Health Science 1 Chapter 2 The Body’s Chemical Makeup.

Health Science 1 Chapter 2

The Body’s Chemical Makeup

Chemistry of Living Things

“Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.”

Mike Adams - Biochemist

Any study of the human body, requires knowledge of the chemistry of the body’s structure and function.


Biochemistry or Molecular Biology

The study of the chemical reactions of living things.

Chemistry – composition of substances, their properties and reactions.

What is this?

http://www.cellsalive.com/cover7.htm


The body is composed of 2 substances:

1. Energy- the ability of chemical systems to do work or to put matter into motion.

2. Matter- material having mass, occupying space

The Chemistry of Living Things

Matter – solid, liquid, gas

1. Solid – bone

2. Liquid – blood

3. Gas - oxygen

Matter is neither created or destroyed. Toast becomes molecules of fat and glucose to be used as energy by the body.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Compressed_gas_cylinders.mapp_and_oxygen.triddle.jpg


Energy – 2 types Potential energy – stored in cells, waiting to be

released – lying in bed. Kinetic energy – work resulting in motion –

getting out of bed.


Atom – smallest piece of an element• Made of subatomic particles• Proton- pos. charge• Electron – neg. charge• Neutron – no charge

1. Atoms of a specific element, same # ofProtons, different # of neutrons is called

an isotope. Example: All carbon elements have (6) protons. Carbon -13 has(7) neutrons, Carbon -14 has (8) neutrons.

Royalty Free

The Chemistry of Living things

Element – alike combined atoms• Can neither be created nor destroyed by ordinary

means.• Solid bones contain the element Calcium• Air we breathe – oxygen• Fluid bathing our cells – elements hydrogen and

oxygen (a compound called water)• There are 92

naturally occurring elements.


Compounds- formed by the combination of various elements – possess different characteristics based on it’s elements.

Separately, hydrogen and

Oxygen are gases. Combined

They form H2O, water. (a liquid)

• Common Table Salt – Sodium (Na),

And chlorine (Cl), sodium is a metal, chlorine is a gas.

When combined = (NaCl) = good fried chicken

http://www.btinternet.com/~fireballxl5/nature/water/pics/nature00083g.jpg


Molecules• Smallest unit of a compound capable of

independent existence• Still has properties of the compound• EXAMPLE: Compound (water)H2O

H2O

Compound

Multiple Molecules

Individual Molecules of

H2O

1 molecule H2O

Elements

Oxygen

(1)

Hydrogen

(2)


Types of compounds: Inorganic- made of molecules that do not

contain carbon (C)Example: Water (H20)– 55%-65% of human

body weight-

Water is the most important

inorganic compound to living organisms


Carbohydrates – compounds of the3 elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)

3 groups• Monosaccharides• Disaccharides• polysaccharides

SUGAR


Monosaccharides• Mono- one• Sakcharon – sugar• Single or simple sugars – cannot be broken down

furtherglucose/fructose/galactose/ribose/deoxyribose

Glucose – main source of energy in cells – “blood sugar”

Stored in the liver and muscle cells as GLYCOGEN

Fructose – sweetest – fruit & honey


Disaccharides Double sugar – formed from 2

monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis (a chemical reaction as follows)

monosaccharide + monosaccharide – H2O A large molecule is formed from small ones by the loss of water

Plus Equals

H2O

Glucose

H2O

Fructose Minus H2O

H2O Sucrose

a Disaccharide


Hydrolysis• The opposite of dehydration synthesis• Large molecule broken into smaller

molecules by adding water• Disaccharides must be broken down by digestion (hydrolysis) to

monosaccharides to be used by the body• EXAMPLE: Table sugar (sucrose) must be broken down to glucose and

fructose to be used by the body.


Polysaccharides Large complex CHO molecules – hundreds

to thousands of glucose molecules in a chain.

EXAMPLES: Starch, Glycogen, CelluloseStarch – grain products-potatoes

Cellulose – structural component plant tissue


LIPIDS (CHO but less oxygen in relation to hydrogen)

• Fats (triglycerides)• Phospholipids

(nervous tissue, cell membrane)• Steroids (contain cholesterol)

meat and eggs• Lipids are an important source of

stored energy

* Fats consist of glycerol and fatty acidsmost abundant lipid in body Cholesterol can

accumulate in arteries


Proteins (CHO) + Nitrogen Binding structural components of all living

things Fingernails, hair, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, muscles Made up of Amino Acids (22 different kinds) There are many

different amino acids. The human body requires 22. There are 9 essential amino acids which must be ingested, cannot

be made by body.• *Histidine / Threonine• Isoleucine / Tryptophan• Leucine / Valine• Lysine / Phenylalanine • Methionine

*Histidine is essential for

infants but not adults


Enzymes (proteins) Help control chemical reactions in cells Known as organic catalysts• Affects the rate or speed of a chemical reaction without

itself being changed• Can be used over and over again• Names of enzymes usually end in –ase• Lactase – allows you to digest milk


Nucleic Acids DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Largest known organic molecules Made of thousands of subunits (nucleotides) DNA – process of heredity – every human cell nucleus contains 46 (23 pair) of

chromosomes creating a long coiled molecule of DNA

The DNA molecule passes genetic info from one generation to the next

The chromosomes contain about 100,000 genes


RNA Messenger RNA (m-RNA) Transfer RNA (t-RNA) Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) RNA is responsible for allowing the creation

(synthesis) of different kinds of proteins within the human cell

Digital Representation of an RNA molecule


Acids/Bases/Salts Acid – when dissolved in water, yields hydrogen ions Litmus paper tests acidity Turns blue litmus paper red

Base – (alkali) – when dissolved in water, yields negatively charged hydroxide ions

Turns red litmus paper blue

When an acid and base are combined, they form a SALT and water.

This is called a neutralization or exchange reaction.


pH Scale Measure of acidity or alkalinity 0-14 scale Water is neutral (7.0) Blood 7.35-7.45 Gastric Acid 1.5 – 2.5 Lemons 2.0


Homeostasis Buffers (sodium bicarbonate) allow the body to

maintain normal PH levels and optimum ranges of PH for life.

Intracellular fluid – within the cell Extracellular fluid – bathes the cell These fluids must maintain appropriate acid-base

and electrolyte balances for life to continue (homeostasis)

Moderate dysfunction – illness Severe dysfucntion - death

Molecules and Nutrition

Molecular HomeostasisTaking in a constant supply of energy and raw materials

needed to keep each body component in a continuous state of well-being.

Diets lacking a balanced molecular composition create malnutrition

Mal = “bad”

Undernutrition results from diets that lack all needed molecules for energy and

raw materials.

Glycemic Index

The measurement indicates the amount of glucose available in a given food. NOT the amount of calories.

Foods with a high GI will rapidly increase blood sugar. That blood sugar is stored as glycogen in the liver and

skeletal muscle. Then it is stored as fat.

1 pound of fat = 3500 calories.

http://www.glycemicindex.com/

Check out your favorite foods.

http://www.glycemicindex.com/

Health Science 1 Chapter 2 The Body’s Chemical Makeup.

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Transcript of Health Science 1 Chapter 2 The Body’s Chemical Makeup.