Harry Kroto 2004

Sodium Flame Test

©at: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flametest--Na...

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Emission Spectrum of a sodium lamp

Absorption Spectrum of sodium atoms

at: web.me.com/dtrapp/ePhysics.f/labII_9.html

Na D lines Orange street lamps - sodium

Fraunhofer Absorption Lines in the Sun’s Spectrum

Harry Kroto 2004

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Electron Configurations of Sodium

Harry Kroto 2004

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Electron Configurations of Sodium

Harry Kroto 2004

1s2 2s2 2p63s1

Electron Configurations of Sodium

2S

Harry Kroto 2004

1s2 2s2 2p63s1

Electron Configurations of Sodium

2S

Harry Kroto 2004

1s2 2s2 2p63s11s2 2s2 2p63p1

2P

Electron Configurations of Sodium

2S

Harry Kroto 2004

1s2 2s2 2p63s11s2 2s2 2p63p1

2P

Electron Configurations of Sodium

2S

Harry Kroto 2004

1s2 2s2 2p63s11s2 2s2 2p63p1

2P1/2 2P

Electron Configurations of Sodium

2P3/2

2S

Harry Kroto 2004

1s2 2s2 2p63s11s2 2s2 2p63p1

2P1/2 2P

Electron Configurations of Sodium

Spin orbit coupling

2P3/2

2S

Harry Kroto 2004

1s2 2s2 2p63s11s2 2s2 2p63p1

2P1/2 2P

N2N2

Electron Configurations of Sodium

589.00 nm

589.59 nm

Spin orbit coupling

2P3/2

2S

Harry Kroto 2004

1s2 2s2 2p63s11s2 2s2 2p63p1

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Wikipedia Sodium D Lines

A dye laser used at the Starfire Optical Range for LIDAR and laser guide star experiments is tuned to the sodium D line and used to excite sodium atoms in the upper atmosphere.

©at: hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/.../sodzee.html

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In Voltaire’s “Elémens de la Theorie de Newton“ (1738)

Harry Kroto 2004

Harry Kroto 2004

Flame generated by the burning of a candle.

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Flame

Harry Kroto 2004

Image of a flame test for sodium. Note that the yellow color in this gas flame does not arise from the blackbody emission of soot particles (as the flame is clearly a blue premixed complete combustion flame) but instead comes from the spectral line emission of sodium atoms, specifically the very intense "sodium D lines"