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Job Hazard Analysis,Incident Investigation,and Training

Health and Safety Management

Professional Certificate in Human Resources

Job Hazard Analysis

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Job Hazard Analysis

In a JHA, each basic step of the job isexamined to identify potential hazards andto determine the safest way to do the job.

Why do a JHA? Takes advantage of experience and promotes

consensus. Identifies undetected hazards and increases job

knowledge. Helps determine appropriate PPE requirements. Provides the details for written safe work procedures. Serves as a teaching aid for initial job training. Serves as a briefing guide for infrequent jobs or

operations. Provides a standard for health and safety inspections. Assists in completing comprehensive Incident

investigations

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Elements of a JHA

1. Identify the job to be examined

2. Identify the steps or elements of the job

3. Identify the hazards connected with eachkey step

4. Identify the control(s) required in order tothe perform the job safely.

Step 1: Identify the Job

Priorities:

1. Incident Frequency

2. Incident Severity

3. Incident Potential

4. New Jobs Non-routine Jobs

5. Job Changes

6. Routine Jobs

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Step 2:Break into Key Steps

Break job down into key steps...AVOID:

Too much detail, creating anunnecessarily large number of steps

Too general, leaving basic steps out

Example

Changing a tire(not by an auto mechanic)

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Steps Too Detailed

Pull off road

Put car in “park”

Set brake

Activate emergency flashers

Open door

Get out of car

Walk to trunk

Put key in lock

Open trunk

Remove jack

Remove Spare tire

Steps Too General

Park car

take off flat tire

put on spare tire

drive away

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Key Steps (Sufficient Detail)

Park car, set brake

remove jack & tirefrom trunk

loosen log nuts

jack up car

remove tire

set new tire

jack down car

tighten lug nuts

store tire & jack

Step 3: Identify the Hazards

Parking Car

Struck by Traffic

Removing tire & jack

Back Strain

bang head on trunk

Loosen lug nuts

back/arm strain

slip & fall

Jacking up car

car could fall off jack

Setting new tire

fingers pinched

back strain

Tighten nuts

back strain

slip & fall

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Step 4:Select Controls

Parking Car

Struck by Traffic

Park well off the roadway

Removing tire & jack

Back Strain

Use proper lifting techniques

bang head on trunk

Be observant

Select Controls

Loosen lug nuts

back/arm strain

Use proper techniques

slip & fall

Be sure of footing

Wear shoes with good traction

Jacking up car

car could fall off jack

Select stable surface

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Select Controls

Setting new tire

fingers pinched

Keep fingers away from pinch points

back strain

Use proper lifting techniques

Tighten nuts

back strain

Use proper techniques

slip & fall

Use correct stance

Types of Controls

Determine the kind of control required:

Engineering Control

Administrative Control

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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Engineering Controls

This is the preferred protection method.

It has the ability to totally isolate thehazard.

Examples:

Machine Guards

Sound deadening/dampening

Shielding

Computerizing or automating anoperation

Administrative Changes

Rescheduling work

Changing a procedure

Re-assignment to another work area.

Requiring certain PPE to do a task

Not preferred, because it can sometimesbe circumvented.

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PPEThis is the method of last resort because:

the individual wears the barrier separating theemployee from the health hazard.

If this barrier fails, for whatever reason, the employeewill come in contact with the hazard.

This control is only effective when used and maintainedproperly.

This control can also be circumvented.

Implement the Control

Engineering: Rebuild Equipment,Purchase proper tools, etc.

Administrative: Revise policies,procedures, etc.

PPE: Provide protective equipment

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Complete Job Hazard Analysis

PROTECTION

HAZARD

PROTECTION PROTECTION

HAZARD

KEY STEP

Class Exercise

JHA: Sharpening a blade on a lawnmower

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Develop Other Solutions

Find a new way to do job

Change physical conditions that createhazards

Change the work procedure

Reduce frequency of performing a job

Redesign the Job

Determine the work goal of the job, andthen analyze the various ways of reachingthis goal to see which way is safest.

Consider work saving tools andequipment.

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Should this Job beRedesigned?

Change the Physical Conditions

Tools, materials, equipment layout or location

Study change carefully for other benefits (costs, timesavings)

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Change Work Procedures

What should the worker do to eliminate the hazard

How should it be done?

Document changes in detail

Reduce Frequency

What can be done to reduce the frequencyof the job??

Identify parts that cause frequent repairs -change

Reduce vibration save machine parts

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Determine the Effects

A job that has been redesigned may affectother jobs or work processes.

Check or re-observe the new processonce it has been redesigned

Incident Investigation

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Objectives

You will be able to:

Describe what an Incident is

Identify the basic causes of an Incident

Describe the steps involved in an Incident investigation

Describe the various problem solving techniques ofIncident investigation

Describe reporting techniques

What is an Incident?

Most often an Incident is any unplannedevent that results in personal injury or inproperty damage.

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Incident Investigation

Will determine how and why of failures.

Examine possible corrective action.

Aid in the Incident prevention and elimination of a clearlyidentified hazard.

Most important:

Investigation is not intended to place blame.

The Three Basic CausesPoor Management Safety Policy & Decisions

Personal FactorsEnvironmental Factors

Unsafe ActUnsafe

Condition

Unplanned release of energyand/or

Hazardous material

Basic Causes

Indirect Causes

Direct

Causes

IncidentIncidentPersonal Injury

Property Damage

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Be Prepared

Develop contingency plans prior to the Incident.

Designate an investigator

This person should only be responsible forinvestigating.

Should have a good working knowledge of operatingprocedures.

Be equipped with the right tools to do the job thoroughly.

Class Exercise

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Questions

In the course of fact finding and interviewingit is important to ask:

Who

What

Where

When

Why

Record the Facts

Interview witnesses as soon as possible.

Document the Incident scene before any changes aremade.

Take photos

Draw scaled sketches

Record measurements

Gather support documents such as maintenancerecords, reports, production schedules or processdiagrams.

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Record the Facts

Keep all notes and remarks in a bound notebook or threering binder.

Record:

Pre-Incident conditions

Incident sequence

Post-Incident conditions

Document victim location, witnesses, machinery, energysources and other contributing factors.

Record the Facts

Even the most insignificant detail may beuseful.

Document and then document some more.

The investigator should be concentratingsolely on the investigation at hand.

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Interviewing

Excellent source of first hand knowledge.

May present pitfalls in the form of:

Bias

Perspective

Embellishment

It is important to maintain a clear thoughtprocess and control of the interview.

Interviewing

Get preliminary statements as soon as possible from allwitnesses.

Locate the position of each witness on a master chart(including the direction of view)

Explain the purpose of the investigation (Incidentprevention) and put each witness at ease.

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Interviewing

Let each witness speak freely and take notes withoutdistracting the witness (use a tape recorder only withconsent of the witness).

Use sketches and diagrams to help the witness.

Emphasize areas of direct observation and label hearsayaccordingly.

Record the exact words used by the witness to describeeach observation.

Interviewing

Word each question carefully and be sure the witnessunderstands.

Identify the qualifications of each witness (name,address, occupation, years of experience, etc.).

Supply each witness with a copy of their statements(signed statements are desirable).

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Class Exercise

Problem Solving TechniquesChange Analysis

This technique emphasizes change to correct theproblem.

Examination of deviations from the norm are scrutinized.

Consider all problems to result from some unanticipatedchange.

Analyze the changes to determine its cause.

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Problem Solving TechniquesChange Analysis

Use the following steps in this method:

Define the problem (What happened?).

Establish the norm (What should have happened?).

Identify, locate, and describe the change (What, where, when, to

what extent).

Specify what was and what was not affected.

Identify the distinctive features of the change.

List the possible causes.

Select the most likely causes.

Problem Solving TechniquesJob Hazard Analysis

JHA’s are reviewed during the investigation if aJHA has been conducted for the job involved inan Incident.

A JHA is performed if one is not available todetermine the events and conditions that led tothe Incident.

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Problem Solving TechniquesJob Hazard Analysis

Job Safety AnalysisJob:

Incipient FirefightingDate:

Title of Worker Who Performs Job: Foreman or Supervisor: Analysis By:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Department: Section: Reviewed By:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Required and/or Recommended Personal Protective Equipment:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Sequence of Basic Job StepsPotential Accidents orHazards

Recommended Safe Job Procedures

1. Remove fire extinguisher from wall bracket 1. Unit is heavy and awkwardto handle

1. Get a firm grip with both hands before removingto prevent dropping the unit

2. Carry to fire 2. It weighs 29 lbs.3 Operate the unit to extinguish the fire 3. Dropping unit 2. Lift properly and lower to walking position4. Place used extinguisher near exit door of firearea to be picked up for servicing

4 Arm strain 3. Be sure you can carry the unit; if you can’t gethelp

5. Back strain6. Pinch hand on handle7. Cut finger on pin8. Shoot water into face9. Empty extinguishers areeasy to upset10. It upset, they roll andcause tripping hazards

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5.

6.7

walk briskly to fire, being alert for slipping andtripping hazardsHold to support extinguisher while removing thesafety pinGrip firmly to avoid droppingBe sure discharge is always directed at the firearea

8 Place used extinguisher in approved location9 Complete any reports required by the company

Investigation Report

An Incident investigation is not complete until a report isprepared and submitted to the proper authorities.

Suggestion of items to include in your report:Next Slide

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Investigation Report

Background Information

Account of the Incident(What happened?)

Discussion(Analysis of the Incident - HOW; WHY)

Recommendations(to prevent a recurrence) for immediate and long-range action to remedy:

Discussion of OSHA Investigated Incidents

Information collected through OSHA Incidentinvestigations are available at the website:

http://www.osha.gov/cgi-bin/inv/inv1

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Session Info

Tools and resources Investigations

1. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/accidentinvestigation/index.html