironment 'ased on those

alulations& The !rime use of a miroontroller is to ontrol the o!eration of a mahine

using a fi"ed !rogram that is stored in .O- and that does not hange o%er the lifetime of

the system&

The miroontroller design uses a muh more limited set of single and dou'le

'yte instrutions that are used to mo%e data and ode from internal memory to the /LU&

The miroontroller is onerned $ith getting data from and to its o$n !ins# the

arhiteture and instrution set are o!timi;ed to handle data in 'it and 'yte si;e&

The /T23C45 is a lo$+!o$er# high+!erformane C-OS 2+'it miroontroller

$ith 6) 'ytes of Flash 1rogramma'le and erasa'le read only memory 7E.O-8& The

de%ie is manufatured using /tmelDs high+density non%olatile memory tehnology and isfuntionally om!ati'le $ith the industry+standard 2>C45 miroontroller instrution set

and !in out& :y om'ining %ersatile 2+'it C1U $ith Flash on a monolithi hi!# the

/tmelDs /T2345 is a !o$erful miroom!uter# $hih !ro%ides a high fle"i'le and ost+

effeti%e solution to many em'edded ontrol a!!liations&

60E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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*.1.1 i% Co%4ig5ra$io% o4 AT&3c(1 Microco%$roll!r

70E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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*.1.2 AT&3C(1 Block Diagra

*.2 IN DE-CRITION:

6CC

Su!!ly %oltage

GND

Ground

or$ '

1ort > is an 2+'it o!en drain 'i+diretional I?O !ort& /s an out!ut !ort# eah !in an sin)

eight TTL in!uts& ,hen 5Ds are $ritten to !ort > !ins# the !ins an 'e used as high

im!edane in!uts&

1ort > an also 'e onfigured to 'e the multi!le"ed lo$ order address?data 'us

during aess to e"ternal !rogram and data memory& In this mode# 1ort> has internal !ull+

u!s& 1ort > also reei%es the ode 'ytes during Flash !rogramming and out!uts the ode

'ytes during !rogram %erifiation& E"ternal !ull+u!s are re(uired during !rogram

%erifiation&

80E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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or$ 1

1ort 5 is an 2+'it 'i+diretional I?O !ort $ith internal !ull+u!s& The !ort 5out!ut

'uffers an sin)?soure four TTL in!uts& ,hen 5Ds are $ritten to !ort 5 !ins# they are

!ulled high 'y the internal !ull+u!s an 'e used as in!uts& /s in!uts# 1ort 5 !ins that are

e"ternally 'eing !ulled lo$ $ill soure urrent 'eause of the internal !ull+u!s&

or$ 2

1ort < is an 2+'it 'i+diretional I?O !ort $ith internal !ull+u!s& The !ort < out!ut

'uffers an sin)?soure four TTL in!uts& ,hen 5Ds are $ritten to !ort < !ins# they are

!ulled high 'y the internal !ull+u!s an 'e used as in!uts& /s in!uts# 1ort < !ins that are


1ort < emits the high+order address 'yte during fethes from e"ternal !rogram

memory and during aess to 01T.& In this a!!liation 1ort < uses strong internal !ull+

u!s $hen emitting 5Ds& 0uring aesses to e"ternal data memory that use 2+'it data

address 7-OVA.58# 1ort < emits the ontents of the 1< S!eial Funtion .egister& 1ort

< also reei%es the high+order address 'its and some ontrol signals during Flash

!rogramming and %erifiation&

or$ *

1ort = is an 2+'it 'i+diretional I?O !ort $ith internal !ull+u!s& The !ort = out!ut

'uffers an sin)?soure four TTL in!uts& ,hen 5s are $ritten to !ort = !ins# they are

!ulled high 'y the internal !ull+u!s an 'e used as in!uts& /s in!uts# 1ort = !ins that are


90E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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1ort = also reei%es some ontrol signals for Flash 1rogramming and %erifiation&

or$ #i% Al$!r%a$! F5%c$io%"

1=&> .A07serial in!ut !ort8

1=&5 TA07serial in!ut !ort8

1=&< INT>7e"ternal interru!t >8

1=&= INT57e"ternal interru!t 58

1=&6 T>7timer > e"ternal in!ut8

1=&4 T57timer 5 e"ternal in!ut8

1=& ,.7e"ternal data memory $rite stro'e8

1=& .07e"ternal data memory read stro'e8

R-T

.est in!ut / on this !in for t$o mahine yles $hile the osillator is running resets the

de%ie&

ALE7ROG:

/ddress Lath Ena'le is an out!ut !ulse for lathing the lo$ 'yte of the address

during aess to e"ternal memory& This !in is also the !rogram !ulse in!ut 71.OG8during Flash !rogramming&

In normal o!eration /LE is emitted at a onstant rate of 5?5 the osillator

fre(ueny and may 'e used for e"ternal timing or lo)ing !ur!ose& Note# ho$e%er# that

one /LE !ulse is s)i!!ed during eah aess to e"ternal 0ata memory&

-EN

1rogram Store Ena'le is the read stro'e to e"ternal !rogram memory $hen the

/T2345 is e"euting ode from e"ternal !rogram memory 1SEN is ati%ated t$ie eah

mahine yle# e"e!t that t$o 1SEN ati%ations are s)i!!ed during eah aess to

e"ternal data memory&

100E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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EA 76

E"ternal /ess Ena'le 7E/8 must 'e stra!!ed to GN0 in order to ena'le the

de%ie to feth ode from e"ternal !rogram memory loations starting at >>>>h u! to

FFFFH& Note# ho$e%er# that if lo) 'it 5 is !rogrammed E/ $ill 'e internally lathed on

reset& E/ should 'e stra!!ed to V for internal !rogram e"eutions& This !in also

reei%es the 5


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5& R!gi"$!r Ba%k" ',*: loations >>H through 5FH 7=< 'ytes8& The de%ie after reset

defaults to register 'an) >& To use the other register 'an)s# the user must selet them in

soft$are& Eah register 'an) ontains eight 5+'yte registers .>+.& .eset initiali;es the

sta) !oint to loation >H# and is inremented one to start from >2H# $hih is the first

register of the seond register 'an)&


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-ECIAL FUNCTION REGI-TER-

The S!eial Funtion .egisters 7SF.Js8 are loated in u!!er 5


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-$ack oi%$!r -;

The Sta) 1ointer .egister is eight 'its $ide& It is inremented 'efore data is stored

during 1USH and C/LL e"eutions& ,hile the sta) may reside any$here in on hi!

./-# the Sta) 1ointer is initiali;ed to >H after a reset& This auses the sta) to 'egin

at loation >2H&

Da$a oi%$!r DTR;

The 0ata 1ointer onsists of a high 'yte 701H8 and a lo$ 'yte 701L8& Its funtion is to

hold a 5+'it address& It may 'e mani!ulated as a 5+'it register or as t$o inde!endent 2+

'it registers&

-!rial Da$a B544!r -BUF;

The Serial 0ata :uffer is atually t$o se!arate registers# a transmit 'uffer and a reei%e

'uffer register& ,hen data is mo%ed to S:UF# it goes to the transmit 'uffer# $here it is

held for serial transmission& 7-o%ing a 'yte to S:UF initiates the transmission&8 ,hen

data is mo%ed from S:UF# it omes from the reei%e 'uffer&

Ti!r R!gi"$!r"

.egister !airs 7TH># TL>8 and 7TH5# TL58 are the 5+'it Counter registers for

Timer?Counters > and 5# res!eti%ely&

Co%$rol R!gi"$!r"

S!eial Funtion .egisters I1# IE# T-O0# TCON# SCON# and 1CON ontain ontrol and

status 'its for the interru!t system# the Timer?Counters# and the serial !ort&

140E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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TIMER7COUNTER-

The IS23C45 has t$o 5+'it Timer?Counter registers* Timer > and Timer 5& /ll

t$o an 'e onfigured to o!erate either as Timers or e%ent ounters& /s a Timer# the

register is inremented e%ery mahine yle& Thus# the register ounts mahine yles&

Sine a mahine yle onsists of 5< osillator !eriods# the ount rate is 5?5< of the

osillator fre(ueny&

/s a Counter# the register is inremented in res!onse to a 5+to+> transition at its

orres!onding e"ternal in!ut !in# T> and T5& The e"ternal in!ut is sam!led during S4145Ds t$o timers o!erate& This SF. ontrols $hether eah of the t$o timers is

running or sto!!ed and ontains a flag to indiate that eah timer has o%erflo$ed&

/dditionally# some non+timer related 'its are loated in TCON SF.&

These 'its are used to onfigure the $ay in $hih the e"ternal interru!t flags are

ati%ated# $hih are set $hen an e"ternal interru!t ours&

iii; TIMER ' T';:

TO 7Timer > lo$?high# address 2/?2C h8

These t$o SF.Ds ta)en together re!resent timer >& Their e"at 'eha%ior

de!ends on ho$ the timer is onfigured in the T-O0 SF. ho$e%er# these timers

al$ays ount u!& ,hat is onfigura'le is ho$ and $hen they inrement in %alue&

160E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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TH> TL>

i=; TIMER 1 T1;:

T5 7Timer 5 Lo$?High# address 2:? 20 h8

These t$o SF.Ds# ta)en together# re!resent timer 5& Their e"at 'eha%ior de!ends on ho$

the timer is onfigured in the T-O0 SF. ho$e%er# these timers al$ays ount u!& ,hat

is Configura'le is ho$ and $hen they inrement in %alue&

The Timer or Counter funtion is seleted 'y ontrol 'its C?T in the S!eial Funtion

.egister T-O0& These t$o Timer?Counters ha%e four o!erating modes# $hih are

seleted 'y 'it !airs 7-5# ->8 in T-O0& -odes ># 5# and < are the same for 'oth

Timer?Counters# 'ut -ode = is different&

The four modes are desri'ed in the follo$ing setions&

Mod! ':

:oth Timers in -ode > are 2+'it Counters $ith a di%ide+'y+=< !re salar& In this

mode# the Timer register is onfigured as a 5=+'it register& /s the ount rolls o%er from all

5s to all >s# it sets the Timer interru!t flag TF5& The ounted in!ut is ena'led to the Timer

$hen T.5 5 and either G/TE > or INT5 5& Setting G/TE 5 allo$s the Timer to

'e ontrolled 'y e"ternal in!ut INT5# to failitate !ulse $idth measurements& T.5 is a

ontrol 'it in the S!eial Funtion .egister TCON& Gate is in T-O0&

The 5=+'it register onsists of all eight 'its of TH5 and the lo$er fi%e 'its of TL5&

The u!!er three 'its of TL5 are indeterminate and should 'e ignored& Setting the run flag

7T.58 does not lear the registers&

170E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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-ode > o!eration is the same for Timer > as for Timer 5# e"e!t that T.># TF>

and INT> re!lae the orres!onding Timer 5 signals& There are t$o different G/TE 'its#

one for Timer 5 7T-O0&8 and one for Timer > 7T-O0&=8&

Mod! 1

-ode 5 is the same as -ode ># e"e!t that the Timer register is run $ith all 5

'its& The lo) is a!!lied to the om'ined high and lo$ timer registers 7TL5?TH58& /s

lo) !ulses are reei%ed# the timer ounts u!* >>>>H# >>>5H# >>>>>>H o%erflo$ flag& The timer ontinues to ount& The

o%erflo$ flag is the TF5 'it in TCON that is read or $ritten 'y soft$are

Mod! 2

-ode < onfigures the Timer register as an 2+'it Counter 7TL58 $ith automati

reload O%erflo$ from TL5 not only sets TF5# 'ut also reloads TL5 $ith the ontents of

TH5# $hih is !reset 'y soft$are& The reload lea%es the TH5 unhanged& -ode &

Mod! *

Timer 5 in -ode = sim!ly holds its ount& The effet is the same as setting T.5

>& Timer > in -ode = esta'lishes TL>and TH> as t$o se!arate ounters& The logi for

-ode = on Timer >& TL> uses the Timer > ontrol 'its* C?T# G/TE# T.># INT># and TF>&

TH> is lo)ed into a timer funtion 7ounting mahine yles8 and o%er the use of T.5

and TF5 from Timer 5& Thus# TH> no$ ontrols the Timer 5 interru!t&

-ode = is for a!!liations re(uiring an e"tra 2+'it timer or ounter& ,ith Timer >

in -ode =# the /T23C45 an a!!ear to ha%e three Timer?Counters& ,hen Timer > is in

-ode =# Timer 5 an 'e turned on and off 'y s$ithing it out of and into its o$n -ode =&

In this ase# Timer 5 an still 'e used 'y the serial !ort as a 'aud rate generator or in any

a!!liation not re(uiring an interru!t&

180E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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IE I%$!rr5#$ !%a9l! r!gi"$!r;*

-$!#" i% !%a9li%g a% i%$!rr5#$:

:it 0 of the IE register must 'e set to high to allo$ the rest of register to ta)e

effet& If E/5# interru!ts are ena'led and $ill 'e res!onded to if their orres!onding 'its

in IE are high& If E/># no interru!t $ill 'e res!onded to e%en if the assoiated 'it in the

IE register is high&

D!"cri#$io% o4 !ac 9i$ i% IE r!gi"$!r:

D> 9i$:

0isa'les all interru!ts& If E/ ># no interru!t is a)no$ledged# if E/5 eah interru!t

soure is indi%idually ena'led or disa'led 'y setting or learing its ena'le 'it&

D? 9i$:.eser%ed&

D( 9i$:Ena'les or disa'les timer < o%er flo$ interru!t 7in 2>4&

I%$!rr5#$ #riori$8 i% &3C(1:

There is one more S.F to assign !riority to the interru!ts $hih is named as

interru!t !riority 7I18& User has gi%en the !ro%ision to assign !riority to one interru!t&

,riting one to that !artiular 'it in the I1 register fulfils the tas) of assigning the !riority&

210E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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D!"cri#$io% o4 !ac 9i$ i% I r!gi"$!r:

D> 9i$:.eser%ed&

D? 9i$:.eser%ed&

D( 9i$:Timer < interru!t !riority 'it 7in 2>4 !riority 'it&

*.* O/ER -UL0

This term o%ers the !o$er distri'ution system together $ith any other !rimary or

seondary soures of energy&

I%$rod5c$io%

1o$er su!!ly is a referene to a soure of eletrial !o$er& / de%ie or system

that su!!lies eletrial or other ty!es of energy to an out!ut load or grou! of loads is

alled a !o$er su!!ly unit or 1SU& The first setion is the transformer& The transformer

ste!s u! or ste!s do$n the in!ut line %oltage and isolates the !o$er su!!ly from the

!o$er line& The retifier setion on%erts the alternating urrent in!ut signal to a

220E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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!ulsating diret urrent& / filter setion is used to on%ert !ulsating d to a !urer# more

desira'le form of d %oltage& The final setion is the regulator# it maintains the out!ut of

the !o$er su!!ly at a onstant le%el&

Eah of the 'lo)s are desri'ed 'elo$

5& Tra%"4or!r + ste!s do$n high %oltage /C mains to lo$ %oltage /C&

%

!rodut in a ountry $ith a


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Ste! do$n transformers are made from t$o or more oils of insulated $ire $ound

around a ore made of iron& ,hen %oltage is a!!lied to one oil 7fre(uently alled the

!rimary or in!ut8 it magneti;es the iron ore# $hih indues a %oltage in the other oil#

7fre(uently alled the seondary or out!ut8& The turnDs ratio of the t$o sets of $indings

determines the amount of %oltage transformation&

R!c$i4i!r:

The !ur!ose of a retifier is to on%ert an /C $a%eform into a 0C $a%eform 7O.8

.etifier on%erts /C urrent or %oltages into 0C urrent or %oltage& There are t$o

different retifiation iruits# )no$n as Jhalf+$a%eJ and Jfull+$a%eJ retifiers& :oth use

om!onents alled diodes to on%ert /C into 0C&

T! F5ll,a=! R!c$i4i!r

The iruit in figure addresses the seond of these !ro'lems sine at no time is the out!ut

%oltage >V& This time four diodes are arranged so that 'oth the !ositi%e and negati%e

!arts of the /C $a%eform are on%erted to 0C&

Figure* Full+,a%e .etifier

,hen the /C in!ut is !ositi%e# diodes / and : are for$ard+'iased# $hile diodes C and 0are re%erse+'iased& ,hen the /C in!ut is negati%e# the o!!osite is true + diodes C and 0

are for$ard+'iased# $hile diodes / and : are re%erse+'iased&

240E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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,hile the full+$a%e retifier is an im!ro%ement on the half+$a%e retifier# its out!ut still

isnJt suita'le as a !o$er su!!ly for most iruits sine the out!ut %oltage still %aries

'et$een >V and 7Vs 8+5&6V& So# if you !ut 5&V 0C out&

Ca#aci$or Fil$!r

The a!aitor+in!ut filter# also alled P1iP filter due to its sha!e that loo)s li)e the Gree)

letter !i# is a ty!e of eletroni filter&Filter iruits are used to remo%e un$anted or

undesired fre(uenies from a signal&

Figure* Ca!aitor Filter

/ ty!ial a!aitor in!ut filter onsists of a filter a!aitor C5# onneted aross the

retifier out!ut# an indutor L# in series and another filter a!aitor onneted aross theload&

5& The a!aitor C5 offers lo$ reatane to the /C om!onent of the retifier out!ut

$hile it offers infinite reatane to the 0C om!onent& /s a result the a!aitor

shunts an a!!reia'le amount of the /C om!onent $hile the 0C om!onent

ontinues its 9ourney to the indutor L


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Figure* Centered Ta!!ed Full+,a%e .etifier $ith a Ca!aitor Filter

O#!ra$io%:

0uring the !ositi%e half yle of seondary %oltage# the end / of the seondary

$inding 'eomes !ositi%e and end negati%e& This ma)es the diode 05 for$ard 'iased and

0< re%erse 'iased& Therefore 05 onduts $hile 0< does not& The on%entional urrent

flo$ is through diode 05# load resistor .L and u!!er half of seondary $inding& 0uring

the negati%e half yle# end / of the seondary $inding 'eomes negati%e and end :

!ositi%e& Therefore 0< onduts $hile 05 does not& The on%entional urrent flo$ is

through 0


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These regulators onsists the three !ins there are

1in5* It is used for in!ut !in&

1in


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The -/A


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6ol$ag! l!=!l":

It is hel!ful to understand $hat ours to the %oltage le%els& ,hen a -/A to 'et$een R= and R54V# and

hanges TTL Logi 5 to 'et$een += to +54V# and %ie %ersa for on%erting from .S


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.S


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Figure* d'3 onnetor 7male and female8

T0E- OF THE DB3 CONNECTOR:

In 0:3 onnetor $ ha%e t$o ty!es of onnetor

-ale onnetors Female onnetors

Mal!:

Figure* male onnetor

F!al!:

320E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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i% F5%c$io%":

0ata* T"0 on !in =# ."0 on !in M+,2 GA- -EN-OR

G!%!ral d!"cri#$io%:

They are used in gas lea)age deteting e(ui!ments in family and industry# are suita'le

for deteting of L1G# i+'utane# !ro!ane# methane# alohol# Hydrogen# smo)e &/ndthis

Insight o%ers a !$a%! ga" "!%"orthat an sense gases suh as ammonia $hih get

!rodued from methane& ,hen a gas interats $ith this sensor# it first ioni;es into its

onstituents and is then adsor'ed 'y the sensing element& /dsor!tion reates !otential

differene on the element $hih is on%eyed to the !roessor unit&

360E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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i% diagra*

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/orki%g #ri%ci#l!:

,hen a gas interats $ith this sensor# it first ioni;es in to its onstituents and is then

adsor'ed 'y sensing element&/dsor'tion reates a !otential differene on the element

$hih is on%eyed to the !roessor unit&

The sensorDs onduti%ity is more higher along $ith the gas onentration rising& 1lease

use sim!le eletri iruit# Con%ert hange of onduti%ity to orres!ond out!ut signal of

gas onentration& -@+< gas sensor has high sensiti%ity to L1G# 1ro!ane and Hydrogen

also ould 'e used to -ethane and other om'usti'le steam# it is $ith lo$ ost and

suita'le for different a!!liation& TTL out!ut signal an 'e onneted diretly to a

miroontroller IO !ort or onnet to the relay module# !otentiometer is used to ad9ust

the out!ut le%el transition threshold &

/ resisti%e load 'et$een the out!ut !ins and ground sets the sensiti%ity of the detetor&

1lease note that the !iture in the datasheet for the to! onfiguration is $rong& :oth

onfigurations ha%e the same !inout onsistent $ith the 'ottom onfiguration&The

resisti%e load should 'e ali'rated for your !artiular a!!liation using the e(uations in

the datasheet# 'ut a good starting %alue for the resistor is )&

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FEATURE- OF M+,2 -EN-OR:

Good sensiti%ity to om'usta'le gas in $ide range

,ide deteting so!e

Fast res!onse and High sensiti%ity

Sim!le dri%e iruit

INTERNAL DE-CRITION OF M+,2 -EN-OR:

Struture and onfiguration of -@+< gas sensor is sho$n as 7Configuration / or :8

sensor om!osed 'y miro /Lonentration in air and use %alue of Load

390E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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resistane that7.L8 a'out 74 to6 8&,hen aurately measuring# the !ro!er

alarm !oint for the gas detetor should 'e determined after onsidering the tem!erature

and humidity influene.

-@+< has !ins# 6 of them are used to feth signals# and other < are Heater oil used for

!ro%iding heating urrent & You an use 4% 0C or /C aross H W H !ins& /nd as you an

see one of H !ins goes to the !o$er and the other one is onneted to the ground& The !in

/ 7you an onnet 'oth !ins 8 / is onneted 'et$een the !o$er and the ground& &The!in : gets an analog %oltage $hen the sensor is ati%e& /lso aross the out!ut# you need

the resistor .L& :efore you onnet the resistor use a !otentiometer to tune and get

aurate %alues& Generally .L %alue is 'et$een ) and >)& Conneting fi%e %olts

7/C or 0C8 aross the heating 7H8 !ins )ee!s the sensor hot enough to funtion orretly&

400E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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LM*(:

L-=4 is a !reision IC tem!erature sensor $ith its out!ut !ro!ortional to the tem!erature

7in C8& The sensor iruitry is sealed and therefore it is not su'9eted to o"idation and

other !roesses& ,ith L-=4# tem!erature an 'e measured more aurately than $ith a

thermistor& It also !ossess lo$ self heating and does not ause more than >&5 C

tem!erature rise in still air&

The L-=4 does not re(uire any e"ternal ali'ration or trimming and maintains an

auray of R?+>&6 C at room tem!erature and R?+ >&2C o%er a range of > to R5>> C

/nother im!ortant harateristi of the L-=40B is that it dra$s only > miro am!s

from its su!!ly and !ossesses a lo$ self+heating a!a'ility& The sensor self+heating

auses less than >&5C The L-=4 does not re(uire any e"ternal ali'ration or trimming

and maintains an auray of R?+>&6 C at room tem!erature& It also high in!ut

im!edene&

&

410E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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*.& B5!r Circ5i$ i$ U%i5! F5%c$io%ali$8

O=!r=i!

The iruit $as onstruted using a fe$ om!onents to !rodue a uni(ue 'u;;er $ith

ad9usta'le 'u;;er tones&

T!ri%olog8

:u;;er W an eletroni signaling de%ie that !rodues light and 'u;;ing sound $hen

ati%ated or triggered

-i%gl! ol! Do59l! Tro -DT;W an eletromagneti s$ith that has ommon#

normally o!en and normally losed onnetions the ommon gets onneted to the

normally losed onnetion $hen the relay oil is de+energi;ed $hile the ommon

gets onneted to the normally o!en onnetion $hen the relay oil is energi;ed

440E1/.T-ENT OF ECE
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Circ5i$ E#la%a$io%

One of the main om!onents in this iruit is the use of a relay& There are se%eral fators

to onsider $hen hoosing a relay for s!eifi reasons suh as !a)aging# assem'ly#

ontat se(uene# ty!e and num'er or ontats# oil urrent and %oltage# mounting#

s$ithing time# rating of ontats# !rotetion for oil and ontat# radiation resistant

testing# !hysial si;e and !in arrangement# e"!eted mehanial loads# s$ith ontat

arrangement# oil resistane# and aessories&

The relay is onneted in series $ith an audio transformer $hih $ill 'e used to 'lo)

the interferene of radio fre(ueny& /dditionally# this ty!e of transformer an math the

im!edane 'et$een high and lo$ im!edane iruit# s!lit and om'ine signals# and

'lo) the 0C om!onent oming from an audio signal& ,ith these harateristis# it issuita'le for the design of audio iruits& The transformer in the iruit is rated $ith 5

ohm and enter ta!!ed on the !rimary $hile 2. on the seondary $inding&

The relay $ill start to o!erate u!on !ressing the !ush 'utton s$ith that $ill ause the

relay to ondut through the !rimary of the transformer& The normally losed ontat of

the relay o!ens as soon as the relay starts to o!erate# ausing the !o$er of the relay to

su'side& The se(uene of e%ent re!eats $hen the ontats lose# $hih ours in a fast

!hase& :eause of the s$ift transition# the urrent !ulses are ausing flutuations in the

!rimary and seondary $indings&

The tone that is 'eing generated 'y the s!ea)er de!ends largely on the fre(ueny set on

the relay $hile the note is 'eing tuned 'y the a!aitor& The 'u;;erDs tone is in%ersely

!ro!ortional to the %alue of the a!aitor $herein lo$er tones are !rodued 'y higher

%alue of a!aitane&

450E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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A##lica$io%

:u;;ers are $idely used in different industries and they also ome in different forms li)e

in ameras# toys# s!ea)er# automati %ending mahine# eletroni alulators#

amusement mahines# lo)s# $athes# miro$a%e o%ens# $ashing mahines# s!eed

alarm# eletroni ash registers# gas alarms# mo'ile !hone# !ager# eletri ty!e$riter#

!ersonal om!uter# tele!hone sets# game sho$s# 'a)u! 'u;;er# and !rinter o!y

mahine&

.elays an 'e ategori;ed as dou'le s$ithing relay# distane relay or !roteti%e relay#

and are $idely used in time delay funtions 'y altering the o!ening and losing inter%al

of a grou! of ontats in logi funtions $here the relay ontats may 'e onneted in

series or in !arallel in ontrolled iruit isolation ha%ing t$o different %oltages# indistri'ution and transmission lines $here faults are isolated and deteted in generating

lo$ urrent signal to ontrol a high urrent iruit and in generating lo$ %oltage signal

to ontrol a high %oltage iruit&

Sine the Single 1ole 0ual Thro$ 7S10T8 s$ithes are ontrolled 'y a %oltage in!ut

rather than a mehanial figure# they are ty!ially used in automo'iles suh as !o$er

door lo) system $hih $or)s $ith a seurity system for lo)ing?unlo)ing %ehile

doors as remote trun) release in o!ening a %ehile trun) remotely as relay turn off to

disa'le a de%ie in a %ehile and as relay turn on for turning on de%ies $ith high

urrent&

460E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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@. -o4$ar! D!"cri#$io%

O#!ra$i%g -8"$!: ,IN0O,S A1

-o4$ar! U"!d: EIL# -IC.O QCD FL/SH# EA1.ESS 1C:

KEIL -o4$ar!

I%"$alli%g $! K!il "o4$ar! o% a /i%do" C:

Insert the C0+.O- in your om!uterDs C0 dri%e

On most om!uters# the C0 $ill auto runM# and you $ill see the eil installation

menu& If the menu does not a!!ear# manually dou'le li) on the Setu! ion# in

the root diretory* you $ill then see the eil menu&

On the eil menu# !lease selet Install E%aluation Soft$areM& 7You $ill not

re(uire a liense num'er to install this soft$are8&

Follo$ the installation instrutions as they a!!ear&

Loadi%g $! ro!c$":

The e"am!le !ro9ets for this 'oo) are NOT loaded automatially $hen you

install the eil om!iler& These files are stored on the C0 in a diretory ?1ontM& The files

are arranged 'y ha!ter* for e"am!le# the !ro9et disussed in Cha!ter = is in the

diretory ?1ont?Ch>=X>>+HelloM& .ather than using the !ro9ets on the C0 7$here

hanges annot 'e sa%ed8# !lease o!y the files from C0 onto an a!!ro!riate diretory on

your hard dis)&

No$!:you $ill need to hange the file !ro!erties after o!ying* file transferred from theC0 $ill 'e Qread onlyD&

470E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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Co%4ig5ri%g $! -i5la$or:

5& O!en the eil Vision[=

main78

\

unsigned har %al>#%al5>

serXdel4>

1>>">>

1"ff

'u;5??'u;;er off

500E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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serialXinit78

t"Xstr7PINTELLIGENT HEL-ET FO. COLE -INES]n]rP8

delayXms75>>>8

$hile758

\%almu"7>8

??delayXms7>8

if7%al6>8

\

'u;>??'u;;er on

t"Xstr7PTE-1* P8

t"Xstr7get:C07%al88

^else\

if7%al55>>8

'u;5

t"Xstr7PTE-1 * P8

t"Xstr7get:C07%al88^

%al5mu"758

??delayXms7>8

if7%al55>>8\

'u;>

t"Xstr7P S-OE* P8

t"Xstr7get:C07%al588

t"Xstr7P P8

t"Xhar7J]rJ8

^

else\

if7%al6>8'u;5

t"Xstr7P S-OE * P8

t"Xstr7get:C07%al588

t"Xstr7P P8

t"Xhar7J]rJ8^

510E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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Can be applied at any weather Conditions.

Can be applied to the persons who are working in the underground.

(.2Ad=a%$ag!"

It !ro%ides an automati safety system for oal miners and other $or)ers or

engineers entering into oal mine&

Lo$ !o$er onsum!tion

Lo$ ost

Safety monitoring of the en%ironment&

@ui) Searhing and an a'le to gi%e the $arning&

1re%ent from the high tem!erature# humidity and harmful gases

(.* -%a#"o$"

530E1/.T-ENT OF ECE


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F5$5r! "co#!:

5& ,e an send this data to a remote internet


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htt!*??en&$i)i!edia&org?$i)i?m(+

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