Heilbron
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The invasion of foreign players into European club football
– Does it influence the quality of national
teams
Harry Arne Solberg and
Kjetil Haugen
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This presentation
• International movement of footballers – recent patterns
• The consequences for national teams in: – Importing nations – Exporting nations
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Percentage of foreigners in European leagues
Season: England Italy Spain Netherlands Norway
1992/93 8 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
1996/97 21 18 29 n.a. n.a.
2000/01 36 35 35 35 15
2004/05 40 31 30 36 21
2007/08 43 (06/07) 36 39 37 34
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Major clubs – percentage of foreigners:
Club: Nation 1998/99 2007/08
Arsenal England 48 92
Chelsea England 63 59
Liverpool England 49 64
Man United England 33 56
Inter Italy 63 85
Juventus Italy 42 42
AC Milan Italy 41 54
Roma Italy 48 50
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Club Nation 1998/99 2007/08
Bayern Münich Germany 28 50
Borussia Dortmund Germany 39 52
Stuttgart Germany 48 56
Lyon France 13 41
Monaco France 25 42
Paris S. Germain France 30 25
Barcelona Spain 53 65
Real Madrid Spain 48 67
Valencia Spain 56 32
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Club Nation 1998/99 2007/08
Ajax Netherlands 50 45
Feyenord Netherlands 42 50
PSV Netherlands 55 68
Benefica Portugal 42 58
Porto Portugal 37 61
Anderlecht Belgium 46 55
Club Brügge Belgium 40 33
Celtic Scotland 45 38
Rangers Scotland 31 40
Brann Norway 27 32
Rosenborg Norway 12 50
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The imported players origin (%)
England France Germany Italy Spain
Western Europe
58
12
34
24
31
Eastern Europe
11
13
28
19
8
Latin America
7
28
20
44
56
Africa
12
46
8
10
5
Other
12
1
9
4
1
100
100
100
100
100
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Overseas TV rights – 2007/08 season
EPL Spanish Primera Liga
Italian Serie A
America €15,5 million €18,7 million €12 million
Asia/Oceania €170,5 million €25,3 million €27 million
Europe €74,4 million €49,5 million €47 million
Middle East / Africa
€49,6 million €17,6 million €14 million
Total €310 million €110 million €100 million
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The consequences for national teams
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Trevor Brooking (English football's director of development): • The growing number of foreign players in the
Premier League has deprived domestic talent of first-team football. This has had a detrimental effect on England's chances of being successful in major tournaments. The national team has to be under threat - the numbers show that. I don't think you can underestimate it. It's a major concern.”
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Åge Hareide (Norwegian national coach): • “The development is unfortunate. When
young players are disallowed from playing, this will reduce the quality of the national team”.
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Survey (The Football Fans Census). • 59% of English fans feared that the influx of
foreign stars in the Premier League had a negative impact on the national side.
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Research question
• Do foreigners influence the quality of national teams in: – Importing nations – Exporting nations
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Theoretical perspective
• The quality of input (footballers) influenced by the ”daily” milieu
• Those playing in the best leagues improve relatively to the others
• Italy, Spain, England and Germany on top of the European club football hierarchy
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Champions League - team distribution
Quarter- finals Semi-finals Finals
Italy 17 23 27
Spain 22 23 23 Germany 13 10 19 England 18 21 15
Netherlands 6 8 8 France 8 8 4 Portugal 5 1 4 Greece 4 1 0 Others 7 5 0
70 77 84
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Method
• FIFA-ranking as quality index (end of year) • Percentage of foreigners in own domestic
league • Percentage of national players in foreign
leagues • Also measured lag effect
• Performances in Champions League =>
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Correlation coefficients
Between: • FIFA-rank and foreigners in domestic
league and • FIFA-rank and ”internationals” at foreign
teams”
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Results
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France FIFA-rank
FIFA-rank year t+1
Foreigners - percent
Pearson Correlation -,447 -,481
Sig. (2-tailed) ,195 ,190
N 10 9
Internationals at foreign teams
Pearson Correlation ,708(**) ,607(*)
Sig. (2-tailed) ,007 ,036
N 13 12
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England FIFA-rank FIFA-rank year t+1
Foreigners - percent
Pearson Correlation ,529(*) ,547(*)
Sig. (2-tailed) ,043 ,043
N 15 14 Internationals at foreign teams
Pearson Correlation -,104 ,160
Sig. (2-tailed) ,736 ,601
N 13 13
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Norway FIFA-rank FIFA-rank
year t+1 Foreigners -
percent Pearson
Correlation -,626 -,303
Sig. (2-tailed) ,097 ,509
N 8 7
Internationals at foreign teams
Pearson Correlation ,657(**) ,562(*)
Sig. (2-tailed) ,008 ,036
N 15 14
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Greece FIFA-rank FIFA-rank
year t+1 Foreigners -
percent Pearson
Correlation ,393 ,216
Sig. (2-tailed) ,512 ,728
N 5 5
Internationals at foreign teams
Pearson Correlation ,553(*) ,691(**)
Sig. (2-tailed) ,032 ,006
N 15 14
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Conclusions England: • Positive correlation between foreigners in EPL and
national team’s performance • Importing players improve the English national team(?)
France, Norway, Greece: • Positive correlation between national team’s performance
and the number of internationals playing for foreign teams
• Exporting players improve the national team Other factors?????????????!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!