Heart Failure - STH study day south york 2017.… · failure. Normal heart function and basic...
Transcript of Heart Failure - STH study day south york 2017.… · failure. Normal heart function and basic...
HEART FAILURE Study day November 2017
Sarah Briggs and Janet Laing
Overview and Introduction
• This course is an introduction and overview of heart
failure. Normal heart function and basic pathophysiology
of heart failure is explained. This will be then related to
the diagnosis of heart failure and to the overall
management of patients with heart failure. Device therapy
will be explained, and also finally we will have discussion
session about palliative care and heart failure.
Demographics of heart failure
• Heart failure is serious
• Heart failure is terminal
• Heart failure is unpredictable
• Heart failure causes severe symptoms
• Heart failure outcomes are directly linked to good
management and self monitoring.
You can make a profound difference to a patient’s life
Plan of the Day
• The normal heart
• Pathophysiology of heart failure
• Clinical presentation: History, assessment and clinical
examination
• Differential diagnosis, Investigations and Diagnosis
• Pharmacological Management
• Non medical Management
• Palliative care
• Device therapy
1. The Normal Heart
1. Normal Heart Function
• The Cardiac Circulation
• The Cardiac Valves
• The Coronary Circulation
• The Cardiac Electrical System
The Heart = A house!
Coronary circulation
Coronary circulation
2. Pathophysiology of Heart
Failure
2. Pathophysiology of heart failure
The two types of heart failure affecting the left ventricle.
• HFrEF – can’t pump
• HFPEF – can’t relax
2. Pathophysiology of heart failure
Causes: Myocardial Infarction
Ischaemia
2. Pathophysiology of heart failure
Causes: Hypertension
and aortic stenosis
Hypertension
Hypertension
Aortic Stenosis
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Other causes include:
• Mitral regurgitation
• Atrial fibrillation
• Cardiomyopathies
• Chemotherapy …….
Neurohormonal Activation
• Increased Sympathetic activation
• Reduction in renal perfusion results in activation of the
RAAs
• Brain natriuretic peptide release
Neurohormonal Activation
The Natriuretic Peptide System
Heart failure is unpredictable!
3. History, Assessment and
Clinical Examination
History
• Presenting Complaint:
• History of Presenting Complaint:
• Past Medical History:
Its Systemic
• Fatigue
• Cool extremities
• Pallor
• Heavy leaden legs
• Renal dysfunction
• Anaemia
• Acute/increasing breathlessness
• Presents/punctuated with unpredictable episodes of fluid
retention…..
3. Clinical Presentation
Signs of Heart Failure
- General Appearance – distress, gait, mobility, colour, pallor,
tachypnoea, breathlessness, audible breath sounds,habitus,
• Tachycardia/irregular
• Hypertension/hypotension
• Pallor/mallor flush
• Elevated JVP (>5cm)
• Heart Sounds – third heart sound
• Added Breath Sounds – Crepitations/wheeze
• Abdominal distension
• Oedema – legs/sacral
Elevated JVP
Crepitations
• https://youtu.be/9C5RFb1qWT8
Pulmonary Oedema
Ascites
Pitting Oedema
The Burden of Heart Failure
Warning Signs
Weight Gain!!
Lets Talk about it!!.......
5. Differential Diagnoses
???
Is it ?
• Chest
infection/pneumonia?
• Pulmonary Embolism?
• COPD?
• N/AFLD?
• Obesity?
• Reduced Venous Return?
• Lymphoedema?
Or is it?
• Heart Failure?
6. Investigation
Investigations
• BNP
• ECHO
• ECG
• CXR
• Holter monitor
• 24hour BP
• Also Cardiac MR, MPS, Angiography
7. Diagnosis
Heart Failure??
Lets review the ECHO………
8. Pharmacological Management
Neurohormonal deactivation
1. Adrenaline
• Beta Blockers
Dose
Side Effects
Monitoring
Neurohormonal Deactivation
2. Angiotensin II
• ACE Inhibition
Dose
Side Effects
Monitoring
ARNI – Angiotensin receptor/Neprilysn
Inhibition
ARNI
Neurohormonal Deactivation
3. Aldosterone
• MRA
Dose
Side Effects
Monitoring
Symptomatic management
•Diuretics Loop/thiazide
Dose
Side Effects
Monitoring
Other Pharmacological agents and
contraindications • Digoxin
• Oral Anticoagulations – NOACS
• Ivabradine
• Antianginals
• Antihypertensives
• Palliative Medications
• Contraindications
9. Non Pharmacological
Management
Non Pharmacological Management
• Anxiety/stress management
• Depression/low mood
• Support Groups
• Telehealth
• Salt intake
• Fluid intake
• Dry mouth
Non Pharmacological Management
• Exercise
• General weight management
• Smoking, alcohol
• Fatigue management – goal setting
• Sleep
• Caffeine intake
• Vaccinations
• Holidays
11. Palliative Care
10. Device Therapy
CRT and ICD
NYHA class
QRS interval I II III IV
<120 milliseconds ICD if there is a high risk of sudden
cardiac death
ICD and CRT not
clinically indicated
120–149 milliseconds
without LBBB
ICD ICD ICD CRT-P
120–149 milliseconds
with LBBB
ICD CRT-D CRT-P or
CRT-D
CRT-P
≥150 milliseconds with
or without LBBB
CRT-D CRT-D CRT-P or
CRT-D
CRT-P
LBBB, left bundle branch block; NYHA, New York Heart Association
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hEw4o06Fwc
CRT