Health Impacts relative to Health Impacts relative to Obesity and Excessive Body Obesity and Excessive Body

WeightWeight

Presented by:Presented by:Health Initiatives CommitteeHealth Initiatives Committee

Charles A. Christopher, MDCharles A. Christopher, MD

Surgeon GeneralSurgeon General

Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc.Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc.

Life Expectancy (in years)Life Expectancy (in years)

White femalesWhite females 78.0 78.0

African-American femalesAfrican-American females 76.176.1

White malesWhite males 75.375.3

Black malesBlack males 69.069.0

The Choice is Yours!!!!The Choice is Yours!!!!

“ “Obesity”Obesity”

What is Obesity?What is Obesity?Obesity is a disease that affects nearly Obesity is a disease that affects nearly one-third of the adult American population one-third of the adult American population (approximately 60 million).(approximately 60 million).

The number of overweight and obese The number of overweight and obese Americans has continued to increase since Americans has continued to increase since 1960, a trend that is not slowing down.1960, a trend that is not slowing down.

Today, 64.5 percent of adult Americans Today, 64.5 percent of adult Americans (about 127 million) are categorized as (about 127 million) are categorized as being overweight or obese.being overweight or obese.

Obesity (Con’t)Obesity (Con’t)

Each year, obesity causes at least Each year, obesity causes at least 300,000 excess deaths in the U.S., 300,000 excess deaths in the U.S., and healthcare costs of American and healthcare costs of American adults with obesity amount to adults with obesity amount to approximately $100 billion.approximately $100 billion.

Obesity (Con’t)Obesity (Con’t)Obesity is the second leading cause Obesity is the second leading cause of unnecessary deaths.of unnecessary deaths.– Despite its toll taken in death and Despite its toll taken in death and

disability, obesity does not receive the disability, obesity does not receive the attention it deserves from government, attention it deserves from government, the health care profession or the the health care profession or the insurance industry.insurance industry.

– Research is severely limited by a Research is severely limited by a shortage of funds.shortage of funds.

– Inadequate insurance coverage limits Inadequate insurance coverage limits access to treatment.access to treatment.

Obesity (Con’t)Obesity (Con’t)– Health insurance providers rarely pay Health insurance providers rarely pay

for treatment of obesity despite its for treatment of obesity despite its serious effects on health.serious effects on health.

– The tendency toward obesity is fostered The tendency toward obesity is fostered by our environment: lack of physical by our environment: lack of physical activity combined with high-calorie, low-activity combined with high-calorie, low-cost foods.cost foods.

– If maintained, even weight losses as If maintained, even weight losses as small as 10 percent of body weight can small as 10 percent of body weight can improve one’s health.improve one’s health.

Obesity (Con’t)Obesity (Con’t)– Discrimination and mistreatment of persons Discrimination and mistreatment of persons

with obesity is widespread and often with obesity is widespread and often considered socially acceptable.considered socially acceptable.

Did you know?Did you know?– Obesity is a chronic disease with a strong Obesity is a chronic disease with a strong

familial component.familial component.– Obesity increases one’s risk of developing Obesity increases one’s risk of developing

conditions such as high blood pressure, conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes (type 2), heart disease, stroke, diabetes (type 2), heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease and cancer of the breast, gallbladder disease and cancer of the breast, prostate and colon.prostate and colon.

Obesity (Con’t)Obesity (Con’t)– The National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health

annually spends less than 1.0 percent of annually spends less than 1.0 percent of its budget on obesity research.its budget on obesity research.

– Persons with obesity are victims of Persons with obesity are victims of employment and other discrimination, employment and other discrimination, and are penalized for their condition and are penalized for their condition despite many federal and state laws and despite many federal and state laws and policies.policies.

What is BMI?What is BMI?Body Mass Index (BMI) is a mathematical Body Mass Index (BMI) is a mathematical calculation used to determine whether a calculation used to determine whether a person is overweight.person is overweight.

Being obese and being overweight are Being obese and being overweight are not the same condition. A BMI of 30 or not the same condition. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese and a BMI more is considered obese and a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered between 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight.overweight.

There are many factors that impact aThere are many factors that impact a

Con’t)Con’t)

person’s health risk relative to their person’s health risk relative to their BMI such as waist size, smoking, the BMI such as waist size, smoking, the types of foods someone eats types of foods someone eats regularly, exercise, and medical regularly, exercise, and medical conditions associated with obesity conditions associated with obesity including diabetes, high blood including diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and pressure, high cholesterol and coronary heart disease.coronary heart disease.

““Diabetes”Diabetes”

Diabetes and African AmericansDiabetes and African AmericansAffects 3.2 million or 13.3 percent of Affects 3.2 million or 13.3 percent of all African Americans aged 20 or all African Americans aged 20 or older.older.African Americans are almost twice as African Americans are almost twice as likely to have diabetes as whites.likely to have diabetes as whites.1 out of every 4 African Americans 1 out of every 4 African Americans between the ages of 65 and 74 have between the ages of 65 and 74 have diabetes.diabetes.1out of every 4 African American 1out of every 4 African American women over 55 has diabetes. women over 55 has diabetes.

(Con’t)(Con’t)

There are two (2) types of diabetes:There are two (2) types of diabetes:– Type 1 starts in childhood and is Type 1 starts in childhood and is

something that a person is born with something that a person is born with and has no way of preventing or curing.and has no way of preventing or curing.

– Type 1 diabetics need to get regular Type 1 diabetics need to get regular insulin shots.insulin shots.

(Con’t)(Con’t)– Type 2 diabetes typically starts in adulthood, Type 2 diabetes typically starts in adulthood,

but more children are now developing it but more children are now developing it because of the increase of obesity and because of the increase of obesity and decrease in exercise.decrease in exercise.

– Type 2 is the most common type of diabetes Type 2 is the most common type of diabetes and the one that’s related to being overweight.and the one that’s related to being overweight.

– Insulin shots may also be necessary for people Insulin shots may also be necessary for people that develop Type 2 diabetes but in most that develop Type 2 diabetes but in most cases,Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by cases,Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by maintaining a healthy weight, eating the right maintaining a healthy weight, eating the right foods and being physically active.foods and being physically active.

““High Blood High Blood Pressure”Pressure”

American Heart Association recommended American Heart Association recommended

blood pressure levelsblood pressure levels

Blood PressureBlood Pressure Systolic Systolic DiastolicDiastolic

CategoryCategory (Upper Number) (Upper Number) (Lower Number)(Lower Number)

NormalNormal less than 120less than 120 andand less less than 80than 80

PrehypertensivePrehypertensive 120 – 139120 – 139 oror 80 – 8980 – 89

HighHigh

Stage 1Stage 1 140 – 159140 – 159 oror 90 – 9990 – 99

Stage 2Stage 2 160 or higher160 or higher oror 100 or 100 or higher higher

Risk factors for High Blood PressureRisk factors for High Blood Pressure

Overweight/obesityOverweight/obesityLack of exercise/physical activityLack of exercise/physical activityUnhealthy dietUnhealthy dietStressStressSmoking or using tobacco productsSmoking or using tobacco productsRace: African Americans have higher Race: African Americans have higher riskriskAge: Older than 55Age: Older than 55Family history of high blood pressureFamily history of high blood pressure

(Con’t)(Con’t)

Sensitivity to sodium (salt)Sensitivity to sodium (salt)

Polycystic kidney disease ( and other Polycystic kidney disease ( and other types of kidney disease)types of kidney disease)

Cushing’s diseaseCushing’s disease

Medication side effects (e.g. Medication side effects (e.g. antidepressants, cold medicines, oral antidepressants, cold medicines, oral contraceptives.contraceptives.

Recreational drug use (e.g. cocaine)Recreational drug use (e.g. cocaine)

Prostate CancerProstate Cancer

Some things we should know as African American Men

The Prostate GlandThe Prostate Gland

What Are The Symptoms OfWhat Are The Symptoms Of Prostate CancerProstate Cancer

Unfortunately, prostate cancer can Unfortunately, prostate cancer can progress without symptoms or progress without symptoms or show symptoms that occur with show symptoms that occur with other conditions – as a result, other conditions – as a result, many men with prostate cancer many men with prostate cancer never know it until it is too late!never know it until it is too late!

What Are The SymptomsWhat Are The SymptomsMajor symptoms are: Major symptoms are:

1.1.    slow urinary flowslow urinary flow2.2.    feeling of incomplete emptying of thefeeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder after urinatingbladder after urinating3.3.      painful urinationpainful urination4.4.      blood in urine or semenblood in urine or semen5.5.      back painback pain6.6.      thigh pain or thigh pain or 7.7.      impotenceimpotence

These symptoms can also be caused by BPH (Benign These symptoms can also be caused by BPH (Benign Prostate Hyperplasia), a benign enlargement of the prostate Prostate Hyperplasia), a benign enlargement of the prostate gland.gland.

Commonly Used Steps InCommonly Used Steps InDiagnosing Prostate CancerDiagnosing Prostate Cancer

Digital rectal examination (DRE)Digital rectal examination (DRE)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Transrectal ultrasoundTransrectal ultrasound

BiopsyBiopsy

Age-adjusted Normal PSA RangeAge-adjusted Normal PSA Range

Age (yr)Age (yr) Normal Range (ng/ml)Normal Range (ng/ml)

40 – 4940 – 49 0-2.5 (0-2.0 for 0-2.5 (0-2.0 for AAAA & Others at & Others at risk)risk)

50 – 5950 – 59 0-3.5 (0.3.0 for 0-3.5 (0.3.0 for AAAA & Others at & Others at risk)risk)

60 – 6960 – 69 0-4.5 (0.4.0 for 0-4.5 (0.4.0 for AAAA & Others at & Others at risk)risk)

70 – 7970 – 79 0-6.5 0-6.5AA = African AmericansAA = African Americans

Source: Mayo ClinicSource: Mayo Clinic

What You Should KnowWhat You Should Know

PSA is not prostate cancer-specific.PSA is not prostate cancer-specific.

One test out of range may have One test out of range may have various causes.various causes.

The real value of the PSA test is in The real value of the PSA test is in serialization: Testing year to year serialization: Testing year to year and observing the rate of change.and observing the rate of change.

Causes of Prostate GrowthCauses of Prostate Growth(BPH)(BPH)

For most men, during the first 40 years of For most men, during the first 40 years of life, the prostate is on its best behavior.life, the prostate is on its best behavior.After age 40, many men (approx. 80%) will After age 40, many men (approx. 80%) will develop benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).develop benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).BPH is an irritating condition that causes the BPH is an irritating condition that causes the prostate to swell and interfere with urine prostate to swell and interfere with urine flow.flow.Sometimes, BPH leads to urinary tract Sometimes, BPH leads to urinary tract infections, in rare cases it cause damage to infections, in rare cases it cause damage to the bladder or kidneythe bladder or kidneyBPH is a condition that needs to be treated.BPH is a condition that needs to be treated.

Causes of Prostate GrowthCauses of Prostate Growth(Prostatitis(Prostatitis))

Prostatitis refers to an inflamed, swollen, and Prostatitis refers to an inflamed, swollen, and tender prostate. This painful condition can be tender prostate. This painful condition can be caused by an infection.caused by an infection.Symptoms may include pain in joints, muscles, Symptoms may include pain in joints, muscles, lower back, fever and chills, and urinary trouble.lower back, fever and chills, and urinary trouble.Prostatitis may be detected by bacteria in the Prostatitis may be detected by bacteria in the urine.urine.Prostatitis is not contagious, and it can not be Prostatitis is not contagious, and it can not be transmitted to a man’s sexual partnertransmitted to a man’s sexual partnerTreatment is to combat the bacteria and thus Treatment is to combat the bacteria and thus stop the infectionstop the infection

ExerciseExercise

ExerciseExercise

Being physically active is like Being physically active is like attaching a charger to your battery attaching a charger to your battery while at the same time giving your while at the same time giving your body a complete tune-up.body a complete tune-up.

Exercise can change you on the Exercise can change you on the inside and the outside and totally inside and the outside and totally energize you!energize you!

(Con’t)(Con’t)

Lower the risk of cancers of the Lower the risk of cancers of the colon, prostate and uterus.colon, prostate and uterus.

Bottom line: regular exercise is one Bottom line: regular exercise is one of the best things you can do not of the best things you can do not only to lose weight, but to live a only to lose weight, but to live a longer and healthier life.longer and healthier life.

Why should we exercise?Why should we exercise?

Before starting your active program of Before starting your active program of exercise and dietary changes, visit your local exercise and dietary changes, visit your local

physician for an overall health physician for an overall health assessment!!!!!!!!assessment!!!!!!!!

It’s up to you!!!!!It’s up to you!!!!!

Lose weight (healthy diet/exercise)Lose weight (healthy diet/exercise)

Stop smokingStop smoking

Manage stress betterManage stress better

Avoid excess alcoholAvoid excess alcohol

Decrease sodium (salt) intakeDecrease sodium (salt) intake

Take medications only as your doctor Take medications only as your doctor prescribes.prescribes.

Thank you, My BrothersThank you, My Brothers