Heirloom-Hybrid-GMO...Apr 18, 2017 · potatoes, nor any other GMO potato. Simplot’s “Innate”...
Transcript of Heirloom-Hybrid-GMO...Apr 18, 2017 · potatoes, nor any other GMO potato. Simplot’s “Innate”...
Heirloom-Hybrid-GMO
BillSnyderApril18,2017
O.S.U.E.MasterGardenerMahoningCountyClassof2017
HumanshaveintervenedinthereproducHonandgeneHcmakeupofplantssincethedawnofagriculture
Unnatural Monster Created by Humans!
Unnatural Monster Created by Humans!
Maize:aproductofar0ficialselec0on
Modern maize was derived fromteosinte. Teosinte kernels are Hny, andeachhasahuskthatmustberemovedtoget the kernel. The seeds are loose atmaturity, allowing dispersal, whichprobably made harvesHng difficult forearly farmers.Neolithic farmersselectedfor larger cob and kernel size aswell aspermanent aOachment of seeds to thecobandtheencasingoftheenHrecobbyatoughhusk.
Neolithic:10,200BC–2,000BC
Gregor Mendel 1822 - 1884
Mendelianfactorsortraitsarenowcalledgenes.
Mendelianfactorsortraitsarenowcalledgenes.Allelesaredifferentversionsofthesamegene.
A(dominant)vs.a(recessive) Eachtraitcarriestwocopiesofaunitofinheritance,one inheritedfromthemotherandtheotherfromthefather
AnindividualwithtwoidenHcalallelesistermedhomozygous.
AAoraaAnindividualwithtwodifferentalleles,istermedheterozygous.
AaGenotypereferstothespecificalleliccomposiHonofanindividual.
AAoraaorAaPhenotypereferstotheoutwardappearanceofanindividual.
greenoryellow roundorwrinkled
A
a
APunneOsquareisagridthatenablesonetopredicttheoutcomeofsimplegeneHccrosses.
Crosshomozygousmale(AA)withheterozygousfemale(Aa)
AA AA
Aa Aa
A A
A
a
(AA)
(Aa)
HeirloomorOpen-pollinated
Ifopen-pollinatedvarieHesself-pollinateorarecross-pollinatedbyotherplantsofthesamevariety,theysetseedwhichgrowsintoplantsthataresHllverysimilartotheparentplant,bearingsimilar fruit and seYng seeds that will produce more similarplants.Open-pollinatedvarieHesmaybe"heirlooms,"varieHesthathavebeenpasseddownfromonegeneraHonofgardenerstothenext,ortheymaybemorerecentselecHons.
Howexpertsdefineheirloomscanvary,buttypicallytheyareatleast50yearsold,ando]enarepre-WWIIvarieHes.InaddiHon,theytendtoremainstableintheircharacterisHcsfromoneyeartothenext.
OPENPOLLINATED&HEIRLOOMS:TheseplantsaregenerallythesamefromgeneraHontogeneraHon. Yousavetheseedandyou’llgetthesameplant.But,someHmesthereisgeneHcdri] (the seed produces a different kind of offspring). Thestrange plant can be removed to save the integrity of thevarietyORsavedifithasadesirabletraityouarelookingfor.
TrueBreedingParents
AA AA
AA AA
A A
A
A
(AA)
(AA)aa aa
aa aa
a a
a
a
(aa)
(aa)
HYBRIDS: A hybrid plant is the result of a specific cross of twoparentplantsbycontrolledpollinaHon–usuallybyhand.
FlowerStructure
Male FemaleorPis0l
(pollensac)
(eggs)IfaneggisferHlized,
theovuledevelopsintoaseed.
(protectsflowerbud)
(pollinatoraOrac0on)
AllSepals=CalyxAllPetals=Corolla
Aa Aa
Aa Aa
A A
a
a
(AA)
(aa)AA Aa
Aa aa
A a
A
a
(Aa)
(Aa)
HYBRIDS: A hybrid plant is the result of a specific cross of twoparentplantsbycontrolledpollinaHon–usuallybyhand.Thisprocesshasbeendoneforcenturiesbygardeners.Theextravitality gained in hybrid plants is calledhybrid vigor. The seedsfromhybridplantswill not produce seedswhichwill grow intothesamevariety.
HybridorF1(HybridVigor)
Aandaarealleles(Adominant;arecessive)
GENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISM0RGMO’s:TheseplantsaredevelopedbytakingagenefromoneplantandinserHngthisgeneintoanotherplanttogetadesirabletrait.GMOseedsarenotavailableforhomegardens.
Gene0cEngineering:thedeliberatemodificaHonofthecharacterisHcsofanorganismbymanipulaHngitsgeneHcmaterial.
AGene0callyModifiedOrganism(GMO)istheresultofGeneHcEngineering.
DNACodesforProtein
CookingAnalogy
GeneHcEngineering
TradiHonalBreeding
DNAExtracHonDNAextracHonisthefirststepinthegeneHcengineeringprocess.InordertoworkwithDNA,scienHstsmustextractitfromthedesiredorganism.AsampleofanorganismcontainingthegeneofinterestistakenthroughaseriesofstepstoremovetheDNA.
Break down the cell wall and membranes
Centrifuge to separate the solids from the dissolved DNA
Precipitate the DNA using isopropanol
Wash the DNA pellet with Ethanol and dry the pellet
Dissolve DNA
Centrifuge to separate the DNA from the dissolved salts and sugars
GeneCloningDuringDNAextracHon,alloftheDNAfromtheorganismisextractedatonce.ScienHstsusegenecloningtoseparatethesinglegeneofinterestfromtherestofthegenesextractedandmakethousandsofcopiesofitusingthePCRtechnique.
GeneDesignOnceagenehasbeencloned,geneHcengineersbeginthethirdstep,designingthegenetoworkonceinsideadifferentorganism.ThisisdoneinatesttubebycuYngthegeneapartwithenzymesandreplacinggeneregionsthathavebeenseparated.
TransformaHonThenewgeneisinsertedintosomeofthecellsusingvarioustechniques.Someofthemorecommonmethodsincludethegenegunandagrobacterium.Themaingoalofeachofthesemethodsistotransportthenewgene(s)anddeliverthemintothenucleusofacellwithoutkillingit.
Agenegunorabiolis0cpar0cledeliverysystem,originallydesignedforplanttransformaHon,isadevicefordeliveringexogenousDNA(transgenes)tocells.ThepayloadisanelementalparHcleofaheavymetalcoatedwithDNA(typicallyplasmidDNA).Thistechniqueiso]ensimplyreferredtoasbiolis0cs.
BackcrossBreedingThefi]handfinalpartofproducingageneHcallyengineeredcropisbackcrossbreeding.TransgenicplantsarecrossedwithelitebreedinglinesusingtradiHonalplantbreedingmethodstocombinethedesiredtraitsofeliteparentsandthetransgeneintoasingleline.Theoffspringarerepeatedlycrossedbacktotheelitelinetoobtainahighyieldingtransgenicline.TheresultwillbeaplantwithayieldpotenHalclosetocurrenthybridsthatexpressesthetraitencodedbythenewtransgene.
Thisprocessofcrossingbacktotheeliteline(backcrossing)isrepeatedunHltheoffspringhas99+%elitegenesandthetransgene.
ControversiesBacterialplasmidsusedingenecloningnaturallycontaingenesthatencodesomeformofanHbioHcresistance.Asaresultofthegenecloningprocess,theclonedgenesthatareputintoplantcellstomakeatransgenicplantmayalsohaveananHbioHcresistancegene.TheanHbioHcresistancetraitiso]enusedtohelpscienHstsdeterminewhichbacteriahavebeentransformed.ThosethathaveanHbioHcresistancehavebeentransformedandarekept.SomecriHcsofgeneHcengineeringclaimthatthepotenHalriskofprovidinganopportunityfororganismsinnaturetogainanHbioHcresistancebytakinguptheplasmidoutweighsthepotenHalbenefitsofthistechnology.
GMOExamples
HtSoybeans
HtCoOon
HtCorn
BtCoOon
BtCorn
Bt=Insect-resistantcropscontainingthegenefromthesoilbacteriumBt(Bacillusthuringiensis).BtGMcropsareprotectedspecificallyagainstEuropeancornborer,southwesterncornborer,coOonbollworm,etc.
Ht=Herbicide-tolerant(HT)crops,developedtosurviveapplicaHonofspecificherbicidesthatpreviouslywouldhavedestroyedthecropalongwiththetargetedweeds(RoundupResistant).
RoundupResistance
EPSPSynthase
Tryptophan Tyrosine Phenylalanine
Glyphosate
AversionoftheenzymethatbothwasresistanttoglyphosateandthatwassHllefficientenoughtodriveadequateplantgrowthwasidenHfiedbyMonsantoscienHstsa]ermuchtrialanderrorinanAgrobacteriumstraincalledCP4,whichwasfoundsurvivinginawaste-fedcolumnataglyphosateproducHonfacility;thisversionofenzyme,CP4EPSPS,istheonethathasbeenengineeredintoseveralgeneHcallymodifiedcrops.
EPSPSynthase
EPSPSynthase
GMOPotatoUSDA Approves GeneHcally ModifiedPotatoes That Can Resist Late BlightJRSimplot,amassiveIdaho-basedagriculturalcompanyprobablybestknownasthebiggestsupplierofMcDonald’sfrenchfries.
Aside:McDonald’shaspledgednottousetheInnatelineofpotatoes,noranyotherGMOpotato.
Simplot’s“Innate”lineofGMOpotatoesisagroupofpotatovarieHesthathavehadthesamegeneHcalteraHonsappliedusingthesameprocess.FivedifferentpotatovarieHeshavebeentransformed,creaHng"innate"versionsofthevarieHes,withalloftheoriginaltraits,plustheengineeredones.
TomaketheInnatepotatoesresistancetoblight,SimplotinsertedgenestakenfromanunnamedArgenHnianpotatothat’snaturallyresistanttoblightintothepreviousInnatepotato.
Innatepotatoes-modifiedtoreducebruising/browningandtoreduceasparagine,achemicalinpotatoesthat,whenexposedtoheatandoil(asinthefryingprocess),cancreateaprobablecarcinogeniccompound.
Innate®Gen2Varie0esApprovedbyEPA,FDAMarch1,2017ThreeInnate®“Gen2”varieHescannowbegrownandsoldintheUnitedStates.InnateAtlanHc(Hibernate),InnateBurbank(Glaciate)andInnateRanger(Acclimate)varieHesprovidefoliarlateblightprotecHon,providinggrowerswiththeabilitytosprayuptohalftheamountoflateblightfungicide.AddiHonally,thesevarieHeswillproduce90%lessacrylamide,reducedbruisingandhavetheabilitytostorecoldwithoutaccumulaHnghighsugarcontent.ErikGonring,IndustryAffairs&SustainabilityManageratSimplotPlantSciencesstated,“WeareconHnuingtopursueapprovalsininternaHonalmarkets,andrecentlylearnedthatAustralia/NewZealandhavegrantedapprovalforGen1InnateRussetBurbank(Cul7vate)andthatJapanisalsoontrackforRussetBurbankapprovallaterthissummer.”TheapprovalbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtecHonAgencyandtheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministraHonlatelastweekgivesIdaho-basedJ.R.SimplotCompanypermissiontoplantthepotatoesthisspringandselltheminthefall.