Hearing Disabilities
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Transcript of Hearing Disabilities
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Hearing Disabilities
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Learners Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
• Overview- Isolation can accompany a hearing loss
• Controversy concerning whether children should be educated to communicate orally or through manual sign language
• Some do become fluent enough in spoken English to function in mainstream society
• Many members of the Deaf community consider themselves part of a cultural minority rather than disabled
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Definition and Classification
• Decibels- units of relative loudness of sounds• Congenitally deaf- deafness that is present at
birth; can be caused by genetic factors• Adventitiously deaf- deafness that occurs
through illness or accident in an individual who was born with normal hearing
• Prelingual deafness- deafness that occurs before the development of spoken language
• Postlingual deafness- deafness occurring after the development of speech and language
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Degrees of Hearing loss
• Mild- 26-54 db.
• Moderate- 55-69 db.
• Severe- 70-89 db
• Profound- 90 and above
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Prevalence
• Differences in definition, populations studied, and accuracy of testing contribute to varying figures
• U.S. Dept. of Education estimate that about .14 percent of the population from 6-17 years of age is identified as deaf or hard of hearing
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Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear
• The Outer Ear– Tympanic membrane (eardrum)- Anatomical
boundary between the outer and middle ears; the sound gathered in the outer ear vibrates here
– Auricle- The visible part of the ear; cartilage; collects sounds
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The Middle Ear
• Ossicles- three tiny bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that make a transfer of sound waves from the eardrum to the oval window– Mallues- hammer-shaped bone– Incus- anvil-shaped bone– Stapes- stirrup– Oval Window- The link between the middle
and inner ears
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The Inner Ear• Vestibular mechanism- located in the
upper portion of the inner ears; responsible for sense of balance
• Cochlea- snail-shaped organ that lies below the vestibular mechanism, converts the sounds into electric signals that are transmitted to the brain
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Diagram of the ear
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Measurement of Hearing Ability• Screening Tests
– Otoacoustic emissions- low-intensity sounds produced by the cochlea in response to auditory stimulation; used to screen hearing problems in infants and very young kids
– Pure-Tone Audiometry- a test where tones of various intensities and frequencies are presented to determine a person’s hearing loss
– Speech Audiometry- technique that tests a person’s detection and understanding of speech
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Tests for Young and Hard to Test Children
• Speech reception threshold (SRT)- the decibel level at which a person can understand speech
• Play audiometry- use of a game-like format to test hearing of young and hard to test children.
• Tympanometry- a method of measuring the middle ear’s response to pressure and sounds
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Causes
• Conductive- transfer of sound in outer or middle ear
• Sensorineural- inner ear• Mixed Hearing Loss- combination of both
• Hearing Loss and the Outer Ear– External otitis-swimmer’s ear (infection)
• Hearing Loss and the Middle Ear– Otitis media
• Hearing Loss and the Inner Ear– Congenital cytomegalovirus
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Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics
• English Language and Speech Development- English vs, ASL
• Intellectual Ability-difficulty in testing
• Academic Achievement-deficits
• Social Adjustment- based on communication
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Educational Considerations
• Oral Approach: Auditory-Verbal Approach and Speechreading
• Total Communication– http://www.masterstech-home.com/ASLDict.ht
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• The Bicultural-Bilingual Approach
• Service Delivery Models
• Technological Advances
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Early Intervention
• Critical-language development-oral vs. manual
• Children with deaf parents develop language (ASL) faster
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Transition to Adulthood
• Postsecondary Education– Gallaudet University– Traditional univrsities
• Family Issues– 95% choose deaf spouses– 90% of their offspring can hear