Paper 1: The Challenge of Natural Hazards

Two examples to show the differing effects and responses of a tectonic hazard in a LIC and NEE/HIC: Earthquakes in Nepal and Chile

1. Did we compare two earthquakes or two volcanoes?

Two earthquakes

2. When and where did both earthquakes happen?

Nepal – April 2015. Chile – April 2014

3. Which type of country was which?

Nepal – LIC

Chile - NEE

4. How were responses similar and different in both of these countries?

Both had international help.

Nepal had more search and rescue, 500,000 tents donated for

temporary shelter. Helicopters used for delivering emergency supplies

due to inaccessibility from the Himalayas.

Chile 90% of people had water and power in 10 days.

5. Explain two reasons for the differences in effects and responses

Lack of money for protection (EQ proof buildings) in both areas but more

so in Nepal

Nepal not having regular EQs meaning they are less prepared for them –

Earthquake drills. Chile has EQs more regularly.

Nepal is a landlocked country in the Himalayas, normal life was hard

anyway due to inaccessible roads and remote villages.

Chile – due to more earthquakes occurring more regularly, people were

prepared and knew to evacuate and get to safe places, such as wide

open spaces away from buildings

Paper 1: The Challenge of Natural Hazards

A Case Study of a Tropical storm to show its effects and responses: Typhoon Haiyan

1. Name the example of a tropical storm that we studied Typhoon Haiyan, the Philippines

2. When did the tropical storm occur? November 2013

3. What category was the storm? Category 5 – 170mph winds

4. How big was the storm surge? 15m

5. Give three primary impacts of the storm. State if these are economic, environmental or social

6,300 killed – Social 600,000 homeless – Social Airport badly damaged – Economic 30,000 fishing boats destroyed – Economic Major flooding from storm surge – Environmental

6. Why was the death toll so high when people in the area are used to experiencing Tropical Storms?

People went to the lower levels of their houses to escape the high winds. However they were unaware of the storm surge until it was too late and they were drowned.

7. Give three secondary impacts of the storm. State if these are economic, environmental or social

14 million people affected – Social / Economic 6 million lost source of income (mainly fishing) – Economic Landslides blocking roads – Environmental Power supplies lost for a month – Social / Economic Shortages of food and water – Social Aid slow to arrive – ferries and airlines disrupted for weeks – Social Looting and violence in Tacloban – Social / Economic

8. Which impacts do you think are worse? Primary or secondary? Why? Push student for response with a decision and an explanation for why

9. What were the immediate responses to the storm?

International Aid 1200 evacuations centres set up for homeless UK movement sent shelter kits Red cross delivered basic food aid – e.g. rice, canned food and cooking

oil10. What were the long term responses?

Rebuilding of roads and bridges Oxfam supported replacement of fishing boats Homes built away from areas at risk of flooding (storm surges) “Cash for work” programmes paid people to clear debris

Paper 1: The Challenge of Natural Hazards

An example of a UK weather event: Somerset Levels Floods

1. What was the name of our example of a UK weather event?

Somerset Levels floods

2. When and where was the flooding?

Winter 2013-2014, Moorland and Muchelney worst hit

3. Which river flooded?

River Parrett and River Tone

4. Explain two reasons for the area flooding

Rainfall over a long period of time from several low pressure weather

systems during the winter, ground saturated

Lack of dredging in the rivers and drains, channels held less water

5. Give an economic impact of the flooding

Houses flooded – have to be repaired

Railway flooded

Roads flooded – people couldn’t get to work

Businesses flooded – willow weaving centre

Farms flooded and livestock moved (Cows to Cannington)

6. Give an environmental impact of the flooding

Habitat flooded (Somerset Levels – Site for wetland birds etc)

7. Give a social impact of the flooding

People homeless for months while houses repaired

House insurance premiums increased massively after the flooding

8. Explain how flood risk in the area could be reduced

More regular dredging

Paper 1: The Living World

An example of a small scale local ecosystem: Silk Mills Nature Reserve, Taunton

1. What small scale ecosystem did we study?

Silk Mills Nature Reserve, Taunton

2. Give two facts about the reserve

West Taunton, January 2010 it was created, 10 hectares in size

3. What is a producer?

A plant, produce own food from the sun – photosynthesis

4. What is a consumer?

An animal that eats another. Or an animal that eats a producer.

5. What is a decomposer?

Break down dead or decaying organisms

6. What is a food chain?

shows the different species of an organism in an ecosystem, and what

eats what.

7. What is a food web?

A selection of food chains that link together. The organisms come from

the same ecosystem.

8. Suggest how the ecosystem could change and the impact this would have

Pollution in the rivers, would reduce the number of species up the food

chain, such as midge larvae.

Fertiliser in the rivers would increase algae, which reduce oxygen and

therefore kill aquatic plants and wildlife

Paper 1: The Living World

A Case Study of a Tropical Rainforest: Malaysia

1. What tropical rainforest did we study?

Malaysia 2. Give two facts about the rainforest in Malaysia

67% of the land is covered in Tropical Rainforest

Home to rare species like the Oran tang

2000 - 2013 area the size of Denmark was cut down!

3. Give four reasons for the deforestation (two economic and one social)

Valuable wood – teak and mahogany

Expansion of urban areas – Urbanisation

Growth of palm oil and soy bean production – money was given by the

government to encourage to growth of the former in the 1980s

Expansion of farming industry – beef

Mining valuable products – Oil and gas in Borneo, Tin.

Road building to transport goods

4. State three impacts of the deforestation

Reduction in wildlife, loss of habitats

Loss of carbon sinks – co2 turned back into 02

Loss of new medicines

Loss of documentaries as no wildlife to film

5. Explain why soil erosion is a problem following the deforestation

Lack of roots holding the soil together, rain erodes the soil, ends up in

waterways, doesn’t allow light to penetrate the water, aquatic plants die

Paper 1: The Living World

A Case Study of a Hot Desert: The Thar Desert

1. Which Desert did we study? Thar Desert

2. Where is the desert located? Pakistan and India

3. Give two Facts about the desert Covers 200,000 km2 Most densely populated desert in the world It is just slightly smaller than the area of the UK

4. Explain three opportunities for development in the desert Energy – Solar. Long cloudless days Tourism – Yearly Desert festival. Trend of more extreme places being

visited by people as people have more disposable income Mineral extraction – gypsum for plaster (building), Kaolin for whitening

paper. Farming - The Indria Ghandi Canal built in 1958 has meant that there is

a good water supply for crop irrigation (watering crops). Wheat and cotton now thrive in the area.

5. Explain three challenges for development in the desert Too hot for working – above 50ᵒC Inaccessibility – limited roads, tarmac melts Lack of water as industry and farming crops has increased Desertification

6. What is desertification? Land becomes more desert like because of people

7. Explain why desertification happens Overgrazing and harvesting wood for firewood – both strip the area of

plants and trees holding the soil together and reducing organic matter that returns to the soil. The soil is blown away and reduces in fertility.

8. What can be done to try and reduce desertification? Creating national parks – protect land from farming and fire wood

collection Magic stones – dry stone walls to reduce soil erosion and encourage

water to infiltrate when it rains Education of farmers Planting trees

Paper 1: Physical landscapes in the UK: Coastal Landscapes

An example of a coastal management scheme in the UK: Lyme Regis

1. Which place did we study that had a coastal management scheme on?

Lyme Regis2. Where is Lyme Regis?

Dorset, south coast UK 3. Why did the area need coastal management?

Strong winter storms Unstable cliffs – soft sandstone and mudstone prone to erosion and

landslides Climate change – stronger storms and larger waves increasing erosion

4. What Coastal management occurred in the 1990s (Phase 1)? New sea wall and Promenade to the east Nails put in cliff and the slopes steepness reduced to reduce the risk of

landslides5. What emergency work was undertaken in 2003-2004?

Emergency project of £1.4 million to stabilise cliffs in the winter6. What work occurred in 2005-2007 (Phase 2)?

£22 million spent New sea wall and Promenade along the main beach Beach nourishment to increase beach size Rock armour increased at the Cobb (West end)

7. Why was Phase 3 shelved (scrapped)? Doing works to the cliffs and beach east of the Cobb was deemed

economically unviable due to a lack of tourists visiting that part of the beach.

8. What occurred between 2013-2015 (Phase 4) East of the town £20 million spent New 390m sea wall Nailing, pilling and drainage to stabilise the cliff and protect 240 homes

9. Explain the positives and negatives of two management strategies used Sea wall:

i. Lasts 100 years, sends wave energy back out to sea. Costs millions of pounds.

ii. Reduces access to the beach. Not aesthetically pleasing

Rock armour / rip rap:i. Lasts 100 years. Makes sea walls last longer as placed in front of

them. Disperses wave energy. ii. Rock shipped in from Norway etc. which costs millions. Dangerous

for children to play on. Not aesthetically pleasing. Beach nourishment:

i. looks aesthetically pleasing. Makes a bigger beach for more tourists to use which means more money for the local economy. Wave energy slows and doesn’t hit the back of the beach, reducing erosion.

ii. Only lasts until the next big storm, where erosion will move material away from the beach. Diggers are unsightly and can put tourists off when more material is being placed on the beach.

10. Explain a possible example of a conflict because of these management strategies

Beach nourishment requires replenishment via diggers, this will reduce access to the beach and put tourists off returning to the area. Businesses will lose money

Town will turn into a tourist hotspot and locals will be pushed out. Shops will not cater for the locals – lots of gift shops etc.

New beaches = larger = more tourists = more money Shops in the town are geared for tourists and not for locals i.e gifts vs.

supermarkets More protected harbour = more fishing = more income Traffic congestion is worse from increased tourists Stabilising cliffs will reduce fossil discoveries = a conflict

Paper 1: Physical landscapes in the UK: Coastal Landscapes

An example of a UK coastline with features of erosion and deposition: Swanage

1. Name the coastal area we studied with features of erosion and deposition

Swanage

2. Where is Swanage?

East Dorset, near Poole and Bournemouth

3. Name a feature created by erosion and how it’s formed

Headlands and bays - Layers of hard and soft rock perpendicular to the

coast, hard rock erodes slower making headlands, soft rock erodes

quicker making bays

4. Name a feature created by deposition and explain its formation

Beach – waves refracted around headland, waves lose energy as they

are spread out. Strong swash weak backwash – material is left on the

beach (constructive waves)

Could use the example from Year 8 of Dawlish Warren: Caves, arches, stacks and stumps – erosion A spit – deposition

Paper 1: Physical landscapes in the UK: river landscapes

An example of a river with features of erosion and deposition: Holford River

1. Name the river we studied with landforms of erosion and deposition

Holford River

2. Where is the Holford River?

Quantock Hills, Somerset

3. Give two other facts about the river

Source at Lady’s Fountain Spring

7km long

Mouth in the Bristol Channel

4. Name two features on the river created by erosion

Waterfall and gorge

Cut bank – vertical river bank on outside of river bend

5. Explain how one of them was formed

Waterfall – hard rock on top of soft rock, soft rock erodes quicker leaving

and overhang. This collapses and retreats forming a gorge

Cut Bank – Water moves faster on the outside of the bend (thalweg)

increasing erosion via hydraulic action and abrasion / corrasion

6. Name two features created by deposition

Braiding – river splitting up into multiple channels

Oxbow lake – C shaped lake created after a meaner is cut off

7. Explain how one of them was formed

River loses water (from another channel) deposition occurs as energy is

lost – more water touches the bed and banks proportionally meaning

islands are created in the middle of the channel.

Oxbow lake – erosion on outside of river bend means bends get closer

together. Meander gets cut off and new straighter route formed. Cut off

becomes a lake.

Paper 1: Physical landscapes in the UK: River Landscapes

An example of a flood management scheme in the UK: Exeter

1. Name the example of a flood management scheme in the UK River Exe at Exeter

2. Give three reasons for the flood management strategies needed on the river Exe at Exeter

7 floods in the 20th Century Around the river there is a floodplain containing the mainline (railway)

between Cornwall and London, which is prone to flooding There is a risk of flooding due to impermeable rock, steep slopes and

lots of tributaries in the River Basin 3. Give two flood management strategies completed in the 1960s and how they

reduced the risk of river flooding The deepening of current channels Relief channels to take extra water downstream past housing and

businesses (Called “weirs” on the map) Radial gates which control the amount of water flowing in the channels Grass banks near the river were increased in height to reduce the

chances of them being breached Bridges that were washed away were rebuilt wider to allow more water

to flow beneath them 4. Give two flood management strategies completed in 2014-2018 and how they

reduce the risk of river flooding The first phase included deepening a flood relief channel, reducing the

height of weir upstream at the start of the “Trews Flood Relief Channel” and removing one downstream, to increase the amount of water the river holds

5. Explain one social positive and negative of the new scheme 2014 scheme - Walkers who will use the lower area of the river for

recreation will not have an area to use while the works are carried out. Local people could still worry that if a flood occurs bigger than a 1 in 100

year event, the area will still flood!6. Explain one economic positive and negative of the new scheme

2014 scheme - £32 million pounds which some locals and councillors will argue could be spent on other things, like improving the road network, for example.

4,000 homes will be protected from flooding 7. Explain one environmental positive and negative of the new scheme

Some of the 2014 scheme is happening down river, past the Quay, where there is currently lots of animal habitats (meadows). These areas will be disturbed while the removal of the lower weir takes place. Suggest a conflict of the new scheme

8. Suggest why there could be conflict over the flood defences People could argue that money could be spent elsewhere – improving

roads and job opportunities for example. The river could still flood if there is an extreme event beyond a 1 in 100

year event

Paper 2: Urban Issues and ChallengesCase Study of a city in an LIC or NEE: Rio de Janeiro

1. Which city did we study in an LIC/NEE? Rio de Janeiro

2. Where is Rio de Janeiro? South America

3. Why is the city important nationally and to the wider world? The city is the second most important industrial centre in the country.

The Statue of Christ the Redeemer is one of the Seven New Wonders of the World.

The city is one of the most visited places in the Southern Hemisphere.4. Why has the city increased in population over time?

Rio de Janeiro is an emerging city in Brazil, South America. It is the second most populated city in Brazil. Recently millions of people from rural areas have migrated to major cities such as Rio de Janeiro to seek better opportunities.

5. How has urban change created opportunities? State if these are Economic, Social or environmental.

Rio has one of the highest incomes per person in the country. The city provides 6% of the country’s total employment. Increasingly the city is improving people’s access to services such as

education and healthcare. The growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development. As the city becomes more industrialized, the city will become wealthier.

6. Why has the growth of the city been seen as a challenge? Half of the population doesn’t have a local health clinic. Only half of children continue education beyond 14 due to a lack of

schools. Around 12 per cent of the population has no access to running water.

7. Why are there are challenges to do with providing clean water and sanitation as well as energy for everyone in the city?

Around 12 per cent of the population has no access to running water. Slums / favelas were built by the inhabitants as the government didn’t invest quickly enough in providing housing of those moving into the city from rural areas.

Most people who live in slums / favelas work in the informal sector meaning they don’t pay taxes which would help to improve healthcare, energy, education etc.

8. Why is reducing crime challenge? There are no benefits (money) for people who don’t have a job / cant work.

Therefore they may turn to crime. Many children work to provide for their families. They may be recruited by

gangs and turn to crime. Narrow streets and poor lighting (in a slum / favela), with a reduced police

force who can’t access the area, mean that crime can occur more easily. 9. Why is it a challenge to manage environmental issues such as traffic congestion,

waste disposal and water and air quality? Traffic congestion – Hard to build roads on steep mountains. Tunnels are

expensive to build to reduce congestion. Roads only built on flat coastal land so they get congested. Cars increased by 40% in recent years.

Waste disposal – Favelas have few proper roads, mainly small walkways so bin lorries cannot access these areas easily

Water – Waste is not treated before it enters rivers (from homes and industry). 55 rivers flowing into Guanabara Bay are very polluted. Ships empty fuel tanks in the bay as there is nowhere for them to empty their tanks properly.

Air Quality – Brown smog covers the city. Congestion builds up exhaust fumes. Atlantic winds mix with transport fumes and industrial smoke.

10. Name the example of how a urban scheme is with helping to improve the lives of the Quality of life of the urban poor

Favela Barrio Project 11. Give three ways in which the scheme works to improve people’s lives

Improve infrastructurei. Water – clean water – less disease/illnessii. Sewerage – Less diseases/illnessiii. Drainage iv. Street lighting – to reduce crimev. Street paving – make walkways safer/ easier to usevi. Parks and sport areas – for community events / sportsvii. Afforestation – Improving the look of the area with trees

Improve social services i. Child-care centres – nurseries so parents can go out to work and

earn more money for food, education etc ii. Social-service centres with an emphasis on families, children and

adolescents. Providing careers advice, counselling services. iii. Improve facilities for children and adolescents such as improving

income and provide work-generating activities so they can make money and have skills for future jobs. Like being able to read and write.

Community organisation and development – brings the community together so everyone knows each other and feels part of something

Land titling – meaning the residents of favelas own the land they live on. They feel safer in their homes

Paper 2: Urban Issues and ChallengesCase Study of a UK City: Bristol

1. Name the case study of a UK city we studied Bristol

2. Where is Bristol located? South west, Avon, near M4 and M5 On the river Frome and river Avon

3. Why is an important city to the UK? Two ports (Avonmouth and Royal Portbury) Two universities – UWE and University of Bristol Filton area – base for aerospace (airplanes)

High tech industries – Aardman (Wallace and Gromit) First UK city to be crowned “European green capital” in 2015

4. Why is Bristol an important city in the wider world? (Give 3) Isambard kingdom Brunel – Clifton suspension bridge, floating harbour etc Historical connections to the slave trade Maritime trade – tobacco, wine, cotton and sugar John Cabot sailed to help discover America on the boat “the Matthew” in 1497 25% of the UKs nature documentaries are made by BBC Bristol Political graffiti artist banksy was from Bristol Pirate Blackbeard was born in Bristol

5. How has migration changed the city and its character in a positive way? (Give 3) Migrants contribute to the economy Balance out ageing population Hardworking and motivated workforce Improved levels of skills in the population Culture is rich – St. Paul’s area has a carnival attracting 40,000 people

6. How has migration changed the city and its character in a negative way? (Give 2) Migrants move to areas with others of the own culture meaning they don’t

integrate as well into the wider city Some migrants may not speak English or require skills training Tension can occur between different groups of people due to the segregation

(different groups of people living near to each other without having much to do with each other)

Housing and employment pressure 7. What social and economic opportunities have been created from urban change?

(Give 3) The harbour now has more entertainment ie nightclubs, museums and

restaurants There are open public areas for one off events – harbour festival Cultural events – public art (graffiti festivals, St. Paul’s carnival) Filton area – aerospace and engineering jobs in north Bristol Integrated transport systems – public transport that links together between

Temple Meads station and the city centre (bus). Bicycle lanes and crossings have priority over traffic. 20mph speed l8mits for cars in the city to make it safer for cyclists. Park and ride schemes around the city.

8. What environmental opportunities have been created from urban change? Areas of social and green space have been made and preserved for the public

to use. Castle green, college green etc. 9. What social and economic challenges have been created from urban change?

Inner city areas are deprived Housing quality is poor – high rise blocks, many people living in a smaller

house as rents are high Inner city schools have more challenges due to a large number of children

having English as an additional language

10. What environmental challenges have been created from urban change? Buildings are left derelict (unused) Brownfield sites are more expensive to build on as there are buildings on it to

start with Greenfield sites on the edge of the city are used to build new houses estates

as the population increases. Habitats are lost. Rainwater is not so easily absorbed.

More people means more waste to dispose of in landfill 11. What is urban sprawl?

Urban areas spreading out uncontrollably into the countryside 12. What is a commuter settlement?

A urban area that is quiet in the day (village, small town) as most of the population travel to get to work in cities nearby

13. Give two positives of urban sprawl Better quality of life for residents – fresh air, quieter way if life, community feel

14. Give two negatives of urban sprawl Local amenities (shops etc) close as people are not there in the day time Loss of habitats from new houses / roads being built Congestion from people travelling to work

15. Name the example (area) of urban regeneration in Bristol Broadmead area – Cabot’s Circus, Quaker friars etc

16. State two reasons for the urban regeneration Loss of customers to Cribs Causeway in the 1990s – free parking!

17. Name three features of the urban regeneration found in Bristol Cabot circus – multi use development – flats, cinema, shops, restaurants

finished 2008 Easy links to public transport – bus and rail Quakers friar – high end labels – Apple shop

18. Explain how Bristol is promoting sustainable living via water reduction and energy conservation

University of Bristol – pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030 and reduce emissions by 38% by 2020

UWE - Reduce water used by 10% by 2020. Increase rainwater harvesting 19. Explain how Bristol is promoting sustainable living via waste recycling

Bristol Wood Recycling Project - Employ local people. Provide courses for local people in woodwork. Reduce wood going to landfill. Provide affordable timber for the local community

Bristol Waste Company - Challenge 50 households to have a zero waste household for a year by providing community groups and training to change local mind-sets on waste

20. Explain how Bristol is promoting sustainable living via creating green space 651 green spaces - 114 allotments or community growing spaces, 27 bowling

greens, four golf courses, 142 play spaces, 45 playing fields and 85 public parks.

Bristol food network - Encourage people to grow their own food. Use good quality land for food production. Provide education on growing food for local communities. Lead community led food swaps. The project has created and looks after - City Farms, Allotment areas and Community gardens

21. What does ITS stand for? Integrated transport system

22. Give three examples of urban transport strategies (ITS) being used to reduce traffic congestion in Bristol

Several “Park and rides” – at Long Ashton, for example Cycle lanes – separate to the road network “Yo bikes” to rent around the city Train plus bus tickets 20mph speed limit to prioritise cyclists Bus lanes in the city centre – cars prohibited Main line and Local train line – 12 stations in the city 2+ car lane

Paper 2: The Changing Economic WorldAn example of how tourism reduces the development gap in a LIC or NEE: Jamaica 1. What country did we study?

Jamaica 2. Why is Jamaica an LIC?

Economy based on minerals, agriculture and some manufacturing It has suffered from slow economic growth from debt and high unemployment

over a long period of time 3. Explain three ways in which tourism helps to reduce the development gap.

Employment

i. Highest employment sector (24%) - 200,000 in jobs in and around tourism, such as transport, hotels and banking. However in the main tourist towns.

ii. People employed via tourism spend money in local shops and services iii. Those employed learn new skills which improves prospects of a better

paid job Infrastructure

i. North coast has had investment in better ports and hotels for cruise ships

ii. However road improvements have been slow and some parts of the island are cut off

Quality of Lifei. Northern areas have nice houses and high quality housing from tourism

however there are still many who don’t have access to clean water and a limited food supply in the same area

The Environmenti. Mass tourism (lots of people visiting one place) can cause footpath

erosion, extra waste and harmful emissionsii. However landscaping and conservation (water treatment) of tourist

areas provides jobs for the locals iii. Ecotourism is increasing with low impact accommodation (small guest

house) and local guides providing tourist experiences in more remote areas, with money going directly to the locals instead of a multinational tour company like Thomas Cook

4. Give two problems of relying on tourism to reduce Global inequalities (the development gap) Environmental damage – footpath erosion, waste from hotels Economic damage – most of the money goes to travel companies not local

people. Local people have low paid jobs and may not get to be hotel managers, for example.

Paper 2: The Changing Economic World

Case Study of a Country in an LIC / NEE: Nigeria

1. What country did we study? Nigeria

2. Where is Nigeria? Central Africa, to the West

3. Why is it important nationally and to the wider world? Nigeria is the world’s 21st largest economy and is still experiencing

growth.

Nigeria is ranked seventh in the world by size of population. Nigeria has the third largest manufacturing sector in Africa. Nigeria has the highest farm output in Africa.

4. What is the politics like in Nigeria? Suffered instability with a civil war between 1967-1970. From 1999, the country become stable with free and fair elections. Stability has encouraged global investment from China and USA. Regional conflicts from groups such as the Boko Haram terrorists.

5. What is the culture like in Nigeria? Nigeria’s diversity has created rich and varied artistic culture. The country has a rich music, literacy and film industry (i.e. Nollywood).

6. What are the social aspects of Nigeria like? Life expectancy has increased from 46 to 53 years. 64% have access to safe water. Typical schooling years have increased from 7 to 9 years

7. What is the environmental like in Nigeria?

8. How is the industrial structure of Nigeria changing? Once based on agriculture, its economy is now manufacturing and

services. A thriving manufacturing industry is increasing foreign investment and

employment opportunities.9. What are Nigeria’s main exports to the wider world?

Nigeria plays a leading role with the African Union and UN. Growing links with China with huge investment in infrastructure. Main imports include petrol from EU, cars from Brazil and phones from

China. 10. Give three positives of TNCs for the host country of Nigeria

TNCs have been the main source of investment in oil and gas explorations by supporting the construction of oil and gas platforms.

The investment has created employment opportunities and raised incomes and contributed hugely to the Nigerian economy.

Many Nigerian companies have benefited from the exploitation of oil and gas by winning contracts with the TNCs.

The government benefits from export taxes, providing money that can be spent on improving education, healthcare and services.

TNCs such as Shell have many international business links. This can help industry to thrive even further.

11. Give three negatives (for the Host country of Nigeria) of TNCs setting up

Tankers transport oil to Europe and the USA where it is refined into petroleum products. This means that profits go abroad rather than benefiting the host country.

TNCs can exploit the low wage economy and avoid paying local or even full taxes.

There have many oil spills in the fragile delta environment, causing water pollution and damaging fisheries.

Oil fares and toxic fumes have increased air pollution. Social unrest in the area has led to theft, sabotage and violent crime. Incentives used to attract TNCs could have been spent supporting

Nigerian companies instead.12. What international aid does Nigeria receive? How’s does this impact on

Nigeria (positives and negatives) Receives $5billion per year in aid. Aid groups (Action Aid) have improved health centres, provided anti-

mosquito nets and helped to protect people against AIDS/HIV. Some aid fails to reach the people who need it due to corruption.

13. How does economic development improve people’s quality of life in Nigeria? More people have jobs that are better paid. They can send their children

to school Employees can buy more food for their families and afford healthcare if

they get ill, increasing their life expectancy. Employees may have more disposable income to spend on buying

goods and products in Nigeria. Nigeria gains more money via taxes from a larger working population,

this money can be invested in healthcare and education for example.

Paper 2: The Changing Economic World

An example of how modern industrial development can be environmentally sustainable: torr quarry

1. Give three facts about torr quarry (location, date opened etc)

One of eight limestone quarries on the Mendip Hills

100 employed directly

£15million brought into local economy

Began extraction in 1940’s

Limestone is used for buildings and aggregate (crushed up rock) for roads

2. How is the extraction of rock being made more sustainable so the environment

isn’t damaged? Give three examples

Economically

i. Locals employed in and around quarry – blasters, transportation etc.

ii. Money is spent locally – i.e. workers buy lunches from local shops

Socially

i. Rail transport is used to move limestone. This reduces congestion on

the roads for locals of lorries that would otherwise be moving the

limestone. Commuters can still get to work in good time.

Environmentally

i. Areas of the quarry where there is no limestone left is being restored

by creating wildlife lakes for recreation (walking etc) and water supply

ii. 200+ acres have been landscaped and trees planted to hide the

quarry

iii. Regular monitoring of noise from blasting, vibration and emissions

area carried out

iv. Deepening the quarry instead of expending its size to reduce impact

on the environment

Paper 2: The Challenge of Resource Management

An example of Fossil fuel extraction that has advantages and disadvantages: natural gas

1. What fossil fuel did we study?

Natural Gas

2. Give three positives of extracting natural gas

Less risks of environmental accidents than oil

Employs 1.2 million

Transported in a number of ways – pipelines, tankers

More supplies available than other fuels – increasing with the increase of

Shale Gas more recently

Power stations can be turned on an off depending on demand

3. Give three negatives of extracting natural gas

Dangerous if not transported correctly

Some gas reserves are unstable and could be used as a political

weapon

Contributes to Climate Change - C02 and methane emissions during

extraction

Fracking is controversial – lots of water needed and contamination of

groundwater plus minor earthquakes are possible

Pipelines are expensive to build and maintain

Paper 2: The Challenge of Resource ManagementAn example of a renewable energy scheme in a LIC: Chambamontera HEP, Andes Mountains

1. On what mountain range was this example on?

The Andes

2. Where are the Andes?

West Coast of South America

3. Why does this area require its own source of energy instead of being

connected to the national grid?

The area is isolated and 2 hours by a track to the nearest town

Area needs energy as without electricity development of the area is slow

– no heat, light or power

With so few people living here it didn’t make financial sense for the

national electricity grid to extend to Chambamontera

4. How does the scheme work?

A water channel has been constructed with water diverted from a local

river. Water flows downhill past a turbine generating HEP (hydroelectric

power)

5. How is it socially sustainable?

Energy used for heating in the winter – less illness

Energy used for refrigeration of food and medicine – healthier population

Lighting for roads and studying (schooling) after dark – better

employment prospects

Reduced fire risks as kerosene light no longer used

Reduced rural – urban migration

6. How is it economically sustainable?

Provides “free” renewable energy – won’t run out

Low maintenance and low running costs. Locals can maintain the

scheme.

7. How it is environmentally sustainable?

Reduced risk of flooding due to regulation of river water levels

Less need to burn wood – reduced deforestation and soil erosion

Paper 3: Physical Geography Enquiry

1. What was the title of our physical geography enquiry?

How does velocity effect bed load on the Holford River?

2. What was our hypothesis?

That bed load will be larger downstream, as a result of velocity

3. What was the theory behind our enquiry (what were we testing the results

against?)

Hjulstrom Curve. More water joins the river downstream from tributaries.

There is less water proportionally touching the bed (otherwise causing

friction and slowing it down), so the river has more energy and can move

larger pebbles / boulders. SO we should find larger pebbles downstream

4. Why was the location of the enquiry chosen?

Chosen because the river valley is small and could be analysed in a day.

Lots of features (meanders, waterfalls, gorge) and nice changes in the

river long profile from V-shaped valley to wider valley floor

5. Justify a data collection method we used

Velocity: Time how long a cork takes to travel 5 metres downstream

Do this 5 times across the channel to find an average

Bedload Size: Measure the longest width of 15 pieces of bedload with a

ruler. Measure 5 pebbles in 3 places across the channel (near the banks

and in the middle)

6. What potential risks were there and how did we overcome them?

Getting lost – stayed together and with a teacher

Fall over so we wore suitable footwear

Drown in the river so we chose a river that was shallow

7. What data presentation methods did we use and why (why were they

appropriate?)

Scatter graph as we are seeing if there is a link between two variables –

a correlation

8. What problems were there of our data collection methods?

Only taking data from the last 50% of the river

Kicking the cork along – making the velocity appear quicker

Only measuring bedload 30cm and under

Only going out once in October to collect data

Secondary data from the Storm Beach that was over 5 years old

9. To what extent did our results match our hypothesis?

A weak positive correlation – As velocity increased to too did bedload

size

10. To what extent were our conclusions reliable?

Not very (as above with answers to Question 7 and…..)

i. Site 4 – Braiding (Human Influence); where the tanning pond (for

softening leather) withdrew water from the river and therefore the

river lost energy and deposited material. The channel split up into

multiple channels and re-joined into one further downstream of the

human influence

ii. Site 6 - Storm Beach; there is a pond at the river mouth

Sites 1-4 – Dams (Human Influence) have been built out of the bedload

to reduce flooding downstream by the Quantock Rangers

11. How could our enquiry be improved?

Take data from all of the river

Don’t kick the cork

Using a larger tape measure for bedload

Collect data from the river several times (different seasons) to gain

averages

Take primary data from Kilve Beach (Site 6)

Paper 3: Human Geography Enquiry 1. What was the title of our human geography enquiry?

Has the regeneration of Broadmead improved the area?

2. What was our hypothesis?

That the regeneration will have improved the area

3. What was the theory behind our enquiry (what were we testing the results

against?)

Urban Regeneration: Reversing the Urban Decline by modernising or

redeveloping an area, aiming to improve the local economy

Social Impact: The effects on people’s lives

Economic Impact: The effect on the economy of an area

Environmental impact: The effect on the landscape of an area

4. Why was the location of the enquiry chosen?

Bristol – South West’s largest city

Chosen because recently redeveloped and these have had knock on

effects in the surrounding area – visible effects

5. Justify a data collection method we used

Environmental Quality Survey - One in each area (4 in Bristol). See what

categories the area has improved on – Economic, Environmental and

Social

Photos - Visual representation of redevelopment over time when

compared to old photos

6. What potential risks were there and how did we overcome them?

Getting lost in the city – stay in a group and take a map / ask locals

Being run over by traffic – be vigilant and cross with pedestrian

crossings

7. What data presentation methods did we use and why (why were they

appropriate?)

Bar Chart – Easy and clear to see total scores. Which area came out

best in terms of regeneration

Spider Chart / Diagram – to see which category the areas scored well at

in terms of urban regeneration, such as Urban Greening

8. What problems were there of our data collection methods?

EQS is subjective as it’s a personal opinion

EQS are only a snapshot in time

We couldn’t see all the elements of the EQS from our day out. Relying

on the teacher to explain the features of each area, with some potentially

missed out.

Photos are a snapshot in time and don’t take in the whole area from

every angle

9. To what extent did our results match our hypothesis?

Yes, urban regeneration has improved the area. However some

categories scored lower in all areas such as a range of employment and

urban greening

10. To what extent were our conclusions reliable?

Not very – same as question 7

11. How could our enquiry be improved?

Take EQS over time (years)

Take a class average for each area for the EQS

Take extra data, such as questionnaires to gather opinions of different

people

Spend longer in the area to understand it in more depth – make EQs

more accurate