Hawaiian Science ‘Ike o ka po‘e ‘imi loa
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Transcript of Hawaiian Science ‘Ike o ka po‘e ‘imi loa
Hawaiian ScienceHawaiian Science‘Ike o ka po‘e ‘imi loa‘Ike o ka po‘e ‘imi loaKnowledge of a far-seeking people
Chant for knowledgeChant for knowledgeE ‘io e, e ‘io e, e kū, e manu eE ‘io e, e ‘io e, e kū, e manu eO ‘Io, o hawk, stop, o birdO ‘Io, o hawk, stop, o bird
Ke alu aku nei ka pule iā HakalauKe alu aku nei ka pule iā HakalauCombining the prayers toward HakalauCombining the prayers toward Hakalau
Kulia ka lani iā Uli, iā namu, iā naueKulia ka lani iā Uli, iā namu, iā naueThe chief strives toward Uli, toward mumbling, tremblingThe chief strives toward Uli, toward mumbling, trembling
Ka nehe i luna, ka nehe i laloKa nehe i luna, ka nehe i laloRustling above, rustling belowRustling above, rustling below
Ka‘a ‘ākau, ka‘a hemaKa‘a ‘ākau, ka‘a hemaRolling northward, rolling southRolling northward, rolling south
Chant for knowledgeChant for knowledgeKū makani, ha‘i ka laniKū makani, ha‘i ka laniThe wind rises, the heavens breakThe wind rises, the heavens break
Hekili ka‘aka‘a i ka laniHekili ka‘aka‘a i ka laniThunder rolling in the heavensThunder rolling in the heavens
Ka uila nui mākēhā i ka laniKa uila nui mākēhā i ka laniGreat lightning flashing in the heavensGreat lightning flashing in the heavens
Pane i ka lani, e ola ke kanakaPane i ka lani, e ola ke kanakaReply to the chief, to bring life to the peopleReply to the chief, to bring life to the people
Hō mai ka loea, ka ‘ike, ka manaHō mai ka loea, ka ‘ike, ka manaConfer skill, knowledge, spiritual powerConfer skill, knowledge, spiritual power
Chant for knowledgeChant for knowledgeI a‘e ka honua laI a‘e ka honua laThat the world continueThat the world continue
‘‘O waha lau ali‘iO waha lau ali‘iThe many chiefly mouthsThe many chiefly mouths
‘‘O kahi i waiho ai ka hua‘ōleloO kahi i waiho ai ka hua‘ōleloThe place where the word is presentedThe place where the word is presented
‘‘Eli‘eli kau maiEli‘eli kau maiGreat awe settles inGreat awe settles in
‘‘Āmama, ua noaĀmama, ua noaCompleted, kapu is liftedCompleted, kapu is lifted
Two world trainingTwo world training
Recent conflicts between Recent conflicts between “Science” & Hawaiian “Science” & Hawaiian CultureCulture Astronomy on Mauna KeaAstronomy on Mauna Kea GMO research on kalo (taro) GMO research on kalo (taro) Fishing regulationsFishing regulations
““Science” is not HawaiianScience” is not Hawaiian ““Book science” useless when Book science” useless when
dealing dealing with Hawaiian issueswith Hawaiian issues
We recognize that “science” is a process that
is not restricted to Western Civilization,
and that ‘Ike Hawai‘i (traditional knowledge)
can provide great value to modern endeavors.
What is “Science?”What is “Science?” AnAn approach to learning approach to learning marked marked
by:by: Observation / Empiricism Observation / Empiricism Manipulation / ExperimentationManipulation / Experimentation Prediction / ModelingPrediction / Modeling Testing / Replication / “Proof”Testing / Replication / “Proof” Transmission / PublicationTransmission / Publication
Empirical observationEmpirical observation
Pua ka wiliwili, Pua ka wiliwili, nanahu ka nanahu ka manōmanōThe wiliwili blooms, the shark bitesThe wiliwili blooms, the shark bites
Pua wiliwili Lālani Kalalea
Pua ke kō, Pua ke kō, ku mai ka he‘eku mai ka he‘eThe sugarcane are blooming, the octopus are appearingThe sugarcane are blooming, the octopus are appearing
Pua kō He‘e
Pala ka hala, Pala ka hala, momona ka wanamomona ka wanaThe hala fruit are ripening, the sea urchins are fatThe hala fruit are ripening, the sea urchins are fat
Hua hala pala Hā‘uke‘uke
LonoYour manifestations, O Lono, are in the
heavens:The long cloud, the short cloud, the
emerging cloud,The peering cloud, cloud unfurling in the
heavens
kino o Lonoikamakahi
ki
‘Owāli‘i makali‘
i
Experimentation /Experimentation /Modeling / PredictionModeling / Prediction Loko i‘a Loko i‘a ((fishpondsfishponds),), lo‘i lo‘i ((terraced agricultureterraced agriculture),),
‘auwai ‘auwai ((irrigation channelsirrigation channels)) Hand pollinationHand pollination
Testing / TransmissionTesting / Transmission He lohe pepeiao, He lohe pepeiao,
he ‘ike maka ho‘i he ‘ike maka ho‘iA piece of hearsay [or] seen personallyA piece of hearsay [or] seen personally
‘‘O ka mea kūpono, pa‘a, O ka mea kūpono, pa‘a, ‘o ka mea hewa, kāpae a‘e ‘o ka mea hewa, kāpae a‘eThe correct: retain, the flawed: set asideThe correct: retain, the flawed: set aside
Selective oral transmissionSelective oral transmissionWe pass on what we accept as trueWe pass on what we accept as true
Pala ka hala, Pala ka hala, momona ka wanamomona ka wanaThe hala fruit are ripening, the sea urchins are fatThe hala fruit are ripening, the sea urchins are fat
Hua hala pala Hā‘uke‘uke
Contrasting World Contrasting World ViewsViews
There are some implied assumptions There are some implied assumptions about Hawaiian vs. Western approaches, about Hawaiian vs. Western approaches, especially with regard to world view.especially with regard to world view.
Some of these are oversimplified here, Some of these are oversimplified here, but serve to highlight contrastsbut serve to highlight contrasts
Let’s explore some examples from the Let’s explore some examples from the restoration efforts on Kaho‘olawerestoration efforts on Kaho‘olawe
Western view of land & restorationWestern view of land & restoration
1.1. Land is viewed as a Land is viewed as a commoditycommodity, which one , which one manipulates toward "manipulates toward "best usebest use." ."
2.2. Biological elements are often manipulated Biological elements are often manipulated dramatically from “wild” toward human-dramatically from “wild” toward human-friendly domesticated forms.friendly domesticated forms.
3.3. People as hired People as hired laborlabor to realize to realize scope of workscope of work..4.4. Plants and animals are Plants and animals are objectsobjects to be to be
reintroduced to the island. reintroduced to the island. 5.5. BiologicalBiological elements are elements are separateseparate from from culturalcultural
(man-made) elements on the landscape.(man-made) elements on the landscape.
Hawaiian view of land & restorationHawaiian view of land & restoration
1. Land as conscious entity, reacting to humans in a reciprocal relationship.
2. Ecosystems modified and often semi-wild, key ecological processes intact.
3. People connected spiritually with place, contributing to and benefiting from the place.
4. Plants and animals as conscious individuals and requiring individual attention to thrive.
5. Plants and animals as sacred kinolau of kini akua and part of the cultural landscape.
Hawaiian world view Hawaiian world view exampleexample
The Hawaiian owl, The Hawaiian owl, pueopueo, is , is indigenous to Kaho‘olawe, indigenous to Kaho‘olawe, where it feeds largely on non-where it feeds largely on non-native rodents.native rodents.
PueoPueo is, for many Hawaiian is, for many Hawaiian families, one of the families, one of the kinolaukinolau of of ‘‘aumakuaaumakua, to be treated with , to be treated with utmost respect as a revered utmost respect as a revered ancestral form.ancestral form.
Natural vs Cultural Natural vs Cultural ResourcesResources
The idea that The idea that natural resourcesnatural resources are also are also cultural resourcescultural resources means that cultural means that cultural restoration is not merely devoted to restoration is not merely devoted to identification & stabilization of artifacts such identification & stabilization of artifacts such as rock shrines & petroglyphsas rock shrines & petroglyphsbut that the but that the living contextliving context of the island is valued of the island is valued as part of the foundation as part of the foundation & context for cultural & context for cultural stewardship & stewardship & enrichment.enrichment.
ObjectivityObjectivity Western science viewed as “coldly Western science viewed as “coldly
objective”objective” Hawaiian approach embraces feelingHawaiian approach embraces feeling Key contrast point between the twoKey contrast point between the two Intuition & passion important to bothIntuition & passion important to both Dispassionate western science Dispassionate western science
created immoral developmentscreated immoral developments To the wise, “what feels right” is rightTo the wise, “what feels right” is right
Validation of “Gut Validation of “Gut Feelings”Feelings”
The enteric nervous system contains billions of neurons, distributed diffusely along the digestive system, and provides the majority of the mood-altering chemical serotonin. There is a complex feedback system between the enteric nervous system and the CNS.Gershon 2008
Reconciliation of Western Reconciliation of Western and Hawaiian approachesand Hawaiian approaches
Recognition of ecological zonesRecognition of ecological zones Manipulative experimentationManipulative experimentation Transplantation of speciesTransplantation of species Expert consultationExpert consultation Concern for the future of resourcesConcern for the future of resources Imposing and lifting of restrictions Imposing and lifting of restrictions Importance of pest controlImportance of pest control
Hawaiian traditional skillsHawaiian traditional skillsfor dryland plantingfor dryland planting
Attention to weather & seasonal climateAttention to weather & seasonal climate Management of semi-wild ecosystemsManagement of semi-wild ecosystems Well developed agricultural protocolsWell developed agricultural protocols
propagation via seeds, cuttings, etc.propagation via seeds, cuttings, etc.hand-pollination, cultivarshand-pollination, cultivars
Specialized techniques for drylandsSpecialized techniques for drylandskuaiwikuaiwi rock mulching conventional rock mulching conventional
mulching/fertilizing irrigationmulching/fertilizing irrigationsoil & moisture retention via terracingsoil & moisture retention via terracing
Hawaiian techniques for Hawaiian techniques for coordinating cooperative coordinating cooperative efforteffort
Dispute resolution Dispute resolution ((ho‘oponoponoho‘oponopono))
Protocol for unification & joint Protocol for unification & joint efforteffort
Work viewed as composed of both Work viewed as composed of both physical and spiritual aspectsphysical and spiritual aspects
Moral conduct important during Moral conduct important during work and vital for successwork and vital for success
Value of ‘Ike Hawai‘iValue of ‘Ike Hawai‘i Haka ‘ūa‘u i ka hale uluhe o LauhakaHaka ‘ūa‘u i ka hale uluhe o Lauhaka
The Hawaiian petrels nest in the fern house of LauhakaThe Hawaiian petrels nest in the fern house of Lauhaka
Value of ‘Ike Hawai‘iValue of ‘Ike Hawai‘i Aia ke ana ko‘i i Kaluako‘iAia ke ana ko‘i i Kaluako‘i
At Kaluako‘i is an adze quarryAt Kaluako‘i is an adze quarry
Value of ‘Ike Hawai‘iValue of ‘Ike Hawai‘i Aia ke ana ko‘i i Kaluako‘iAia ke ana ko‘i i Kaluako‘i
At Kaluako‘i is an adze quarryAt Kaluako‘i is an adze quarry
The arrangment of ahupua‘a on the island of
O‘ahu demonstrates amazing optimization of
access to ecosystem resources.