Hedging devices in Philippine newspaper editorials...2018/09/05 · Hedging devices in Philippine...

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Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 2, October 2014

Hedging devices in Philippine newspaper editorials

Virna S. VillanuevaAteneo de Naga University

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Abstract

This study e amines the types of hedging devices and the similaritiesdifferences in their uses in Philippine newspaper editorials Using a mi ed paradigm design, the study e amined editorials taken from three leading newspapers in the Philippines the Philippine Daily Inquirer, the Manila Bulletin, and the Philippine Star Hedges were categorized by adapting and modifying the classi cation of hedges in different studies and were then analyzed based on the study of Hyland ( ) and ilipinos interpersonal communication by Worthington ( as cited in Labor de uzman, ) indings show that nearly percent of the hedges in the editorials are references to of cial reports or authorities while a little over than percent of the hedges consist of modals and adverbs These show how incorporating other sources of information help minimize the editors responsibility in facing negative reactions from readers If ever there are problems in one of the editorial statements, the editors can point to the readers references cited in the te t The modals used also show appro imation, distancing, and vagueness They may be used to avoid uestions from the readers, lessen the force of statements, and control the

commitment of the editorial in its claim urthermore, some adverbs are used in decreasing the certainty of statements, concealing e act gures, and distancing the writer s presence These adverbs may be used when speci c statements cannot be made because of inade uacy of information or when showing respect or politeness The study shows that hedges are used for effective discourse, especially in regulating the strength or impact of a statement

Keywords: Hedging devices, Philippine newspaper editorials, corpus linguistics

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1. Introduction

Assisting writers in e pressing their beliefs and assumptions while, at the same time, moderating possible unfavorable reactions from the readers re uire various linguistic styles and devices Among these linguistic styles and devices is hedging or the past ve years, several research (Coetzer,

Dallyono, Hidayati, Muhammad, Machin Mayr, Nivales, Keefe, Clancy, Adolphs, Tahririan Shahzamani,

) have e amined the use of hedging Hedging may be used to lessen the force of one s claim using cautionary language Writers can use hedging to lessen their accountability to particular assertions It can also be used to consider discourse-community values Although there is an increasing interest in the use of mitigating devices in communication, a number of studies (Atai Sadr, Coetzer,

Hyland, , Lewin, Nivales, artalla, , ) have focused on the use of hedges in academic writing, theses, and articles in scienti c ournals ther studies have also focused on hedging in the political discourses of presidential candidates (Al Rashidy, ) and conference proposals (Uysal, ) While there are research that considered hedging in newspaper editorials ( uitkiene, Tahririan Shahzamani, ), the number of these studies seems to be minimal This scenario is also described by uitkiene ( ), who pointed out that the number of studies investigating the function of hedging in newspaper discourse is not as numerous as those studies dealing with academic or scienti c discourses Although newspaper editorials are worthy of analysis since, as suggested by Tahririan and Shahzamani ( ), errors committed in using hedges in ournalistic language can cause misunderstanding, misinterpretation, ambiguity, and vagueness (p ), it appears that very little attention has been given to e amining hedging in newspaper editorials in the Philippines Newspapers also have a number of readers, and their editorials are among the important sections, for they manifest the position of the paper on particular national concerns Hedging is assumed to be useful in these editorials since hedges are used to reduce potential risk of a claim or prevent embarrassing situations in case one is found to be wrong ( artalla,

as cited in Tahririan Shahzamani, , pp - ) Editors may place a risk on the newspaper s reputation if they are not cautious in their language use, especially in claiming a particular stand, attacking a particular issue, or calling for the public s action To mitigate the effects of such claims,

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attack, or persuasion, the use of hedging devices is therefore important in editorials uitkiene ( ) further adds that since editorials aim to persuade or even in uence public opinion, editors rely on various syntactic structures or linguistic devices If editors present their claims using absolute statements, this can cause problems since these statements might back re if the message is inconsistent with popular thought (p ) The controversial topics sometimes discussed in newspaper editorials also prompt editors to be wary about their language use by softening their claims when they are not con dent in validating their assertions with facts that the ma ority of their readers consider acceptable Milanovic and Milanovic ( ) further e plain that the concern about the writer s reputation and the one of his publisher as well as the comple ity of the sub ect may be greatly responsible for softened words and e pressions (p ) In relation to the use of hedging devices and its connection with culture, the cultural speci city by Hyland ( as cited in Tahririan Shahzamani, ) states that members of a particular society use language in a way that manifests some of their speci c culture or traits urthermore, Dahl ( as cited in Tahririan Shahzamani, ) argues that the natural culture affects the written discourse conventions and is the main cause for the differences in te t across languages (p )

As such, the use of hedging devices in Philippine newspaper editorials may also be analyzed by considering the writers and readers language use, discourse-community values, and norms ilipinos are regarded as among the most polite peoples in the world ( Pinoys among the most polite, least rude people in the world, ) thus, hedging devices are probably utilized in Philippine newspaper editorials Moreover, Worthington ( as cited in Labor De uzman, ) e plains that ilipino interpersonal relationships are described as being characterized by harmony and non-confrontational communication (p ) To be speci c, the politeness of the ilipinos can be seen when they address the elders with the e pressions po and opo This politeness might also be manifested when they try to build an amiable interpersonal relationship with others

The use of hedging devices in Philippine newspaper editorials is, therefore, worthy of study since this can show the language norms of ilipinos and can reveal how ilipino writers utilize hedging devices to mitigate the impact of a paper s position on particular national issues urthermore, as pointed out in the previous discussion, it seems that there are limited studies which investigated the use of hedging in Philippine newspaper editorials In

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this account, this paper e amined the use of hedging devices in the editorials of three leading newspapers in the Philippines identi ed in the web ranking and by Nielsen Media Inde Consumer and Media iews Survey conducted in These are the Philippine Daily Inquirer, the Manila Bulletin, and the Philippine Star enerally, this paper sought to offer valuable insights to ilipino media practitioners and ournalism students regarding the kind of language used in newspaper editorials Speci cally, the paper aimed to answer the following uestions ( ) What types of hedging devices are found in the leading Philippine newspaper editorials and ( ) Are there similarities or differences in the hedging devices used among the newspaper editorials

1.1 Theoretical Framework

ver the years, several studies have partly shown the interfacing categories and classi cations of hedges (cf Hyland, Machin Mayr,

Keefe, Clancy, Adolphs, arttala, , ) Considering these somehow confusing classi cations, the researcher e amined numerous research articles and reference books regarding hedging devices to formulate the present study s classi cation of hedges

The aforementioned studies classify hedges into ( ) modal verbs ( ) main verbs ( ) nouns ( ) adverbs ( ) prepositional phrases ( ) reference to an of cial body, report, or e pert ( ) agentless passives and ( ) other hedging devices

The rst type includes the modals must, may, would, can, could, and might The use of these modals can lower the degree of certainty in statements The second type consists of the main verbs or epistemic verbs like estimate, seem, suggest, and indicate. Allowing writers to ad ust the tone of their statements depending on the suf ciency of information supporting particular claims can be one of the uses of this type The third type refers to nouns used in statements which can include among other words the following claim, possibility, and assumption. These differ from other nouns since they indicate a not-too-speci c or conclusive meaning Employing these words may emphasize an inde nite stance and can help minimize overgeneralization Adverbs, sometimes regarded as appro imators, comprise the fourth type Some of these are probably, quite, some, perhaps, somewhat, almost, and about. Aside from showing inde niteness, some of these are used in uantifying claims in the absence of speci c gures Composing the fth type

are the prepositional phrases like at least and at the very least, which, similar


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to the other previously mentioned types, can indicate avoidance of speci c uanti ers The si th type is reference to an of cial body, report, person, or

e perts, which writers may opt to use if they are cautious of accepting full responsibility for claims made E amples include direct references to sources Some of these are also introduced by the phrase according to Including other sources of information to support claims is the strategy for this type The seventh type refers to the agentless passive that can be used by writers if the identity of the doer is unknown or if the identity of the doer needs not to be disclosed In this manner, the focus is given to the action seen in the statement The last type consists of other possible hedges These may include other modi ers and phrases showing personal convictions like I believe, I find and any other similar phrases

2. Method

2.1 Research Design

The study employed a mi ed paradigm design in e amining the hedges used in the corpus The number of hedges was counted, and then these hedging devices were classi ed into different types An e planation of how the hedges were used in the selected e tracts from the study corpus was also provided

re uency and percentage counts were used to analyze the data gathered

2.2 Sources of Data

The corpus of the study includes newspaper editorials from three leading newspapers in the country, namely, the Philippine Daily Inquirer, the Manila Bulletin, and the Philippine Star Ten editorials from each of these newspapers published on August to August , and September to , were considered, thus, totaling to editorials

Data athering roce ure

Through microanalysis, the study analyzed the hedging devices used in the editorials of the three aforesaid newspapers All the editorials were downloaded from the newspapers respective websites

A conte t-sensitive analysis was done manually to ensure correctness in coding Since there were a number of hedging devices to be classi ed

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and coded, the researcher e amined the editorials three times urthermore, an assistant professor, who has been teaching language courses for almost

years in the tertiary and graduate levels of a comprehensive university, ree amined the coding of hedges to ensure the correctness of classi cation After individually coding and classifying the hedges, the researcher and the intercoder ree amined and reclassi ed together the hedges that were not correctly classi ed in the coding

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Types of Hedging Devices in Philippine Newspaper Editorials

Table shows the types of hedges used in the three newspapers, the Philippine Daily Inquirer (PDI), the Manila Bulletin (M ), and the Philippine Star (PS)

Table 1Types of hedging devices in Philippine newspaper editorials

Type of Hedge PDI MB PS Total

Reference to of cial reports, authorities, etc 11 63 45

Adverbs 24 17

Modal verbs 23 16

Main verbs 1 7 5

Nouns 1 4 3

Prepositional phrases 1 6 4

Agentless passives 9 6

ther hedges 1 5 4Total 106 100 16 100 19 100 141 100

As seen in Table , nearly percent of the hedging devices used in the newspaper editorials are references to of cial reports and persons or authorities while a little over than percent of the hedging devices consist of two types, the modals and the adverbs

It is not surprising that almost half of the hedging devices in the editorials are references pointing to other sources of information Since


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the editorials focus on national concerns, particularly economic, social, and political issues, the writers seem more cautious in using language to state a particular stand or claim As pointed out by Hyland ( ), writers generally seek to disguise both their interpretive responsibilities and rhetorical identities behind a screen of linguistic ob ectivity (p ) The following statements taken from the corpus show how incorporating other sources of information helps minimize the editors responsibility in facing possible negative reactions from readers if these readers nd the editorial s claim unacceptable The statements that follow are unedited e cerpts from the editorials

(1) No less than the DPWH chief had noted that in reducing ooding in Metro Manila, the rst order of business for the

government was to clear the waterways of garbage, reduce siltation and relocate illegal settlers (PDI, August , )

( ) The allegations against Napoles and the ndings of the C A were to use C A Chair race Pulido-Tan s choice ad ective horrifying

E cerpt shows how the editorial tries to avoid possible problems in its strong assertion to remove illegal settlers along waterways by emphasizing that it is the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) chief himself who issued the statement about the removal of illegal settlers In the Philippines, s uatting is a massive social problem, with some of the illegal settlers throwing rocks and other sharp ob ects at the government demolition teams Perhaps, to avoid problems with some of the readers who are on the illegal settlers side, the editors referred to the statement issued by the DPWH chief In E cerpt , lessening the writer s responsibility for a possible mistake or misinterpretation in describing the allegations against Janet Napoles, a businesswoman accused of corruption and fraud in the use of the government s fund, is made possible by referring not only to a source, the Commission on Audit chair, but also by including what the source speci cally said to describe the allegations against Napoles

Interestingly, while the editorials hedge by citing references, the references themselves also tend to be cautious about their statements by referring as well to other sources as evident in E cerpt

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( ) Secretary (Albert) del Rosario said that the marked deterioration of peace and order in Egypt, e acerbated by the ongoing political instability and grave security challenges in that country, makes working and living there increasingly dif cult and dangerous, the Department of oreign Affairs said last Tuesday (PDI, August , )

In issuing the statement in E cerpt , the person from the Department of oreign Affairs tried to be careful in saying that it is dif cult and dangerous to work in Egypt by citing Secretary Del Rosario, who said the original statement

The use of modals, the second type of hedging commonly used in the study corpus, is also manifested in statements that show lowering of certainty by appro imating, distancing, and vagueness In this study, may, would, and can top the list of the hedges in this type The statements that follow re ect this particular use of hedging

( ) Under his new scheme, the latitude may have narrowed down but it is still there (PDI, August , )

( ) We hope the President would take the ne t necessary step, and abolish not merely the PDA (PDI, August , )

( ) Abaya, however, said it would be up to Torres if she wanted to go on leave while the investigation is ongoing (PS, September , )

( ) ut the rst clause of the sentence can still be improved (PDI, September , )

Toning down through the use of may in E cerpt is perhaps used to evade uestions from readers regarding the true e tent of the latitude s narrowing down As Tahririan and Shahzamani ( ) note, the use of may connotes an air of imprecision, further indicating that the writer wishes to control his commitment regarding the accuracy of what is being said (p ) Showing a careful use of the language to give respect to authorities is also considered hedging as evident in E cerpts and To lessen the force of the statement concerning an action the editorial wants the President to take, the


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editor used the modal would in E cerpt Similarly, E cerpt shows the use of hedging probably for politeness since the person involved is the country s Land Transportation f ce chief Softening an editorial s suggestion, with the use of can, is another modal used as hedging in E cerpt

Adverbs, also referred to as appro imators, comprise the third commonly used type of hedging in this study Reducing the certainty of statement, concealing e act gures, and distancing the writer s presence are some of the uses of this type of hedging (Machin Mayr, ) Topping the list in this study are some, quite, and perhaps E amples are

( ) some , are permanent residents (PDI, August , )

( ) ut there is something uite unseemly, too, about azmin s indiscreet announcement (PDI, September , )

( ) ut perhaps the public had good reason to (PDI, August , )

Allowing provision for possible error in uoting an e act gure might have prompted the use of some in E cerpt E cerpt involves reference to a huge number of residents, and to avoid a possible error, the editorial writer tried not to be speci c and used some as a hedging device Toning down because of uncertainty is evident in E cerpts and In E cerpt , a hedged statement is written perhaps because of uncertainty or deference to the country s Defense Secretary In E cerpt , hedging is also seen on how the editorial tries to phrase its statement in a manner that will not provoke serious negative reactions A reference to the public and its good reason is even pointed out It is also interesting to note that the editorials do not ust solely use one hedging in a sentence but also use varied hedging devices in single sentences as shown in the e cerpts that follow

(11) The government estimates that some , families in Metro Manila live on waterways (PDI, August , )

Two types of hedging are used in the above sentence verb and adverb The use of some shows that the editorial tries to gloss over lack of concrete

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evidence (Sunoo, as cited in Machin Mayr, , p ), speci cally in citing the gure involved This lack of concrete evidence is further made obvious by the verb estimates, e emplifying the lack of authoritative claim to the e actness of information

Similarities an Differences in the Use of e ging De ices among the Three Philippine Newspaper Editorials

The percentages illustrating the possible similarities or differences in the use of hedging devices in Philippine newspaper editorials are shown in igure

As gleaned from the gure, the Philippine Daily Inquirer has the highest percentage of hedging devices PDI s remarkable percentage is evident as it gets three-fourths of the total number of hedges in all editorials With a little over than ten percent, the Manila Bulletin has the least number of hedges the Philippine Star also has minimal hedging devices with barely percent

Figure 1 Percentages of hedging devices used in Philippine newspaper editorials

Acknowledged by the Nielsen Consumer and Media iew survey covering the fourth uarter of as the newspaper with the highest number of readership in the country, the Philippine Daily Inquirer editorials mostly deal with political, economic, and social issues Such topics may necessitate


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the use of hedging devices to counteract untoward reactions from captured daily nationwide readers of million This huge number of readers reported in the PDI s website may compel editorial writers to use hedging devices The editorial s regular reference ( usage) to of cial reports, authorities, and similar sources shows its constant use of hedging The number of hedging devices used in this newspaper might also be affected by the number of words the editorials have since a comparison among the corpus in the study shows that the PDI always has the longest editorial compared with the Manila Bulletin and the Philippine Star

Identi ed by the Nielsen Consumer and Media iew survey ( Philippine Daily In uirer widens lead in leadership, ) as the second in terms of readership, the Manila Bulletin, surprisingly, has only a little over than ten percent hedging usage That this newspaper does not discuss political or social issues unlike the usual editorials in national newspapers and that it has the shortest editorials compared with others are probable reasons why its editorials contain the least number of hedging devices Its somehow pro-administration stance seems to be evident in its e clusion of topics on national governance and pressing social and political concerns Thematic issues, such as honoring government of cials or celebrating anniversaries establishment of public or private organizations or establishments, support the newspaper s tagline of good news Hedging seems to be of greater use in collaborative discourse e empli ed in the Manila Bulletin This particular discourse is made more evident by the generic congratulatory closing paragraph complimenting particular persons, establishments, or agencies With the Manila Bulletin s editorial s standard parting words congratulations and Mabuhay and positive commentaries on general thematic sub ects, the editorials somehow need not use cautionary language

elow are some e cerpts from the editorials in the Manila Bulletin revealing the use of standard parting words, positive commentaries, and nonpolitical or nonsocial contents

( ) The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) is celebrating its th National Coconut Week on August - , , with the

theme iyaya ng Niyugan, Kaunlaran ng ayan Highlight of the celebration is the th National Coconut estival Trade

air, with activities that include a armers Day, a coconut taste test, a feeding program, a product launch, a book launching, and a coconut sugar standards and safety seminar (M , August , )

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( ) We congratulate the Department of Agriculture headed by Secretary Proceso J Alcala and Philippine Coconut Administration Administrator Euclides orbes, in their oint undertakings to place the coconut sector as priority

industry cluster for productivity enhancement in the Republic of the Philippines C N RATULATI NS AND MA UHA (M , August , )

( ) The Manila ulletin, led by its Chairman of the oard of Directors Dr Emilio T ap, President and Publisher Atty Hermogenes P Pobre, E ecutive ice President Dr Emilio C ap III, Editor-in-Chief Dr Cris J Icban Jr , usiness Editor Loreto D Caba es, f cers and Employees, Congratulate angko Sentral ng Pilipinas overnor Amando M Tetangco Jr for being cited, for the fth time, by lobal

inance as one of the world s top central bankers We wish him and all other Central ank of cials and employees the best and success in all endeavors C N RATULATI NS AND MA UHA (M , August , )

E cerpt shows a topic that is not a political or a social concern It hardly manifests the usual editorial leads that reveal patterns of argumentative writing The topic deals with a celebration and not the usual persuasive rhetoric of editorials E cerpts and taken from different dates also show how similar the two editorials end The way the generic parting words are capitalized is also similar with other M editorials

The Philippine Star utilizing less than percent usage of hedging devices is the third leading newspaper in the Philippines Its editorials are somehow similar to those of the Philippine Daily Inquirer, for the topics involve political, economic, and social concerns

In general, in terms of the type of hedging devices used, all the editorials from the three Philippine newspapers similarly use reference to reports, authorities, and any other sources to possibly avoid direct responsibility in forceful and precarious commentaries To temper tone in addressing or mentioning prominent of cials and provide possibilities for other courses of action, modals are commonly utilized in the Philippine Daily Inquirer and the Philippine Star The two newspapers also employ common adverbs or appro imators to provide more latitude in citing gures and describing actions


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4. Conclusion

That editorial writing involves the need to temper one s tone in e pressing forceful convictions, that it employs shields by referring to other sources for apparent claims, and that it needs to use appro imations in lieu of de nite uanti ers make the use of hedging devices important

With the use of hedging, the ilipino editorial writers somewhat tend to e hibit respect to persons in authority In discussing sensitive issues in their editorial, the use of hedging devices somehow show that some ilipinos manner of conversing is cautious and indirect

The correct use of hedging devices in editorials and in various academic and scienti c research articles can help writers soften their personal convictions or claims This need to temper convictions in claims be it for the purposes of showing respect or humility and this necessity of concealing personal responsibilities in assertions devoid of or lacking in substantive evidence, however, should not underscore the importance of establishing credibility, conciseness, and correctness of information and assertions ne must remember that an effective discourse calls for a balance of e pression While careful consideration may be given in e plaining ideas and convictions through research and study, cautioning the impact of claims or assertions in the absence of substantive support references or data is made possible through the use of hedging devices ther researchers interested in the study of hedging devices may want to cover a comparison of hedging devices across cultures and gender A contrastive study comparing the use of hedges in two different cultures can give signi cant insights about the way different races communicate while a study on hedging by gender can also give an insight on how similar or different males and females are in using cautionary language Hedging devices across disciplines, like health and sciences, law, business, and psychology, can also be undertaken so as to reveal the distinct hedging devices used in particular

elds

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Atai, M , Sadr, L ( ) A cross-cultural genre study on hedging devices

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