HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES IN THE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

(B.Sc. FWT)

to the

(Indira Gandhi National Open University)

By

Name : TOOBA KHATOON Enrollment No. : 118516149 Degree : B.Sc. FWT

Specialization : PRODUCTION

Indira Gandhi National Open UniversityMaidan Garhi, New Delhi- 110068

Year: 2011-2014

1

CERTIFICATE OF THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the project work titled “HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES IN

THE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY” work of Tooba Khatoon, Enrolment no. 118516149

carried out in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of B.S.C. FWT of IGNOU

University under my guidance. This project work is original and not submitted earlier for

the award of any degree/ diploma of any other university / institution.

Signature of the Guide:

Name and Official Address of the Guide:

Guide’s Academic Qualifications,

Designation and Experience:

Place:

Date:

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my faculty guide Mr. Arvind Katiyar for providing his guidance in

completing my dissertation related to “HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES IN THE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY”.

I am also grateful to Footwear Design & Development Institute for providing me such

a platform which helped me in horning my research skills and I am sure that this study

will help me in my future.

TOOBA KHATOON118516149

3

HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES IN THE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY

SYNOPSIS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

(B.Sc. FWT)

to the

(Indira Gandhi National Open University)

By

Name : TOOBA KHATOON Enrollment No. : 118516149 Degree : B.Sc. FWT

Specialization : PRODUCTION

Indira Gandhi National Open UniversityMaidan Garhi, New Delhi- 110068

Year: 2011-2014

4

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGYINDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI – 110068

PROFORMA FOR APPROVAL OF PROJECT PROPOSAL HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES IN THE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY

Enrolment No:118516149Study Centre: Fddi NoidaRegional Centre: NOIDA

Name and Address of the Student: TOOBA KHATOONPhone and E-mail ID

Title of the Project: “HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES IN THE FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY”With subject Area code

Subject Area: Footwear Technology

Name and Address of the Supervisor: Professor Maji, IGNOU, Maidan garhi, New Delhi

Is the Supervisor an Academic: Yes: Yes No:Counsellor of Engineering Programme of IGNOU

If Yes, Name and Code of Study Centre: And the courses he/she is counseling for and since when No. of student currently working: Under the local supervisor (FDDI00 )

Signature of Student Signature of Local SupervisorDate: Date:Please do not forget to enclose 2 to 3 page synopsis of the project and the Bio-data duly signed by the Guide.

For Office Use OnlySynopsis SupervisorApproved ApprovedNot Approved Not Approved

Signature of Internal Supervisor Signature of Name: Director / Coordinator (Project)Date: Date:

Comments / Suggestions for reformulating the project.

5

P. P. No. :

RATIONALE OF THE PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS HAZARD

A hazard is something that can cause harm if not controlled.

A risk is the probability of the hazard causing harm.

The outcome is the harm that results from an uncontrolled hazard

“Harm” generally describes the direct or indirect degradation, temporary permanent, of

the physical, mental or social well being of workers. While in some case safety risk can

be eliminated in most cases a certain degree of safety risk must be accepted. In order to

quantify expected accident costs before the fact, the potential consequences of an

accident, and the probability of occurrence must be considered. Assessment of risk is

made by combining the severity of consequence with the likelihood of occurrence in a

matrix. Risks that fall into the ”unacceptable” category (e.g. high severity and high

probability) must be mitigated by some means to reduce the level of safety risk.

MACHINE HAZARDS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONSAttaching machines

A pneumatic press is brought down onto the shoe, applying pressure while the

adhesive sets.

Slow movement of the pressing head means guarding is not usually necessary due

to the low trapping risk. However if the maximum speed is greater than 50mm per

second additional operator safety devices should be provided (e.g. two hand

controls).

6

Where heel attaching machines are manually operated no additional safeguards

are necessary. Pneumatically powered machines present trapping hazards and

should be provided with two-hand control devices or equivalent.

Top piece attaching machines

- Stapling and nailing machines are hand-held pneumatically operated tools for attaching

thermoplastic type top pieces. Use and maintenance should be in accordance with

Guidance Note PM17 - Pneumatic nailing and stapling tools, and in particular

(a) Guarded trigger.

(b) Quick release couplings in the airline to the tool.

(c) Examination by competent person weekly.

(d) Disconnection from air supply when not in use.

Roughing and Scouring Machines

Consist of one or more continuous abrasive scouring bands.

Bands to be enclosed as much as practicable (usually no more than 180° arc

exposed)

Where pulley shafts and spindles are accessible, they should be guarded (in many

cases by loose sleeving as the most practicable method).

Finishing MachinesThese include polishing equipment (any exposed shafting to be adequately guarded),

edge cutting machines (generally protection is afforded by the dust collection hood or a

spring-loaded retractable guard).

Abrasive Wheels - These may be used to regularly regrind and sharpen rotary

Cutters. - Details on abrasive wheels can be found in the Abrasive Wheels element of this

Information System.

7

Edge Setting Equipment

Used to seal the soles and heels by heat and wax treatment. The tool used consists

of a heated stepped hollow cone.

The hexagon nut or other securing fixture at the end of the shaft must be properly

shrouded.

GENERAL SAFEGUARDING OF MACHINERY

Dangerous parts requiring secure guarding include (note: this is not an exhaustive

list)

(a) Shafting

(b) Flat belts and pulleys (unless the belt is less than 50 mm wide on a non-flanged pulley

and so slack as not to be dangerous)

(c) Vee belts and pulleys

(d) Gear wheels

(e) set-screws, belts or keys on revolving parts should be guarded or countersunk.

All guards should be properly maintained and correctly adjusted.

8

HEALTH HAZARDS

Dust

Indications are that exposure to high levels of dust (most probably leather dust) in

boot and shoe manufacture can lead to nasal cancer.

The risk in footwear repair premises is thought to be substantially smaller as the

processes creating leather dust are carried on less intensively.

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) should reduce exposure to the dust to the

greatest extent that is reasonable practicable.

Any dust levels greater than:-

I. 10 mg/m³ (8 hour time weighted average) of total inhalable dust; or

II. 4 mg/m3 (8 hour time weighted average) of respirable dusts will be covered by

COSHH.

Advice on control is given in EH44: Dust: general principles of protection.

Precautions should include the following:-

(a) Proper use and maintenance of LEV.

(b) Maintenance procedures to be specified and to include daily, weekly and six monthly

checks.

(c) Keeping records relating to the above.

(d) Examining the immediate surroundings - if horizontal surfaces are contaminated, it is

likely the extraction equipment needs looking at.

Solvents and Adhesives

In footwear repair premises it is unlikely that operatives will be exposed to harmful

concentrations of solvent vapours, provided that:-

9

(a) There is an effective and appropriately arranged ventilation system, including fresh air

intake.

(b) Solvents and adhesives are stored in properly stoppered containers when not in use.

(c) Protective clothing/suitable equipment for applying the adhesives and cements is

provided and used.

(d) There is a prohibition on smoking.

OTHER SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

Fire

Electrical hazards

Air receivers (pressure vessels)

Personal protective equipment

Workplace conditions

10

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To determine the meaning of hazard and differentiate it from risk and harm.

2. To determine different types of hazards prevalent in the footwear industry.

3. To ascertain the economic, physical and psychological consequences of such

hazards.

4. To determine which of the prevalent hazards affect the industry more.

5. To establish the preventive measures and control procedures needed to be taken

by the employers.

6. To figure out which precautions and preventive measures can be taken by the

employees at the workplace.

7. To find out alterative and safer methods of carrying out the same footwear

industry operations.

8. To determine if any types of training facilities are available for the employees and

if such training is of any help of the employees.

11

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1. Footwear Industry

2. Leather Industry

3. Tanning Industry

METHODOLGY FOR COLLECTING THE DATA

An empirical study has been undertaken to understand and study the Hazard and Safety

measures in Footwear Industry.

Secondary data was collected for the project report.

Tools of Data collection:

The tools of collecting data includes:

Books

Internet

Data Analysis:

The data collected has been analyzed in the theoretical form.

12

STEPS FOR PREVENTION OF MACHINE HAZARDS

This 12 steps process offers a thorough risk assessment process that

leads to safe and efficient operation of industrial machinery.

1. Identify Machine/Process

2. Collect Proper Information

3. Gather Proper Individuals

4. Observe Machine in Use

5. Identify Hazardous Areas

6. Identify the Risk Level

7. Evaluate the Risk Level

8. Create an Appropriate risk reduction system

9. Accurately estimate System costs

10.Provide All required services and materials

11.Conduct follow-up risk assessment

12.Process Close-out and Sign off

13

SOME GENERAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES

1. Eliminating the hazards from the workplace should always be the first

choice.

2. Certain controls should be implemented such as engineering control,

administrative control.

3. Substituting safer chemicals or work processes for the hazardous ones.

4. Providing personal protective equipment (PPE).

5. Monitoring the air in the workplace regularly for hazards.

6. Regular medical checkups for the workers who are constantly exposed

to hazardous chemicals.

7. Checking the labels on chemical containers and checking the material

safety data sheets.

8. Checking if the ventilation system is working properly.

9. Ensuring that the workers maintain personal hygiene and do not eat

drink or smoke at the work areas.

10. Washing facilities should be available for workers. Workers should be

educated in the importance of keeping their work, clothing, skin and

machines clean.

14

11. Proper food storage areas should be provided so that the food is not

stored in work areas.

12. New workers should be given adequate training on the hazards of the

chemicals they work with, safe practices and emergency work procedure.

13. Existing workers should be given periodic refresher training .

14. Floor areas, workbenches and machinery surfaces should be clean and

free from oil deposits and dusts.

15

15. REFERENCES

REFERENCES

1. www.ijoem.com

2. www.osha.gov

3. www.ilo.org

4. www.occupationalhazards.com

5. www.cdc.gov

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. SATRA Manual

2. Work study, ILO

16