Heart Defect PDF (1)

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Nessa Osuna Cardiac Notes for Pediatrics test #3 Name Picture Signs and Symptoms Treatment Nursing Notes Ventral Septal Defect (VSD) Most common! Abnormal connection between the R and L ventricles. Lowers Cardiac Output. Flow from L to R, pulmonary congestion. *Asymptomatic *CHF *Enlarged heart *Acyanotic Surgical repair May close by 2 yrs old. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Flow from L to R, pulmonary congestion. *Asymptomatic *CHF *Acyanotic Diuretics for CHF Surgery You can wait for surgery if asymptomatic bc it may resolve spontaneously. As the murmur gets louder, the hole is closing.

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Heart Defect PDF (1)

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Page 1: Heart Defect PDF (1)

Nessa  Osuna                          Cardiac  Notes  for  Pediatrics  test  #3  Name   Picture   Signs  and  Symptoms   Treatment   Nursing  Notes  

Ventral  Septal  Defect  (VSD)      

 

Most  common!  Abnormal  connection  between  the  R  and  L  ventricles.  Lowers  Cardiac  Output.  Flow  from  L  to  R,  pulmonary  congestion.  *Asymptomatic  *CHF    *Enlarged  heart  *Acyanotic  

-­‐Surgical  repair  -­‐May  close  by  2  yrs  old.    

 

Atrial  Septal  Defect  (ASD)    

 

Flow  from  L  to  R,  pulmonary  congestion.    *Asymptomatic  *CHF  *Acyanotic  

-­‐Diuretics  for  CHF  -­‐Surgery  

You  can  wait  for  surgery  if  asymptomatic  bc  it  may  resolve  spontaneously.      As  the  murmur  gets  louder,  the  hole  is  closing.  

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Nessa  Osuna                          Cardiac  Notes  for  Pediatrics  test  #3  Tricuspid    Atresia  

 

Absent  tricuspid  valve!  The  Foremen  Ovale  is  used  (remember  the  pressure  causes  this).  HIGH  right-­‐sided  pressure.  Unoxygenated  blood  is  shunted  to  L.  atrium  into  the  L.  ventricle  then  to  the  body  and  lungs.  

Increase  pulmonary  blood  flow  by  using  the  patent  ductus  arteriosus  with  Prostiglandin  *Surgery      -­‐glenn  procedure      -­‐atrial  septostomy      -­‐shunting      -­‐fontan  procedure      

There  is  currently  NO  way  to  replace  an  atrial  valve      

Patient  Ductus  Arteriosus    

 

Left  to  right  shunting.  Fibers  don’t  respond  to  the  increase  in  O2  after  birth.  *Continuous  murmur  below  left  clavicle  *Asymptomatic  or  murmur  *Bounding  pulses  *Widening  pulse  pressure  of  >20  (systolic-­‐diastolic)  

Indomethacin:  *preterm  only!    *NSAID  *prostaglandin  inhibitor  *only  if  no  other  defects  &  asymptomatic    other  option:  -­‐surgery    

Dx:  by  echo  or  xray  

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Nessa  Osuna                          Cardiac  Notes  for  Pediatrics  test  #3  Atrio-­‐ventricular  Septal  Defect  

 

Severe  left  to  right  shunt.  LUNGS  ARE  MOST  EFFECTED  *severely  impaired  Cardiac  Output  

See  ASD  &  VSD   See  ASD  &  VSD  

Aortic  Stenosis  

 

Not  always  the  valve.  Could  be  general  area.    *Hypertrophy  of  L.  Ventricle  *Enlarged  heart  

Meds  can  reduce  symptoms  (<BP)  but  cannot  cure.    Surgery:  valve  replacements  and  catheterizations  

This  is  found  to  be  one  of  the  reasons  for  kids  falling  dead  during  sports.  

Coarctation  of  the  Aorta  

 

Pinching/stricture  of  the  aorta.  High  pressure  behind  and  in  front.  *BP  okay  in  hands/arms  but  low  in  lower  limbs.  *Bounding  pulses  in  upper  body  but  weak  in  lower.  

*Prostaglandin  E1  to  open  artery  by  relaxing  the  muscle.  *Diuretics  and  inotropic  drugs  to  treat  s/s  *Surgical  Repair  *Catheterization  

Always  check  pulses  both  sides  and  upper  and  lower  extremities!  

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Nessa  Osuna                          Cardiac  Notes  for  Pediatrics  test  #3  Transposition  of  the  Great  Arteries  

 

Unoxygentated  blood  enters  the  R.  atrium  and  R.  Ventricle.  Parallel  circulation.    *Initially  appears  normal  *Cyanosis  develops  w/in  a  few  hours  of  life      

Prostiglandin  immediately  to  keep  PDA  open.      Surgery  

This  is  NOT  compatible  with  life.  You  WANT  another  defect  to  help.      Can  be  detected  by  US  if  they  receive  prenatal  care.  

Total  Anomalous  Pulmonary  Connection    

 

*Cyanosis  develops  w/in  a  few  hours  to  a  few  weeks  of  life  depending  on  configuration  *Tachypnea  *Dyspnea  *Snowman-­‐figure  8  appearance  on  chest  xray  *R.  Ventricular  hypertrophy  *Enlarged  heart  *Murmurs    

Surgery  to  reconnect  the  pulmonary  arteries  to  the  left  atrium  and  to  close  the  (ASD)  atrial  septal  defects  

Sometimes  can  be  detected  in  utero  via  ultra  sound.  

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Nessa  Osuna                          Cardiac  Notes  for  Pediatrics  test  #3  Truncus  Arteriosus  

 

*Cyanosis  develops  w/in  a  week  or  two  of  life  *CHF  s/s  *Hazy  chest  x-­‐ray    *Possible  hepatomegaly    *Poor  feeding  *Facial  swelling  or  neck  vein  distention  

Medicines  such  as  diuretics  and  inotropic  meds  to  manage  signs/symptoms.      Surgery:  separating  the  pulmonary  arteries  from  the  truncus,  closure  of  the  septal  defects,  create  connection  from  pulmonary  arteries  to  the  right  ventricle.  

Possibly  not  on  exam  

Hypoplastic  Left  Heart  Syndrome  

 

Left  ventricle  is  tiny  and  aortic  stenosis  is  present.  *O2  sats  70-­‐80’s  *Cyanosis  *Poor  feeding  *Tachypnea  *Dyspnea  *Weak/rapid  pulses  *Lethargy    *Cool/clammy  skin  *Dilated  pupils/lackluster  stare  

*Heart  transplant  *3  step  surgical  process  (70-­‐80%  survive;  live  in  the  hospital)  *Do  nothing  

Not  compatible  with  life  

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Nessa  Osuna                          Cardiac  Notes  for  Pediatrics  test  #3  Pulmonary  Stenosis  

 

*Central  cyanosis  *CHF  s/s  *Possible  Right-­‐sided  hypertrophy  *Back  up  pressure  can  open  up  Foreman  Ovale    

Prostiglandin  given  to  keep  PDA  open    Surgery:  Percutaneous  balloon  vulvuloplasty    

 

Tetralogy  of  Fallot  

 

Combination  of  pulmonic  stenosis,  right  ventricular  hypertrophy,  overriding  aorta  and  VSD.  Mixed  blood  is  sent  out  to  system.    *Cyanosis  *O2  sats  80-­‐85’s  *Tachypnea  *Irritability    

Treat  symptoms:  -­‐Decrease  venous  return  -­‐Conservative  O2  -­‐Comfort  and  stop  crying  to  minimize  O2  consumption  

Don’t  want  to  put  a  lot  of  oxygen  on  them.      Squat  knee  to  chest  to  get  O2  by  restricting  venous  return  and  getting  O2  to  main  organs.    May  be  associated  with  chromosomal  abnormalities