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Soran University

Faculty of Engineering

Chemical Engineering Department

2015 -2016

Names: Abdulsamad Alhamawande,Payam Abdulrazaq

and Rezhin M.Karem

fer applications in oil and gas Heat trans Title:

industry

Supervision: Mr. Ribwar K. Abdulrahman

Date: 2015-12-03

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The List of Contents:

Abstract …………………………………………………….(3)

Aim ……………………………………………………………(4)

Introduction ………………………………………………(5-7)

Methodology …………………………………………….(7-9)

Discussion …………………………………………………(10)

Conclusion ………………………………………………..(11)

Reference …………………………………………………(12)

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Abstract:

d lications in oil anappand its heat transfer, In this report there is a detailed explanation of

. pictures , and its heat transfer And some of machines in which it occurs. industry gas

And types of heat transfer , and when it happens. And the importance of heat transfer in the

.nd how it worksa main methods of heat exchangend A .petrochemical processes

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Aim:

.eat transfer applications in oil and gas industryh Knowing

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Introduction:

is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems, transferHeat

heat. The depending on the temperature and pressure, by dissipating

are conduction or diffusion, convection fundamental modes of heat transfer

and radiation.

[1]

Heat transfer methods finds a variety of applications in the chemical process

Industries:

1.Boiler:

A boiler is a piece of equipment which acts as a closed vessel to convert the water inside into

steam. In order for this to happen chemical energy from a fuel source such as oil or gas is

converted into heat by combustion. The heat is then transferred to the contained water,

thereby increasing the pressure and eventually converting the liquid form into steam.

The boiler should be designed to transfer the maximum amount of heat possible from the

combustion into the water using processes such as radiation, conduction, and convection.

The efficiency of the heat transfer is very important so that the fuel being burned yields the

maximum, most cost effective results. In addition the boiler should also be designed to

generate high quality steam that can be effectively utilized by the plant.

[2]

Fig1: Boiler

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2. condensing boiler:

When fuel is burned in a conventional boiler, the hot gases that are produced pass through a

heat exchanger and transfer to water increasing its temperature. High-efficiency condensing

boilers, on the other hand, use the standard sensible heat (energy transferred to change

temperature in conventional boilers) plus the latent (hidden) heat to enhance efficiency by

10-12%. How? They extract additional heat from the waste gases by condensing water

vapour (one of the hot gases produced) to liquid water thus recovering its latent heat.

[3]

Fig2: condensing boiler.

3.Piping insulation:

Their superior insulation properties prevent heat loss and heat transfer from within the pipes to the surrounding environment and vice versa. Alternatively, they maintain temperatures in cold climates. Other reasons behind their popularity in pipe insulation include their high tensile strength, excellent abrasion, superior resistance to wear and tear, flexibility and good flowability needed to fill the cavity around the pipe sections.

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Its outstanding insulation properties can be attributed to its microcellular structure

and high content of closed cells.

[4]

Fig3: Piping insulation.

4)Heat exchanger:

is a device used to transfer heat between one or more fluids. The heat exchanger A

fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct

power ,air conditioning ,refrigeration ,space heating contact. They are widely used in

gas -natural ,petroleum refineries ,petrochemical plants ,chemical plants ,stations

. The classic example of a heat exchanger is sewage treatment and, processing

engine in which a circulating fluid known as internal combustion engine found in an

flows past the coils, which cools the aircoils and adiatorr flows through coolant

.air coolant and heats the incoming

[5]

Fig4:Heat exchanger.

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Methodology :

The three main methods of heat exchange are conduction, convection and radiation.

1)Conduction: Conduction in solids and liquids operates by part of the kinetic energy of one particle being passed to its immediate neighbour. In simple terms the bonds between neighbouring atoms and molecules in a solid can be thought of as elastic links; as one particle vibrates it causes the next in the line to vibrate also. This process repeats, particle after particle allowing thermal energy to be passed from the hot face of a body to the cold face. In the case of liquids however their ability to flow means that in most cases convection is a more significant method of heat transfer. Conduction in metals operates very differently. In a metal ‘valence’ electrons are free to move through the body of the metal. These are the same electrons that are responsible for electrical conduction. At the hot face of the metal the valence electrons gain kinetic energy and rapidly spread through the whole of the metal. There is a simple link between electrical and thermal conductivity in metals, this is the Wiedemann-Franz Law. It states that the thermal conductivity k of a metal should be proportional to its electrical conductivity σ(the inverse of its resistivity ρ), any difference is due to the contribution made by the metal ions acting like an ordinary, non-metallic, solid. Due to the effects of their impurities the values for alloys, e.g. steel and bronze, are a little more complicated. Conduction in gases can take place but it is very slow indeed. It relies on collisions between rapidly moving ‘hot’ gas particles and their slower moving ‘cold’ counterparts. This is very similar to the diffusion process and so is extremely inefficient. Unless all other means of heat transfer can be suppressed its contribution is vanishingly small. It does however become important if the temperature difference between hot and cold is quiet small and the gas can be held stationary. This is the case in double glazing. For most practical applications therefore conduction relies on the presence of a solid as with liquids, gases and plasmas other heat transfer mechanisms are generally more important. 2) Radiation: Radiation operates by the hot object emitting electromagnetic radiation. The precise characteristics of the radiation depend on the temperature of the hot object. Cooler objects (e.g. people) radiate in the near infrared and so can be detected with IR cameras. Hot objects (e.g. incandescent lamps (ordinary light bulbs)) radiate strongly in the visible spectrum and so we can see by their light. Very hot objects (e.g. electrical sparks and arcs) radiate strongly in the near ultraviolet, as a result people using arc welding equipment need to use special masks in order to avoid sun burn to the eyeballs (also called “welder’s flash” or “arc eye”). In addition as the temperature of an object increases the amount of energy it emits at any given wavelength increases. This increases as the fourth power of the temperature. As a result if the (absolute) temperature of an object is doubled (say from 400 K to 800 K) then the amount of energy it radiates will increase by a factor of sixteen and a tenfold increase in the temperature will increase the radiation level by a factor of ten thousand! Radiation can be affected by the surface of the objects. Matt black objects are typically excellent emitters (and absorbers) of radiation. Since all other methods of heat transfer require the presence of matter in one form or another, radiation is the only means of an object losing heat if it is held in a vacuum.

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Heat loss by radiation can occur in any situation but becomes more important as the temperature increases.

Convection:

Convection operates when a fluid (a liquid or gas) is heated resulting in a change in

density. Usually the fluid will expand on heating and so become less dense. The

difference in density with the surrounding fluid leads causes the fluid to flow, carrying

thermal energy with it.

Convection is by far the hardest form of heat transfer to produce theoretical models

for. The rate of heat flow is affected not only by the temperature differences involved

but also the viscosities and rates of thermal expansion of the fluid and size, shape

and surface texture of any objects in contact with the fluid (such as the heater).

Heat loss by convection requires that there be a fluid that changes its density when

heated. Furthermore there must be a gravitational field (or an equivalent

acceleration) so that the density difference can produce movement. Finally the fluid

must be free to move in the direction that the density difference is trying to drive it.

One example where heat loss by convection breaks down is when a lake freezes

over. As the water at the surface of the lake cools it contracts and falls to the bottom

of the lake. However this only works down to about 4 °C, below this point the water

begins to expand again and so does not sink. This, now buoyant, water continues to

float at the surface until it freezes (expanding still further). The result is that a lake

freezes from the top down. All the water below the ice is at a temperature between 0

°C (at the top) and 4 °C (at the bottom). Heat transfer through this water can only

continue through conduction.

[6]

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Discussion:

A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids. The

fluids can be single or two phase and, depending on the exchanger type, may be

separated or in direct contact. Devices involving energy sources such as nuclear fuel

pins or fired heaters are not normally regarded as heat exchangers although many of

the principles involved in their design are the same.

In order to discuss heat exchangers it is necessary to provide some form of

categorization. There are two approaches that are normally taken. The first considers

the flow configuration within the heat exchanger, while the second is based on the

classification of equipment type primarily by construction. Both are considered here.

Heat exchangers are one of the most common and most important pieces of process

equipment you will come in contact with. A knowledge of how they operate and how

to analyze their performance is crucial to your future success as a chemical engineer.

[7]

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Conclusion:

In any process industry, we need to transfer heat for different operations (like cooling,

heating, vaporizing, or condensing) to or from various fluid streams in various

equipment like condensers, water heaters, re-boilers, air heating or cooling devices

etc., where heat exchanges between the two fluids. In a chemical process industry,

the heat exchanger is frequently used for such applications. A heat exchanger is a

device where two fluids streams come into thermal contact in order to transfer the

heat from hot fluid to cold fluid stream.

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References:

1)(edinformatics)(2015)heat transfer. Available from: http://www.edinformatics.com

2)(setxind)(2015)Boilers. Available from: http://www.setxind.com

3)(harrisheating)(2015)condensing-boilers. Available from: http://www.harrisheating.ie

4)(polyurethanes.asiapacific.basf)(2015)Piping insulation. Available from:

http://www.polyurethanes.asiapacific.basf.com

5)(Wikipedia)(2015)heat exchanger. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org

6)(spaceflight)(2015)type of heat transfer. Available from: http://www.spaceflight.esa.int

7)(rpi)(2015)chem-eng. Available from: http://www.rpi.edu