Heavy Timber Trusses - WoodWorks · Heavy Timber Trusses RL “Ben” Brungraber, PhD, PE...
Transcript of Heavy Timber Trusses - WoodWorks · Heavy Timber Trusses RL “Ben” Brungraber, PhD, PE...
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Presented on [Date] by [Author’s Name]
(Edit the Master Slide to change this text)
Heavy Timber TrussesWorkshop:
Exposed Connections in Timber Trusses and Structures: Designing for Beauty and Function
Presented by RL. Ben Brungraber, PhD, PE
Fire Tower Engineered Timber
Disclaimer: This presentation was developed by
a third party and is not funded by WoodWorks
or the Softwood Lumber Board
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Workshop Description
In timber designs where the structure is an integral part of the architecture, detailing for trusses and member intersections can be particularly challenging. Presented by renowned timber specialists, this workshop will provide insight relevant to both engineers and architects on heavy timber trusses, glulam post and beam and mass timber component connections. Timber truss topics include an overview of heavy timber truss configurations, guidance on their applications and important design considerations. An introduction to modern timber connections will review guiding principles of mass timber connections, custom and prefabricated hardware, codes, and design considerations using project examples. Among topics included are methods for achieving fire resistance, design simplicity and construction efficiency.
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Workshop: Learning Objectives
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
1. Review various heavy timber truss configurations,
applications and important design considerations.
2. Discuss structural design, connection options and
fabrication processes of timber trusses including insight
on specifications and cost.
3. Explore modern glulam and mass timber connection
solutions available including commodity, pre-
engineered and custom designed connections.
4. Explore practical aspects of design such as fire-
resistance, design simplicity and construction efficiency.
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Heavy Timber Trusses
RL “Ben” Brungraber, PhD, PE
•Loading the trusses – Ridge beams can halve load, etc.
•Analysis – no pins and continuous members
•Eccentric Connections – nearly unavoidable and often preferable
•Deflections – connection slips and deformations are hard to include
•End Wall Trusses – maddeningly common; can be worse than useless
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Heavy Timber Truss Connections:• Notches
• Plates (heavy/bolted and toothed/light)
• Rods and Fittings – historic examples
• Machine Shop vs Welding Shop
• Steel tension members? Diagonals
• All-wood members? Tension perpendiculars
Heavy Timber Truss Miscellany
• Lateral Bracing
• The Dark Art of Camber
• Top chord buckling (Bottom chord in load reversals)
• Simple alignment for seasoning in-situ timbers
• End wall drumming
Heavy Timber Truss Types:• Pitched Top Chord (including curved top chord)
• Scissor (including curved bottom chord)
• Parallel Chords
• Miscellaneous/”Mongrel” – Including Collared Rafters
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How DO we “Get Into Stuff?” Me, circa 1973
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A Truss Whisperer is Made
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Bigger Models; More Testing
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A “Fair Fight?”
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Bucknell Undergraduate Project – 50’ Pedestrian Bridge; c. 1981
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Another Jump in Scale; 240’ Pedestrian Bridge
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Timber Framers’ Guild of North America; Guelph, ON 1992
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Old School and New School Construction Techniques/Technologies
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Pitched Top Chord Trusses
•Span < 80’
•12’ < Spacing < 20’
•1:6 < Slope < 1:16
•1:5 < Span/Depth < 1:7
•Specials: Curved Chord, Scissors, Rods
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“Simple” Trusses
The Quintessential Industrial Revolutionary Truss
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Diagonals onto King Post and at Roughly Roof Pitch
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Corbel and/or Brace Support
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Concealed, “Starter Blocks” Hardware at Chords Joint
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Everyone Ought to get a Chance at a Cathedral
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Or, at least, a Church
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A True King Post - Perhaps
the Most Complex Timber
Joint I Have Designed
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What Can Happen, When a
Client Calls Your Bluff?
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“All Wood Joinery”
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Eccentricity in “Heel Plates”
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Heavy Sawn Planks, Corbels,
Pegs, & Light Screws
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Diagonal Rods in 72’ Spans
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Raising Choreography to Protect Tails
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Grand Opening show in new Performing Arts Center
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With 70 kips in Each Rod,
Those are not Shear Bolts
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Curved Top Chord – “Bowstring” Trusses
up to 250’ spans
1:6 < span/depth <1:8
top chord radius roughly the span
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Scissors Trusses
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The Scissors Crux Connection
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Clasping King Posts
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Scissors Trusses – and Dimensions Change During Process
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Concealing the Connectors can be a DRAG
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Proud and Relieved Crew
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At Foot of Grandfather Mountain, Boone, NC
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Curved Chords – How to Fabricate Curves?
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Trees, Generally, Grow Straight – Pay Attention to This
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Curved Chord Trusses
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Steam-bent; or CompWood
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The Gehry Hall Winery Visitors’ Center
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“Curve Issues”: Bending, Radial Tension, and Straightening
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And: “How to Grab Curve Without Undue Damage?”
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King Post Gets a Crown
and a Stirrup Turns Tension
into Compression
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Shear Keys Transfer Chord Forces at
Eave Connections
Longer Intersection between Members
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Truss Analysis
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So Basic; So Neglected – from Hoyle, Design of Wood Structures
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Which Member is the Support?
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The “King Rod/Post” is Crucial Component
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Options:• Notch
• Top Plate/Chock
• Pinned Plate
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Options:• Straps
• Rod
• Support the Plate
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What we seem to Wish
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But this is “More Realistic”
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The “Actual” Bolt Forces are Quite Complex, Indeed
Cross-Grain Prying Components
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Parallel Chord Trusses
•1:8 < Span/Depth < 1:10
•Diagonal Direction Matters, a Lot
•Least Efficient Layout; ignores M & V
•Added Arches – Burr Trusses
•Town Lattice “Truss-Girders”
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Parallel Chords
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Best Barn/Shop – Ever. 40’ x 50’ Clear (Basement, too)
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Cambering and Adjusting can be “Simple,” with Steel Rods
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Tension in Bottom
Chord can be Minimal
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Span/Depth = 1:5
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Feng Shui Bad News
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Tension Diagonals of Timber – and Panel Length Varies
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My Sole Split Ring Job
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Compression Diagonals of
Timber
Note “Diagonal-Free” center
panel
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Tension Diagonals of Steel
Note: Rod Angle Changes
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Overly Sloped Rods – Add Apparent Length
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Industrial Revolution Trusses
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Industrial Revolution Ripoffs – 2 Timbers & 3 Rods
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1 Timber, 2 Rods
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Avoid Turnbuckles to Increase Capacity and Reduce Depth
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One Timber and Both 1 and 2 Rods
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A “Barn Full of Fun”
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Context for Truss
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Plumb Posts can get SO
Boring, after a while
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This Might Just Be “My Best Shot, Ever”
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Concealed Steel
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Celebrated Steel
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It’s ALL About the Hardware
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Hardware
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We see this, and worse, all the time
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Notches
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Collared Rafters
“Raised Chord Trusses”
•Collar Strut, Tie, or Beam?
•Failing Roofs for Centuries
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“Fire, Ready, Aim”
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Slate Roof AND $70,000
worth of windows “pre-
installed”
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In Tension, Compression, or
“Minimal?”
It’s All About the Supports
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Collar Strut, Tie, or BEAM
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Humans have been repairing
these for n-2 years;
Where: n = Number of Years
ago the first ones were built
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A Truss? Tied Eaves – NO Compression Capacity
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Curved/Collared?
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Modeling the Connections; Blade to Rafters and Collar
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“Other Trusses”
Vierendeel Truss and/or Girder
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(Ithiel, Architect) Town Lattice Trusses
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Point Load at Support – The Tough Spot
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Non-Trusses
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Lots of Elements AND My Stupidest “Truss” – (so far)
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A “Minor Dip” in the Ridge is NOT Minor – in a 1000’ Ridge
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Supporting a 1000’ Wooden Balloon –
Using 150’ Steel Needles
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Previous Repair Splints – but Still Looking Troubled, Back There
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Just How Troubled IS it? 4” & 6” Heavy Planks, 180’ Up
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Would you drive a Suburban across this?
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Maybe THIS Rig, and only very quickly