Harvard Referencing

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PERROTIS COLLEGE

THESSALONIKI, GREECE

UNIVERSITY OF WALES INSTITUTE, CARDIFF.

Notes on Harvard / Author-Date system of referencing

Damiana Koutsomiha [email protected]

2310-492-889 Dimitris & Aliki Perrotis Library

Note: This guide is written primarily for the use of students undertaking Perrotis College modules

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The following form of citations are reproduced by the Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev. by Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons Australia, Brisbane. Copyright: Commonwealth of Australia

and

Lathrop A & Foss K 2005, Guiding Students from Cheating and Plagiarism to Honesty and Integrity: Strategies for Change, Libraries Unlimited, Westport, CT Documents from CQ University provided the inspiration for the format of this referencing guide.

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Table of contents

Plagiarism........................................................................................................................ 5

What is referencing?...........................................................................................................6

When do you not need to reference................................................................................. ..7

Elements of the reference list

Book……………………………………………………………………………………8

Journal article………………………………………………………………………9

Web site………………………………………………………….………………..10 How to arrange entries in the reference list……………………………………….11

In text citation or references………………………………………………………12 Tables and figures…………………………………………………………………14

Hard copy books .................................................................................................................... One author....................................................................................................................166 Two authors .................................................................................................................166 Three authors ...............................................................................................................177 Four or more authors....................................................................................................177 No author .......................................................................................................................18 Several sources are cited at once ...................................................................................18 Second or later edition ...............................................................................................1919 Edited work....................................................................................................................19 Chapter in edited work...................................................................................................19 One volume of multi-volume work ...............................................................................19

Electronic books .................................................................................................................... E-book............................................................................................................................20 Chapter in an e-book......................................................................................................20

Hard copy journal articles...................................................................................................... One or more authors ......................................................................................................21 No author .......................................................................................................................21 Magazine........................................................................................................................21

Online or electronic journals.................................................................................................. Journal article from a database ......................................................................................22 Journal article from a website ........................................................................................22

Hardcopy—newspaper articles .............................................................................................. Newspaper article with an author ..................................................................................23 Newspaper article without an author .............................................................................23

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Electronic copy—newspaper articles..................................................................................... Newspaper article with an author (website)...................................................................24 Newspaper article with no author (website) ..................................................................24 Other documents on the World Wide Web (WWW)...................................................255 Document on the World Wide Web...............................................................................25 Document on the WWW – no date ................................................................................25 Document on the World Wide Web – no author/sponsor..............................................25 Conference paper from a website ..................................................................................25

Government sponsored websites ........................................................................................... Page on a government website.......................................................................................26

Specialized sources ................................................................................................................ Conference proceedings.................................................................................................26 published........................................................................................................................26 DVD/Video....................................................................................................................26 Film/Movie ....................................................................................................................26 Television broadcast ......................................................................................................27 Photographs on the Web ................................................................................................27 with name of creator ......................................................................................................27 No creator of the image given........................................................................................27 Facebook........................................................................................................................28 YouTube ........................................................................................................................28 Blog................................................................................................................................28 Wiki ...............................................................................................................................28 Online Dictionary entry .................................................................................................29

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Plagiarism

Plagiarism is taking the ideas or expression of ideas of other people without proper attribution or citation

Common forms of plagiarism include:

Quoting or paraphrasing material without proper attribution. Omitting quotation marks -- even if you do cite something Copying or using work done by another student. Citing sources you didn't use. Turning in the same paper for more than one class without the permission of both

teachers.

At the Perrotis College Student Handbook there is extensive reference regarding issues of academic integrity. Please read the following excerpts:

‘ACADEMIC INTEGRITY Students at Perrotis College are expected to demonstrate academic integrity in all educational pursuits. Adherence to this principle means that each individual is responsible for his or her own behavior in all activities connected to the College’s academic program and that such behavior is characterized by honesty, fairness and forthrightness. Violations of academic integrity include—but are not limited to—the following

Copying or using in any other way unauthorised materials or the work of any other

examinee;

Engaging in plagiarism by using other people's work and submitting it as one's own work;

Students caught violating principles of academic integrity will be immediately reported to the College administration and are subject to dismissal, suspension, loss of financial aid and/or other disciplinary actions’

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What is referencing?

When you write an assignment you are required to perform research and refer or cite to the work of other authors and scholars. Each time you do, you must identify their work by making reference /citation to it. The practice of acknowledging authors works is known as referencing or citing.

Acknowledging the work of others is:

setting one’s own work in context; adding authority to a statement; enabling readers to follow up a source and enabling readers to check the accuracy of the quotation/information (University

of South Australia p.2). Each reference must appear in two ways in your text. As

an acknowledgment of sources through brief parenthetical citations in the text keyed to a works-cited list and

a compilation of an alphabetical list of Works Cited or References, appearing at the end of the text

Works Cited or References

A Works Cited or References is a list of the resources used to complete a research paper or assignment and it is ALWAYS found at the end of the assignment.

It is arranged alphabetically by the author’s family name, It is a comprehensive list of all types of resources used such as books, journal

articles, electronic sources and It includes the full details of your parenthetical references.

What is the difference between a list of ‘References’ and a ‘Bibliography’? The terms are often used synonymously, but there is a difference in meaning between them: • References are the items you have read and specifically referred to (or cited) in your assignment. • A bibliography is a list of everything you read in preparation for writing an assignment. A bibliography will, therefore, normally contain sources that you have cited and those you found to be influential but decided not to cite. A bibliography can give a tutor an overview of which authors have influenced your ideas and arguments even if you do not specifically refer to them.

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When you do not need to reference However, there are four situations when you do not need to reference sources. These are: 1 When presenting historical overviews

2 When presenting your own experiences 3 In conclusions, when you are repeating ideas previously referenced

4 When summarizing what is regarded as ‘common knowledge’.

The following excerpt comes from a letter written by Dr. Taylor, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, Oakton Community College, Des Plaines, Illinois to his students. It gives a pretty good answer on Why do you need to reference

‘...Let me expand on this last point, since it applies to both you and me. By its very nature, education and the accumulation of knowledge is a shared enterprise. None of us has the time, let alone the background knowledge required, to learn everything on our own. Virtually everything we know has come to us because someone else has taken the time to think about something, research it, and then share what s/he's learned with us in a class lecture or, more likely, in an article or book. This is every bit as true for me as a teacher as it is for you as students. I'd have very little to teach if all I could talk about is what I've learned solely on my own. In a class lecture it would be too disruptive if I stopped to cite all of my sources, but I know, and you need to know, that I am sharing with you the things I've learned from hundreds of different authors. What I contribute is the way I bring their ideas together into a coherent whole so that it makes sense to you. If this is true for me, how much more so for you. I have many more years of education and reading behind me than you do. I don't expect you to do original research. Instead, I expect you to read about the research of others, and to bring together their ideas in such a way that makes sense to you and will make sense to me. Therefore, it's essential for you to cite your sources in any research paper you write. The academic reasons for doing so are to give credit to those who have done the original research and written the article or book, and to allow me to look at them if I needed to find out if you have properly understood what the author was trying to say.

But at a practical level, citing your sources is a way to show that you've done the assignment. If your paper contains no citations, the implication is that you have done a piece of original research, but that wasn't the assignment. Citations (along with the bibliography) show that you have consulted a variety of resources as the assignment required. They're also an acknowledgement of your indebtedness to those authors. ‘

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Elements of the reference list

Book For a book the document information is presented in the following order:

surname (family name) and initials of author(s)

year of publication

title of book always in italics and minimal capitalisation. It follows the year of publication separated by comma

the edition, if not the original publication, for example, 4th edn

publisher

place of publication. There should be commas between all elements except the initials of the author(s) and the date.

Example

Hornby, D 1998, About a boy, Riverhead Books, New York.

Year of publication

Title of book in minimal capitalisation

Publisher Place (city) of publication

Italics for book title

Commas between elements except author(s) and date

Full stop at the end

Authors’ surname and initials

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Journal article

For a journal article, the following elements should be presented in this order:

surname (family name) and initials of author(s)

year of publication

title of article in single quotation marks and minimal capitalisation

title of journal or periodical in italics and maximal capitalisation

volume number where applicable

issue number or other identifier where applicable, for example, Winter

page number(s) on which the article begins and ends.

Example

O'Hara, MJ 2009, ‘Flood basalts, basalt floods or topless bushvelds? Lunar petrogenesis revisited’, Journal of Petrology, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1545–1651.

Author’s surname and initials

Year of publication

Title of article in minimal capitalisation and in single quotation marks

Italics and maximal capitalisation for the title of the journal

Volume and issue number in lower case

Page numbers Full stop at the end

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Website

For a website article, the following elements should be presented in this order:

name of the author /sponsor/owner of the site

year of publication on the Web – if no date use n.d.,

title of page/site in italics and minimal capitalisation*

date you viewed the site in full

URL address in brackets, no full stop.

Example

American Farm School 2008, Library, viewed 12 July 2011,

<http://www.afs.edu.gr/page/default.asp?la=2&id=50>

Encyclopaedias and dictionaries

If there is an entry in an encyclopedia with author (s) the principles already described can be applied. If no author is mentioned provide the necessary information in the text. For example:

Oxford dictionary (2000) defines it…

There is no need for an entry in the works cited or reference list.

Foreign Language Material

Name of author/sponsor/owner of the web site

Name of the page in italics and minimal capitalisation Date you viewed

the site

URL address

Year of publication on the Web

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You have two options if you are writing an assignment in the English language but you are using sources which are written in other languages:

Either give the source title exactly as it appears in the original language, or give an English translation of it in square brackets with a language descriptor at the end, e.g.

Lansdale, E. 2010, Η μεταμόρφωσή μου: ένα μωσαϊκό από ανθρώπους, τόπους και γεγονότα, p. 110. or Lansdale, E. 2010. [My Metamorphosis: a tapestry of people, places and events]. Η μεταμόρφωσή μου: ένα μωσαϊκό από ανθρώπους, τόπους και γεγονότα, p. 110. (In Greek).

How to arrange entries in the reference list 1. In alphabetical order according to the author’s surname.

2. References that start with a number precede the alphabetical ones and are listed numerically.

3. When there is more than one author keep the exact order of the authors names as they appear on the title page of a publication.

5. When there is no author list alphabetically according to the title. When alphabetising, ignore words such as ‘The’, ‘A’ or ‘An’ at the beginning of the reference’s title. For example, ‘The acid rain controversy’ should be alphabetised according to the ‘A’ in ‘acid’.

6. If there are two or more references by the same author, then list them in order of publication date with the oldest work first.

7. If references by the same author have been published in the same year, then list them alphabetically according to the title of the book or article and add the letter ‘a’ after the first date, ‘b’ after the second date, and so on (e.g., 2007a, 2007b, 2007c).

In text citations or references

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The family name of the author and the year of the document’s publication or creation – with no punctuation between the two items – are inserted in the text in the following ways: The theory was first propounded in 1993 (Hamilton 1994).

Or The theory was first propounded by Hamilton (1993).

If no author is given, cite the work by title. If the title is long, use a shortened version in the in-text reference.

When citing a work by two or more authors, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page and presented the parenthetical thus:

(Mainowksi, Miller & Gupta 1995) Or

Mainowksi, Miller and Gupta (1995) disagreed with…

Note: And or &?

Use an ampersand (&) for an in-text citation when enclosed in parentheses. Use and when the authors’ names are incorporated in the text.

When a work has more than three authors, the in-text citation should show only the name of the first – listed author followed by the expression ‘et.al’ (Malinowksi et al 1999)

Or Malinowksi et al. (1999) have found…

Works for which no publication date can be established should be cited using the abbreviation n.d. (no date). For example:

(Al Mahdi n.d.) or Al Mahdi (n.d.)

and in the reference list

Al Madhi, S n.d.

Works that do not bear the name of an author are cited by title in both the text and the reference list. For example:

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This was apparently not the case before about 1995 (The entrepreneur’s guide to the law 1999)

Or In The entrepreneur’s guide to the law (1999) it is claimed that This was apparently not the case before about 1995.

and in the reference list

The entrepreneur’s guide to the law 1999,

When you come across a citation of the work of one author in another’s work provide both author’s names. For example:

Ngu (cited in Larsen 1991) reported

Or (Ngu, cited in Larsen 1991)

Page numbers are essential in the text if you are directly quoting someone else’s words. The abbreviations p. and pp. are used:

The initiative was proposed in 1996 (Tourism Taskforce 1996, p. 245)

Hamiliton (1994, pp. 145- 147) was the first to propound the theory.

Here is a list of proposed verbs you can use for the in-text citations state point out describe

remark add suggest

maintain assert affirm

agree claim clarify

disagree contest contend

highlight find show

imply theorise offer

predict question dispute

justify confirm reason

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Tables and Figures

If you include tables or figures from other sources you must make a reference - in-text and at the end of your assignment - to the source so the readers can locate and identify it. References to tables and figures do not differ from the instructions provided.

However, remember that tables or figures should be numbered and labelled with captions. Captions should be small and simple to understand. After the caption you use the in-text citation.

Example for a table

Note: Number tables and place captions and in-text citation above it.

Table 2: State minimum wages 2009 (Economic Policy Institute 2009)

Citation

Economic Policy Institute 2009, Issue Guide on Minimum Wage, digital table, viewed 3 July 2011, http://www.epi.org/publication/tables_figures_data/

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Example for figure

Note: Number figures and place captions and in-text citation below it.

Figure 1: Questions on most used media (Simon & Blackman 2006, p. 8)

Citation

Simon F & Blackman C 2006, "Spectrum for the next radio revolution: the economic and technical case for collective use", info, vol. 8 no: 2, pp: 6 – 17.

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Hard copy books

Examples of in-text

citation Model to follow in the reference list

One author A recent study (Farkas 2007) found that gender

or Farkas (2007, p. 179) claims that ‘’.

Farkas, M 2007, Social Software in Libraries, Information Today Medford, NJ.

Note: When an author has two or more initials, the entry looks like this:

Buck, PS 1958, The Good Earth, Washington Square Press, New York, N.Y.

Two authors Current research (Tyson & York 2007) highlights …

Or

Tyson and York (2007, p. 27) suggest that ‘…’.

Tyson, S & York, A 1996, Human Resource Management, 3rd edn, Butterworth - Heinemann, Oxford.

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Examples of in-text citation Model to follow in the reference list

Three authors A recent study highlighted the fact that … (Hogget, Edwards & Medlin 2003).

or Hogget, Edwards & Medlin (2003) stated that ‘’.

Hogget, JR, Edwards, L, & Medlin, JF 2003, Accounting in Australia, 5th edn, John Wiley, Milton,Qld.

Four or more authors

Marketers need to understand customer needs … (Armstronget al. 2009 p.7).

or Armstrong et al. (2009, p.

34) suggested that ‘’.

Armstrong, G, Kotler, P, Harker, M & Brennan, R 2009, Marketing: an introduction, Pearson Education Limited, Essex.

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No author Each institution has its own guidelines (Peterson's Annual Guides to Graduate Study 2010).

or

According to Peterson's Annual Guides to Graduate Study (2010), each institution has its own …

Peterson's Annual Guides to Graduate Study 2010, Peterson's, Princeton, NJ.

Several sources are cited at once

Note: Do not overdo this!

Beck (2007), Roughley (2007) and Solari (2009) all agree

or Recent studies (Beck 2007, Roughley 2007 and Solari 2009) agree that

Beck, T. 2007, Web 2.0: User-Generated content in onlinecCommunities: a theoretical and empirical investigation of its determinants, Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg

Roughley, I 2007, Practical Apache Struts: web 2.0 projects, Apress,

Berckeley

Solari, C. 2009, Security in a web 2.0 world, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Note: Each author will appear as a separate entry in the reference list.

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Second or later edition

Marketers are always trying to spot cultural shift … (Kotler & Armstrong 2010, p.161).

Kotler, P & Armostrong, G 2010, Principles of marketing, 13th edn, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Edited work

A recent work edited by Reder (2000) suggests

or A recent work (ed. Reder 2000) suggest …

Reder, MR (ed.)2000, Conversations with Salman Rushdie, University Press of Mississippi

Note: when referring to the collection of essays/articles as a whole

Chapter in edited work

‘Greek presence in Iberia ...’ (Dominguez 1999, p. 301).

or

Dominguez (1999, p. 301) believes that the presence of Greeks n Iberia ...

Dominguez, AJ 1999, Hellenization in Iberia?: The reception of Greek products and influences by the Iberians’, GR Tsetskhladze (ed), Ancient Greeks: west and east, Brill, Leiden

One volume of multi-volume work

The volume describes a range of reading research practices (eds Kamil et al 2011).

Stanford-Smith, B & Chiozza, E (eds) 2001, E-work and e-commerce, vol. 2, Business aspects and considerations, IOS Press, Amsterdam.

Kamil, ML et al (eds) 2011, Handbook of reading research, vol. 4, Routledge, New York

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Electronic books

Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text

Model to follow in the reference list

E-book The discovery of microorganisms (Ray 2006, p. 4).

or According to Ray (2006, p. 4), the discovery of microorganisms

Ray, B 2006, Fundamental food microbiology, 3rd edn., e-book, CRC Press, Boca Raton, viewed 17 August 2011, <http://www.scribd.com/doc/52999892/Fundamental-Food-Microbiology>

Chapter in an e-book

Bobish found blogs to be highly interactive (2008) Blogs are highly interactive (2008)

Bobish G 2008, ‘Discussing student engagement: information literacy course blog’, in LB Cohen (ed.), Library 2.0: Initiatives is academic libraries, e-book, ACRL, viewed 17 August 2011, <http://books.google.gr/books?id=kQblvBoSIj8C&lpg=PR11&dq=library%202.0%20editor&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q=library%202.0%20editor&f=false>

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Hard copy journal articles Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list

One or more authors ‘A good reputation must be built… (Ashcroft 2010, p. 89). or

Ashcroft (2010, p. 89) maintains that ‘…’.

Ashcroft, J 2010, ‘Marketing strategies for visibility’, Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 89 – 96.

No author Energy costs are major in mainstream agriculture … (‘Mainstream agriculture’ 2009).

or ‘Energy costs are a main constituent of total costs for non-organic agriculture’ (‘Mainstream agriculture’ 2009, p. 11).

‘Mainstream agriculture?’ 2009, Organic Farming, no. 101, p. 11

Magazine Many new planets are being identified every week (Ferris 2009)

or According to Ferris (2009, p. 91), ‘astronomers have identified more than 370 ‘exoplanets’ worlds…

Ferris, T 2009, ‘Worlds apart: seeking new earths’,

National Geographic, December 2009, pp. 91 - 93

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Online or electronic journals Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list

Journal article from a database

‘developments and trends need to be set within wider societal and governmental perspectives ‘(Broady - Preston 2009, p. 67).

or Broady - Preston (2009, p. 67) recommends that ‘developments and trends need to be set within wider societal and governmental perspectives’

Broady-Preston, J 2009, ‘The information professional of the future: polymath or dinosaur?’, Library Management, vol. 31, no1/2, pp. 66- 78, Available from: Emerald Insight database, viewed 19 August 2011

Journal article from a website

‘The overall goal of the Library Impact Data Project…’ (Stone, Ramsden & Pattern (2011).

Or

Stone, Ramsden & Pattern (2011) describe the overall goal of the Library Impact Data Project

Stone G, Ramsden B & Pattern, D 2011, ‘Looking for the Link between Library Usage and Student Attainment’, Ariadne, no 67, viewed 13 July 2011, <http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue67/stone-et-al/>

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Hardcopy—newspaper articles

Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list

Newspaper article with an author

The Hazzare crisis. Interrupted Gandhi’s coming out moment into India’s politics (Yardley 2011).

or In his analysis Yardley (2011, p. 2) reports that ‘’.

Yardley, J 2011, ‘Activist upends Indian politics’, International Herald Tribune, 29 August, p.2

Newspaper article without an author

In The International Herald Tribune (‘Ex-deputy prime minister wins presidential election’ 2011, p. 6) …

or

A former prime minister was elected as ‘……….’ (‘Ex-deputy prime minister wins presidential election’ 2011, p. 6).

‘Ex-deputy prime minister wins presidential election’ 2011, International Herald Tribune, 29 August, p.6

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Electronic copy—newspaper articles


Newspaper article with an author (website)

the quality and type of experiences in preschool can make a difference in how a child's linguistic skills develop (Park 2011).

or Part (2011) writes that ‘the quality and type of experiences in preschool can make a difference in how a child's linguistic skills develop

Park, A 2011, ‘What makes some Preschools better than other?’, Time Healthland, 25 August, viewed 26 August 2001, <http://healthland.time.com/2011/08/25/what-makes-some-preschools-better-than-others/>

Newspaper article with no author (website)

In the Guardian, it was stated that ‘A huge underground river appears to be flowing thousands of feet beneath the Amazon river’ (2011)

‘Underground river discovered beneath Amazon’ 2011, Guardian, 26 August, viewed 26 August 2011, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/aug/26/underground-river-amazon?CMP=twt_fd>

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Other documents on the World Wide Web (WWW)


Document on the World Wide Web

Honan (2011) is connecting personal branding with the rise of social media. Or ‘We wouldn't be talking about personal branding if it weren't for

the rise of social media’ (Honan 2011)

Honan, D 2011, ‘Ego check: you are not a brand’, Big Think, viewed 26 August 2011, <http://bigthink.com/ideas/39496>

Document on the WWW – no date

According to Greenpeace (n.d.), tuna overfishing is …

Or

Greenpeace (n.d.) refers that that ‘This week Coles took an important step forward to end its role in the overfishing crisis’.

Greenpeace n.d., Canned tuna campaign catches a big one,, viewed 31 August 2011, <http://www.greenpeace.org/australia/en/news/oceans/Canned-tuna-campaign-catches-a-big-one/>

Document on the World Wide Web – no author/sponsor

Note: The use of such sites is highly discouraged. Avoid these sites.

Conference paper from a website

According to the action model (Mello & Pires 2008). or

Mello and Pires (2008) describe ‘an action model to measure the performance of libraries ’.

Mello, LB & Pires, C 2008, ‘Performance Evaluation of Academic Libraries: Implementation Model’, paper presented at the 17th Hellenic Conference of Academic Libraries, 24 – 26 September, viewed 20 August 2011, <http://17conf.lib.uoi.gr/files/b2.Melo_Pires.pdf>

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Government sponsored websites Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list

Page on a government website

The Ministry of Finance provides with updated information (2011) of the financial…

Hellenic Republic, Ministry of Finance, Budget Execution Bulletins, January-July 2011, viewed 20 August 2011, <http://www.minfin.gr/portal/en/resource/contentObject/contentTypes/..../contentObjectListAlternativeTemplate>

Referring to two primary sources within a secondary source


Books and journal articles Findings from studies (Heath 1989; Johnson 1972, cited in Morris 1998) indicate that …

Note: Morris is the author who will appear in the reference list

Morris, M 1998, Corn production in the United States, Pearson – Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Note: the specific example above refers to a book

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Specialized sources Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list

Conference proceedings published

‘Companion animals continue to assume greater importance…’ (Garnsworthy & Wiseman 2002, p. vi).

Garnsworthy PC & Wiseman J, (eds) 2002, Recent advances in animal nutrition, 36th University of Nottingham Fed Conference, 2-4 January, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham

DVD/Video Similarly, in Sunset Boulevard (1950), … or

In the movie Buster Keaton is playing himself along with other silent movie stars… (Sunset Boulevard 1950).

Sunset Boulevard: special collectors edition 1950,

DVD recording, Paramount, Los Angeles.

Film/Movie Similarly, in Sunser Boulevard (1950), … or

In the movie Buster Keaton is playing himself along with other silent movie stars… (Sunset Boulevard 1950).

Sunset Boulevard: special collectors edition 1950,

motion picture, Paramount, Los Angeles.

Television broadcast The episode of South Park (1997) was a satire on religion… South Park 1997, television program, Comedy Central, 4 February

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Photographs on the Web with name of creator

No creator of the image given

Photographer Ansel Adams (1938) captures the grace of Sonoma County Hills.

The falling man (2006) illustrates capture of motion.

Adams, A (2011) 1938,Clearing Storm, Sonoma County Hills, digital image, The Ansel Adams Gallery, viewed 17 August 2011, <http://www.anseladams.com/PhotoDetails.asp?ShowDESC=N&ProductCode=1701023105> Note that in the reference above, the website publication has a different date than the original publication. In this case, the website publication date is given first and the original publication date is added in brackets. Only the website publication date should be given in the in-text reference. The falling man 2006, digital image, Ananyah, viewed 12 July 2010, <http://ananyah.com/blog/2006/03/16/the-falling-man/>

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Facebook

In text (Learning for life n.d.)

Learning for life nd, in Facebook, group page, viewed August 24 2011, <http://www.facebook.com/LLLtoAFS>

Follow the format:

Username or Group Name n.d., in Facebook, page type, viewed day month year, http://www.facebook.com/specificpageURL

YouTube Arthur Clarke predicted that ‘people could be in instant contact with each other’ (elabjer’s channel 2009)

elabjer’s channel 2009, Arthur C Clarke predicting the future in 1964, video, 19 November, viewed 24 August 2011, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOaZspeSBZU&feature=youtu.be>

Blog Data surplus is explored…(Seth’s blog 2011). Seth’s Blog 2011, ‘The shower of data’, blog post, 2 September, viewed 2 September 2011, <http://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/2011/09/the-shower-of-data.html>

Wiki The term agriculture means (Agriculture 2010). Agriculture 2010, Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, wiki, viewed 26 February 2010, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture>

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Dissertations

Research suggests that…. (Stones 2001) Author, Initials, Year of publication. Title of dissertation. Level. Official name of University.

e.g. Stones, AR, 2001. Climate change: who does it affect the most? B.Sc (Hons) Sustainable Rural Development. Perrotis College, Cardiff Metropolitan University.

Interviews During the interview, Mr. Tompson answered that… (Tompson 2010)

Interviewee's name. Year of interview. Title of interview. Interviewed by ...name. [type of medium/format]

e.g. John Tompson. 2010. Healthy Habits. Interviewed by George Payton. [audiocassette]

Online Dictionary entry The definition of biodiversity (Oxford Dictionaries 2011) Oxford Dictionaries 2011, Biodiversity, viewed 24 August 2011, <http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/biodiversity>

The Bible These verses (Mark 7:11 – 9:17) r … Note: Bible references are not included in a reference list.

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European Union Documents Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list

Council Directive According to the EU, “each member state shall…” (Council Directive 2001/29/EC 2001)

Council Directive 2001/29/EC of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society.

EU Commission Decision “All member states should …..” (Commission Decision 93/42/EEC 1992)

Commission Decision 93/42/EEC of 21 December 1992 concerning additional guarantees relating to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis for bovines destined for Denmark.

EU Regulation According to the EU Regulation (EEC 1408/71 1971) …. REGULATION (EEC) No 1408/71 OF THE COUNCIL of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons and their families moving within the Community.

Council Regulation …that each worker “who is a national of a Member State….” (Council Regulation 1612/68[5] 1968)

Council Regulation (EEC) 1612/68[5] of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community.

Judgement of the European Court of Justice

The order of the Court stated that “the total amount of costs to be reimbursed by Arne Mathisen AS….” (Case T-340/99 2002, p.12)

case number | case name | [year] | report abbreviation | first page

e.g. Case T-340/99 Arne Mathisen AS v Council [2002] ECR II-2905

Act of Parliament According to the Act of Supremacy of 1558 in England, …. (Act of Supremacy 1558)

short title | date

e.g. Act of Supremacy 1558

32


EU Treaty Based on the 2010 Treaty of the European Union, the member state…. (Treaty on European Union 2010, OJ C83/13)

legislation title | [year] | OJ series issue/first page

e.g. Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2010] OJ C83/13

Report or Consultation Paper of Law Commission

The EU law on bribery clearly states that…. (Law Com No 313 2008)

Law Commission, | title | (Law Com No | number, | year)

e.g. Law Commission, Reforming Bribery (Law Com No 313, 2008)

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