“Harvard referencing”

Academic Year 2011/2012

Example• “We divided our work and I was given

responsibility to design and give the introduction part. We did not keep any information that was available in the internet. Every word we used was our own.”

Referencing

• To support an argument, to make a claim or to provide ‘evidence’

• To acknowledge other peoples’ ideas or work correctly • To show evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading• To avoid plagiarism (i.e. to take other peoples’ thoughts, ideas or

writings and use them as your own)• To allow the reader of your work to locate the cited references

easily, and so evaluate your interpretation of those ideas• To avoid losing marks!

Reference list Vs Bibliography

• All the items you have made direct reference to in your essay (by the authors’ name and year of publication).

• Material that has been helpful for reading around the subject but from which you do not make specific reference to in your work.

• Confusingly some people call the ‘reference list’ the ‘bibliography’ (and only use one list). No one is right or wrong in doing either, often institutional convention will determine some aspects of style.

How to present referred material?

• You present material in two main ways:1. Paraphrasing or summarizing text • Most common way to use material. • Putting the ideas into your own words and then stating where

that information came from2. Quoting material directly from its source • Word for word as it was in its original form. • Not to be used often. • Use quotations only when you have to use the text in its

original form or for presenting a longer quote which you use to highlight and expand on ideas or issues in your essay.

How to cite authors?

• The Harvard System (sometimes called the ‘name and date system’)

• Incorporated into the text of your work each time you make reference to that person’s ideas.

• This principle applies to any item that you need to reference regardless of what it is or where it comes from – you need to find the author and date of publication.

• Author/originators can be individuals or ‘corporate’. The author and date then become part of the text of your essay.

• Surname(s) only are used; initials are not included. • Names can be used as part of the sentence or placed in brackets

with the year following.

Example

• There are many factors relating to individuals perceived body image. Jones (1993) has suggested that body image is related to self-esteem.

• ... some commentators suggest that body image is related to self-esteem (Jones, 1993), others believe a more complex relationship exists ... (Philips, 1995; Norton, 1999)

• Knowles et al. (1991) showed that polymer ...

How do I use quotations?

E.g. ... whilst it is possible that ‘poor parenting has little effect on primary educational development it more profoundly affects secondary or higher educational achievement’ (Healey, 1993, p.22)

E.g. It was just a fragment, no more than 30 seconds: The Euston Road, hansoms, horse drawn trams, passers-by glancing at the camera but hurrying by without the fascination or recognition that came later. It looked like a still photograph, and had the superb picture quality found in expert work of the period, but this photograph moved!

Walkley (1995, p.83).

What will the reference list look like?

• Everything you cite in your essay will be listed once alphabetically by author (or originator) and subdivided by year and letter, if necessary.

E.g.Adams, P. J. (1995) Mill workers in Lancashire 1845-1875. London:

Cambridge University Press.Knowles, D. (1989) The way forward: historical change and

revisionism. Cambridge: Harvester Press.Salcey, B. (1996) Changes in history. The Guardian. 21st June. p9. Wilkins, R., Menzies, A., Wilder, B. and Priestley, S. (1993)

Unearthing the evidence. Derby: Derbyshire Historical Society.

Is an editor cited like an author?

• Yes. But make sure that it is the editor you are citing as the originator of the text, not one of the chapter writers

• In the reference list you should indicate editorship by using one of the following abbreviations:

Smith, L. (ed.) (1987) Statistics for engineers. London: Helman. Or: Smith, L. and Pearson, D. T. (eds.) Solving problems with algebra.

Aberdeen: Falmer.

What do I do if I can’t find a named person?

• Have to use a corporate author• Corporate authors can be:1. Government bodies2. Companies3. Professional bodies4. Clubs or societies5. International organizations

E.g. Institute of Waste Management (1995) Ways to improve recycling. Northampton: Institute of Waste Management.

How to distinguish between two items by the same author in the same year• To distinguish between different articles, letters (a, b, c, etc.) are

used with the date in the text:E.g. ...Johnson (1991a) has progressed both experimental and practical aspects of software technology to the point where they provide a serious challenge to Pacific Belt dominance (Johnson, 1991b)…

What to do if details are not given?

A series of abbreviations can be used and are generally accepted for this purpose:

• author/corporate author not given use [Anon.]• no date

use [n.d.]• no place (sine loco) use

[s.l.]• no publisher (sine nomine) use [s.n.]• not known

use [n.k.]

Example: Book

• Author/editor surname, initials. (Year) Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

• E.g. Orem, D. E. (1991) Nursing: concepts of practice. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.

Note:• The title is in italics• The date is the year of publication not printing.• The edition is only mentioned if other than the first.• The place of publication is the City not the Country (normally the

first stated).• Authors’ names can be in all capitals or first letter capital then

lower case.

Example: E-Book

• Author, initials. (Year) Title [online]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available from: URL. [Accessed date].

• E.g. Hutcheon, L. (2002) Politics of postmodernism [online]. London: Routledge. Available from: http://reader.eblib.com/Reader.aspx?p=181639&o [Accessed: 3rd August 2009].

Example: World Wide Web

• Author/editor, initials. (Year) Title [online]. (Edition). Place of publication: Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: URL [Accessed date].

• E.g. British Nutrition Foundation (2003) Healthy eating: a whole diet approach [online] London: British Nutrition Foundation. Available from: http://www.nutrition.org.uk/home.asp?siteId=43&sectionId=325&subSectionId=320&parentSection=299&which=1 [Accessed 11th August 2005].

Example: Youtube

• Screen name. Year. Title. [online]. Available from: URL. [Accessed date].

• E.g. Leelefever. 2008. Podcasting in plain English. [online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-MSL42NV3c [Accessed 3 July 2008].

Referencing Guide

Questions&

Answers

The Harvard System

Produced byInformation Services

3rd Edition, 2009.