Hawaiian PidginHawaiian Pidgin

by Kepakianoby Kepakiano

& Kuliano& Kuliano

CulturalCultural HistoryHistoryHawaii's multi-cultural society has had major Hawaii's multi-cultural society has had major

immigration from:immigration from:

•Polynesia - Polynesia - 700 A.D. 700 A.D.

•United States United States - 1820 - 1820

•China - 1852 China - 1852 •Japan - 1868Japan - 1868

•Portugal - Portugal - 1878 1878

•Puerto Rico - Puerto Rico - 1900 1900

•Korea - 1903 Korea - 1903 •Philippines - Philippines -

1906 1906

EconomyEconomy

• Hawaii's cost of living is one of America's Hawaii's cost of living is one of America's highest, its per capita personal income below highest, its per capita personal income below average.average.

• Hawaii's cost of living for a family of four is Hawaii's cost of living for a family of four is estimated to be approximately 27% higher estimated to be approximately 27% higher than the U.S. average for a comparable than the U.S. average for a comparable standard of living. standard of living.

• In 1999, Hawaii's average per capita personal In 1999, Hawaii's average per capita personal income of $27,544 was 3.5% below the U.S. income of $27,544 was 3.5% below the U.S. average - the price of living in Paradise!average - the price of living in Paradise!

EconomyEconomy

Hawaii's major sources of annual Hawaii's major sources of annual income include: income include:

• Tourism - $10.3 billion (1999) Tourism - $10.3 billion (1999)

• Federal Defense Spending - $4.2 Federal Defense Spending - $4.2 billion(1999) billion(1999)

• Sugar - $133.1 million (1998) Sugar - $133.1 million (1998)

• Pineapple - $145.1 million (1998 )Pineapple - $145.1 million (1998 )

PopulationPopulation

• Hawaii's population of about Hawaii's population of about 1.2 million breaks down 1.2 million breaks down roughly as follows: (1999)roughly as follows: (1999)  

• Caucasian - 250,742 (22%)   Caucasian - 250,742 (22%)   • Japanese - 219,855 (19%)Japanese - 219,855 (19%)• Filipino - 145,248 (13%)  Filipino - 145,248 (13%)  • Chinese - 44,787 (4%)    Chinese - 44,787 (4%)    • Black - 10,455 (1%)    Black - 10,455 (1%)    • Koreans - 11,737 (1%)    Koreans - 11,737 (1%)    • Samoan/Tongan - 13,693 (1%)Samoan/Tongan - 13,693 (1%)• Mixed (except Hawaiian) - Mixed (except Hawaiian) -

232,281 (20%)232,281 (20%)• Hawaiian/Part Hawaiian - Hawaiian/Part Hawaiian -

223,193 (19%)223,193 (19%)

LanguageLanguage

EnglishEnglish

As one of the two official languages, As one of the two official languages, English is the language commonly English is the language commonly employed by the state, business, employed by the state, business, education, and perhaps even the education, and perhaps even the mind.mind.

HawaiianHawaiian

• Hawaiian remains the language of the heart Hawaiian remains the language of the heart and soul. and soul.

• Hawaiian is a Polynesian language spoken Hawaiian is a Polynesian language spoken throughout the inhabited Hawaiian Islands.throughout the inhabited Hawaiian Islands.

• In the nineteenth century it became a In the nineteenth century it became a written language and was the language of written language and was the language of the Hawaiian government and the people. the Hawaiian government and the people. With the subjugation of Hawaii under the With the subjugation of Hawaii under the rule of the United States in 1898, Hawaiian rule of the United States in 1898, Hawaiian was supplanted and English became the was supplanted and English became the official language.official language.

• The Hawaiian language consist only of The Hawaiian language consist only of 12 letters: a, e, i, o, u, h, k, l, m, n, p, 12 letters: a, e, i, o, u, h, k, l, m, n, p, w, the w, the okina okina ( ‘ ) that can be compared ( ‘ ) that can be compared to the glottal stop and the kahakô to the glottal stop and the kahakô which is like an English long vowelwhich is like an English long vowel

• All letters are pronounced (sound of All letters are pronounced (sound of vowels is similar to spanish vowels is similar to spanish pronunciation)pronunciation)

PidginPidgin

• A reflection of Hawaii's ethnic mix created by A reflection of Hawaii's ethnic mix created by Hawaii's immigrants as a simplified language Hawaii's immigrants as a simplified language for communication between peoples speaking for communication between peoples speaking different languagesdifferent languages. (shipping, . (shipping, trades ..etc.)trades ..etc.)

• With the establishment of sugar plantations With the establishment of sugar plantations thousands of laborours from many different thousands of laborours from many different countries came to Hawaii (countries came to Hawaii (China, Portugal, Japan, China, Portugal, Japan, Korea, Puerto Rico, Russia, Spain, the Philippines and other Korea, Puerto Rico, Russia, Spain, the Philippines and other

countries)countries)

• In the 1870's immigrant families began to In the 1870's immigrant families began to arrive and more children were born on the arrive and more children were born on the plantations. Children learned their parents' plantations. Children learned their parents' languages and picked up English at school. languages and picked up English at school. The kind of English they spoke on the The kind of English they spoke on the playground was influenced by the Pidgin playground was influenced by the Pidgin English earlier brought to Hawaii, by the English earlier brought to Hawaii, by the Hawaiian spoken by their parents, and by Hawaiian spoken by their parents, and by their own first languages, especially their own first languages, especially PortuguesePortuguese

CreoleCreole

• When children start learning a pidgin When children start learning a pidgin as their first language and it becomes as their first language and it becomes the mother tongue of a community, it the mother tongue of a community, it is called a creole. This was the is called a creole. This was the beginning of Hawaii Creole English. By beginning of Hawaii Creole English. By the 1920's, it was the language of the the 1920's, it was the language of the majority of Hawaii's population. Today, majority of Hawaii's population. Today, Pidgin has evolved into becoming the Pidgin has evolved into becoming the unofficial language of Hawaii unofficial language of Hawaii

PronunciationPronunciation

• Consonants:Consonants:– p, k, h, l, m, np, k, h, l, m, n: same as in English : same as in English – ww: : 1) after 1) after ii and and ee like V like V

2) after 2) after oo and and uu like W like W3) after 3) after aa and initially like and initially like

either W or Veither W or V – ‘‘ : : GLOTTAL STOPGLOTTAL STOP  similar to stop in   similar to stop in

EnglishEnglish

PronunciationPronunciation

• VowelsVowels– Unstressed Unstressed

•A A like in like in aabovebove

•E E like in blike in beett

•I I like in citlike in cityy

•O O like in slike in soolele

•U U like in mlike in moooonn

PronunciationPronunciation

• VowelsVowels– StressedStressed

•A, á A, á like in farlike in far

•É É like in playlike in play

•i, í i, í like in seelike in see

•Ó Ó like in bowllike in bowl

•ú ú like moonlike moon

PronunciationPronunciation

• DiphthongsDiphthongs– ei, eu, oi, ou, ai, ae, ao, au ei, eu, oi, ou, ai, ae, ao, au – these are always stressed on the first these are always stressed on the first

letter, but the two are not as closely letter, but the two are not as closely joined as in English.joined as in English.

GrammarGrammar

• Articles (the)Articles (the)– KaKa :definite article ("the") before words :definite article ("the") before words

that start with most that start with most consonantsconsonants except except K and vowels other than E, A, and O.K and vowels other than E, A, and O.•ka wahine: ka wahine: the woman the woman

•ka hale:ka hale: the house the house

GrammarGrammar

• Articles (the)Articles (the)– Ke:Ke: definite article ("the") before words definite article ("the") before words

that start with the vowels E, A, and O that start with the vowels E, A, and O and before the consonant K (and some and before the consonant K (and some other special case words).other special case words).•Ke kane: the manKe kane: the man

•Ke keiki: the childKe keiki: the child

•Ke aloha: “love”Ke aloha: “love”

GrammarGrammar

• Articles (the)Articles (the)– Na: Na: plurality particleplurality particle

•Na kane: the menNa kane: the men

•Na keiki: the childrenNa keiki: the children

•Na wahine: the womenNa wahine: the women

•Na hale: the housesNa hale: the houses

GrammarGrammar

• Articles (a or an)Articles (a or an)– He: He: indefinite articleindefinite article

•He kane: a manHe kane: a man

•He keiki:a childHe keiki:a child

•He wahine: a womenHe wahine: a women

•He hale: a housesHe hale: a houses

GrammarGrammar

• PossessivesPossessives– There are two ways of indicating There are two ways of indicating

possessionpossession•the the aa  <noun> /   <noun> / kaka  <pronoun> form   <pronoun> form

indicating indicating controlcontrol or or possessionpossession (acquired), and (acquired), and

•the the oo  <noun> /   <noun> / koko  <pronoun> form   <pronoun> form

indicating a more indicating a more passivepassive (inherited, (inherited, spatial) relationship.spatial) relationship.

GrammarGrammar

• PronounsPronouns– difference between the plural and the difference between the plural and the

dual casedual case– indicates whether the speaker is indicates whether the speaker is

included in the topic or not (which included in the topic or not (which allows speaker and respondent to be allows speaker and respondent to be quite specific about inter-personnal quite specific about inter-personnal relationships)relationships)

sing. pronoun sing. possessive dual plural

n/a n/a ka-.ua("me 'n

you")

ka-.kou("we")

au, a'u("I", "me")

ka.'u/ko.'u/ku.'u

("my")

ma-.ua("we two,

not you")

ma-.kou("we,

notyou")

'oe("you,

sing.")

ka-.u/ko.u/ko("your")

'ol.ua("you

two")

'ou.kou("you,plur.")

ia("he/she/it")

ka-.na/ko.na("his/hers/its")

la-.ua("those two")

la-.kou("they")

GrammarGrammar

• PrepositionsPrepositions

– a'e:a'e: upward, toward upward, toward – aku:aku: away from the speaker away from the speaker – e:e: imperative or exhortation imperative or exhortation – iho:iho: down down – Ma: Ma: at, in, on, beside at, in, on, beside – mai:mai: towards speaker towards speaker – no: no: because ofbecause of

Common PidginCommon Pidgin

• An den?An den? and then? So? and then? So?Any kine: Any kine: any kind.any kind.Ass right: Ass right: that's right.that's right.Bo da dem:Bo da dem: both of them. both of them.Braddah:Braddah: brother. brother.Brah:Brah: friend, buddy. friend, buddy.Brok da mout:Brok da mout: tastes tastes delicious.delicious.Bummahs:Bummahs: bummer, too bad. bummer, too bad.Da kine:Da kine: anything to which anything to which you are referring.you are referring.Grind:Grind: eat. eat.Grinds:Grinds: food. food.How you figga?How you figga? what do you what do you think?think?Howzit?Howzit? how are you doing? how are you doing?K den:K den: OK, agreed. OK, agreed.Kaukau:Kaukau: food or chow. food or chow.

• Lesgo:Lesgo: let's go. let's go.Lolo:Lolo: dummy, stupid. dummy, stupid.Mo bettah:Mo bettah: much better. much better.Moke:Moke: large local tough guy. large local tough guy.No can:No can: cannot, not possible. cannot, not possible.Ono:Ono: tasty. tasty.Onoliscious:Onoliscious: very tasty, very tasty, delicious!delicious!Pau hana:Pau hana: finished work for finished work for the day.the day.Slippah:Slippah: thongs, slippers. thongs, slippers.Stink eye:Stink eye: mean or dirty look. mean or dirty look.Talk stink:Talk stink: speaking badly speaking badly about someone.about someone.Talk story:Talk story: rap; chew the fat, rap; chew the fat, chat.chat.Tanks:Tanks: thanks. thanks.To da max:To da max: all the way; most all the way; most you can get.you can get.