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Heirs of Rome The Byzantine Empire The Muslim Empire Christian Europe The Franks Slide 2 The Empire at its height, c 250 Slide 3 Diocletian, The Tetrarchy, 285 CE Slide 4 In 324, Constantine moves East Slide 5 The Germanic Tribes c. 362 Slide 6 Slide 7 Romes last gasps Theodoric the Great 489-526 - Ostrogoth king ruled Italy from Rome after killing Odoacer His rule was enlightened, peaceful and just- praised by Romans & barbarians. Retained the Roman Senate, civil service and schools. Old, aristocratic families still held high positions in the government Slide 8 Roman culture lived on: The Byzantine Empire Slide 9 The Byzantine Empire, The East Roman Empire, 550 Slide 10 Justinian the Great, 527-565 Three principal goals: 1) restore the western provinces 2) reform the laws and institutions 3) promote art and architecture Slide 11 Slide 12 Corpus Juris Civilis, the Body of Civil Law Slide 13 Hagia Sophia, 532-537 Slide 14 Trade and Industry flourished Slide 15 Mosaics Slide 16 The Byzantine Legacy The codification of the laws of ancient Rome under Justinian Preserved and expanded the philosophy, science, mathematics and literature of ancient Greece. It prevented Muslim Arabs from advancing into Eastern Europe Slide 17 Around 610, Muhammad was a prosperous merchant Slide 18 Islam in 632 Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 The Muslim Golden Age The 8 th & 9 th Centuries The Arab Empire stretched from Spain to India and was unified by a common language-Arabic, religion-Islam and culture Muslims preserved and expanded the Greco-Roman-Byzantine achievements in science, philosophy and mathematics Slide 22 Muslim contributions to civilization Education- great universities at Cairo, Baghdad and Cordova Mathematics- introduced Arabic numerals, furthered the study of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry Science- discovered many chemical compounds, including sulfuric acid Agriculture- improved farming by crop rotation Industry- Cordovan leather; Damascus swords; damask cloth; crystal glass; smooth paper; beautiful rugs Navigation- they believed the world to be round Literature- 1001 Arabian Nights Medicine- used anesthetics, compiled medical texts Slide 23 The Mongols: Genghis Khan In 1258, Baghdad was plundered and burned. 50,000 dead, including the last Baghdad Caliph For 200 years, Mongols devastated palaces, libraries and universities Slide 24 The Mongol Empire at its height Slide 25 The cultural greatness of the Byzantine and Islamic Empires enriched the western world but did not produce the major breakthroughs that created the modern world. That is the singular achievement of western Europe. Slide 26 Christianity gained many converts: People were dissatisfied with the old pagan religions and were attracted by the ideas of One God, equality, universal love and eternal salvation Early Christians displayed courage and sincerity, willing to suffer persecution rather than renounce their faith. The concept of equality appealed to the poor and oppressed Missionaries could travel and preach- Romes transportation system! Slide 27 Pope Gregory The Great, 590-604 588 Lombard invasions Maintained productive lands - kept food coming into Rome Ransomed captives Organized defense of the city Sponsored hospitals and schools Aided women and orphans Negotiated truce in 598 Slide 28 The Church as Unifier Became the dominant institution after the collapse of Roman authority - assumed many political functions It preserved the high culture of the Greco- Roman civilization Membership in a universal religion (Catholic) replaced membership in a universal empire (Rome) Taught a higher morality than Germanic culture Slide 29 The Medieval monk Monks and nuns built monasteries and converted the people Maintained libraries with theological works and the ancient Latin classics Reclaimed the land and instructed peasants in farming -rejected classical disdain for manual labor Provided help to the old, the sick, the destitute Adopted a code of poverty Slide 30 Monks worked in a Scriptorium Slide 31 Slide 32 The Merovingian Dynasty, 481-787 King Clovis I, united the various Frankish tribes and conquered most of Gaul In 496, he married Clothild who converted him to Christianity Slide 33 King Clovis r. 481-511 After Clovis 250 years of do-nothing kings! Mayors of the palace ran the kingdom Slide 34 Pepin of Heristal, Mayor of the Palace, 687 Slide 35 Pepins son Charles Martel, later known as Charles the Hammer, cultivated this new aristocracy while also giving substantial support to Christian missionaries and Monasteries Slide 36 The Battle of Tours, 732. Slide 37 Military innovation: The stirrup Slide 38 The Carolingian Dynasty Pepin III (the Short) r. 752-768 Slide 39 Slide 40 Carolus Magnus Charles the Great Karel de Grote Charlemagne King of the Franks (768-814) & Holy Roman Emperor (800-814) Slide 41 Charlemagne: Conqueror Defender of the Church Patron of the Arts & Learning State-builder: missi dominici Slide 42 Missi dominici among the people. Slide 43 Missi dominici reporting back to Charlemagne Slide 44 The Holy Roman Emperor, 800 Slide 45 His religious duty: raise the educational level of the clergy so they read the Bible and properly teach the faith Teach reading and writing - scriptures free of copying errors Create an enjoyable experience for churchgoers- Gregorian chants Slide 46 Alcuin of York (735- 804) oversaw the Palace School at Aachen, attracting the greatest minds of the age. Slide 47 Carolingian miniscule Slide 48 Slide 49 Slide 50 The Carolingian Renaissance- A flowering of art, architecture, literature, music and education in an attempt to recapture the past glory of the Roman Empire Slide 51 The Treaty of Verdun, 843 Slide 52 Slide 53 Any Questions?