Heat Pumps in Buildings - State of the art Jos W.J. Bouma EC Workshop Malmö, 6-7 Sept. 2001.
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Transcript of Heat Pumps in Buildings - State of the art Jos W.J. Bouma EC Workshop Malmö, 6-7 Sept. 2001.
Presentation outline
• Market review
• Technology review
• International R&D
• Building-related R&D
• Conclusions
Heat pump market (2000)
Region Residential Commercial/institutional
Europe 4.5 million > 1.5 million
USA 15 million 4 million
Asia 87 million 10 million
World 110 million 15 million
Market characteristics Europe
• Widely diverse
• Different maturity
• Early stage of development (except: SE, ES, I, GR)
• Relevant factors:
• climate
• co-existence cooling/heating demand
• electricity/fossil fuel price ratio
Residential heat pump market Europe
Country Size range (1999)
NL, NO, UK, FI 500 - 25,000
DK, CH 25,000 - 60,000
AT, F 60,000 - 150,000
DE. GR, I, ES, SE > 150,000
Annual sales residential heat pumps
Country Sales (1999)
DK, FI, NL, UK 500 - 1,000
AT, DE, NO 1,000 - 5,000
F, CH 5,000 - 10,000
SE 20,000
ES, GR 90,000
I 135,000
Heat pump technology
• Electric compression: virtually all appliances
• Gas absorption: field test/limited available
• Refrigerants: HCFC-22, HFC-134a, HFC-407C, HFC- 410A and hydrocarbons (Europe)
Heat pump heat sources
• Air-cooled (Air-to-air): 77%
• Ground-coupling growing (CH, SE, AT: 40, 65, 82%)
• Ventilation air (NO, SE: 41, 30%)
Driving forces for R&D
• Environmental concern and international agreements: MP; KP (governments/societies/industry/utilities)
• (Lack of) energy resources/energy efficiency (governments/societies)
• Market share (industry)
• Retaining customers (utilities)
in common: CHANGE
Key areas for heat pump R&D
• Working fluids
• N.America/Japan
• (Parts of) Europe
• Performance improvement
• Initial cost reduction
• Proper design and installation
• Indoor environmental quality
• Widening of application
Main R&D thrust USA/Japan
US
• Energy efficiency and maximising energy productivity
• New refrigerants (minimum loss), absorption technology; ground source systems, ARTI: 21-CR
Japan
• Ice/water thermal storage heat pumps
• EEC (recovery, conversion, transport, controls etc.)
IEA heat pump R&D
• Annex 25: Year-round residential space conditioning systems using heat pumps
• Annex 26: Advanced supermarket refrigeration/heat recovery systems
• Annex 27: Selected issues on CO2 as working fluid in compression systems
• Annex 28: Sorption heat recovery systems - market and environmental impact for cooling and heating
21 CR R&D programme - ARTI
• Alternatives for compression cycles for HVAC&R
• High-efficiency components (materials, HX etc.)
• System integration (controls, building elements etc.)
• Indoor environmental quality
• Environmentally sound refrigerants
ECO Energy City project
• Waste heat powered double-effect metal hydrate heat pump for 45ºC and 7ºC (Matsushita)
• Multi-fuel gas cycle (helium) heat pump system for -10ºC , 7ºC , 45ºC and 80ºC (Kubota)
• Residential air-source heat pump for heating and cooling using natural refrigerants (Hitachi)
• Ice making heat pumps (hybrid and absorption)
Building-related heat pump R&D (1)
• Optimised heat pump operation through integral controls (SE)
• Pulse width modulation controls (CH)
• Standardised hydronic heat distribution systems (CH)
• Swiss retrofit heat pump (CH)
• new cycles/high lift/reduced cost/controls
• small (natural) refrigerant charge
Building-related heat pump R&D (2)
• Residential CO2 heat pump (NO)
• Commercial CO2 heat pump water heater (70-80°C)
• Thermophysical properties of supercritical CO2 in micro-channel tubes (NO)
• Development of 2-stage semi-hermetic CO2 compressor (NO)
• Residential heating-only diffusion absorption heat pump (NL)
Building-related heat pump R&D (3)
• Residential solar assisted, ground-coupled integrated heat pump (NL)
• Integrated heating-only modular heat pump (NL)
Solar-assisted residentialheat pump - NL
The The systemsystem in a house in a house
The heatpump unit 1The heatpump unit 1
TwoTwo compressors, compressors,
Condensor,Condensor,
EvaporatorEvaporator,,
Electronic expansionElectronic expansion
valve valve,,
MultiMulti valvevalve,,
Steering Steering electronicselectronics,,