Hardware, software. Operating system. · 4 Hardware Physical elements (user can touch them...
Transcript of Hardware, software. Operating system. · 4 Hardware Physical elements (user can touch them...
Hardware, software.
Operating system.
Medical Informatics
Winter Semester 2011/2012
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Computers
Digital computer = device for automatic processing of instructions and processing of data (both coded in binary system)
Types of computers Supercomputers, mainframe computers, PCs
(desktop, tower), notebooks (laptops), pocket PCs (PDA, iPOD), MAC Apple
Structure of computers Hardware x software
Input devices + memory & processor + output devices (von Neumann architecture)
Case x peripheral devices (common user look)
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Hardware
Physical elements (user can touch them
physically)
Inside the box
Power source, mainboard, buttons for start and
reset of computer, space for memory devices,
outlets for network, graphical and sound cards
Peripheral devices
Keyboard, mouse, screen
Heart of computer
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Something for input – Keyboard
Something for displaying – Graphic card and monitor
And little bit more
Motherboard – the skelet of the computer
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Processor
Executes commands and instructions of program and processes the data
Also Central Processing Unit (CPU) – chip placed in socket on mainboard Analogy for processor in human body if heart. Mainboard can be
described as a net of arteries and veins with bloodstream
Composed of: Front Side Bus (FSB) – executes instructions
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) – arithmetic and logic operations
Registers – special quick memory on processor
Performance is usually defined with parameters of tact frequency (today 1-3 GHz), width of data flow (older 8-, 16-, todays 32- or 64-bits), arithmetic flowing point operations per second (fps) etc.
Must be cooled (prevention of processor overheat) – fan
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Memory
Stores data and program instructions and works with them
Operating memory (also internal memory ) – very quick (due to this accessed directly by processor) but with low capacity (size usually 10s of GB) RAM (Read Access Memory), ROM (Read Only
Memory), cache
Storing Memory (also storing devices) – high capacity (from 100s GB to 10s TB and more) but slow (1000 times slower than internal memory) Harddisk (HD), CD, DVD, flashmemory (USB-stick),
etc…
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RAM
Common user usually understands under the term computer memory just this type
Performance measured by capacity (size) in bytes (today 1024 MB (1 GB), 2048 MB (2 GB), 4096 (4 GB), 8GB) and speed (tact frequency) in MHz (today usually 600 - 1333 MHz)
After turning off a computer, this memory is cleaned and all date are lost!
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Cache
Additional memory
Special kind of memory using generally in situations, when data and/or instructions are handed from the slower device to the faster one
Cache on processor (RAM → registers)
Cache on harddrive (HD → RAM)
Cache on CD/DVD drive (CD/DVD → RAM)
etc.
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Harddisk
Harddisk drive (HDD) is usually placed in case of computer, but can be also connected as an external device (by USB, etc.)
Storing of data on magnetic principles
Quite fast but still much slower than operating memory Performance measured in capacity (todays usually
10s – 100 GBs), access time to data and number of rotations per minute
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FD, CD, DVD, flashmemory, etc.
Floppy disk (FD) – relic, magnetic principles, capacity max. 1.44 MB
Compact Disk (CD) – optical principles, 700 MB
Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) – optical, 4.5 GB (Dual Layer DVD even 8 GB) Today usually combined CD/DVD drives in one device
Blue-ray Disk (BD) – optical, 10s GB
Flashmemory (flashstick, USB stick, etc.) – special memory chip, todays usually 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB or 4 GB
Various memory cards (from digital photocamera, handies, etc.), ZIPP drive, JAZZ drive, etc.
HVD (Holograme Versatile Disk) – in development, TB (?)
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Additional cards and devices
Graphical card
Video output on monitor
Network card
Network connection
Sound card
Audio output
Communication ports
USB, LPT, PS/2, FireWire
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Input devices
Mediate data input to computer Keyboard
Mouse
Touchpad
Trackball
Tablet
Scanner
Microphone
Webcam
Digital photocamera, joystick, etc.
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Output devices
Present data in relevant form
Monitor (CRT, LCD)
Printer
Plotter
Speakers, phones
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Special & multifuntional devices
Special I/O devices in one: Touch display (PDA)
Modem (network connection)
Multifunctional devices Xerox, printer & scanner in one machine
Phones & microphone set
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I/O devices in medicine
Examples (used as parts of various diagnostic and/or therapeutic devices and instruments):
Biosignal sensors
Electrodes of defibrillator
Display of ECG monitoring device
Monitors of ICU instruments, incl.various sensors, applicators and dosing machines
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Software
Programs (applications) and data stored in computer and coded in bits (user cannot touch them physically)
Software = Applications and data
Applications: System programs
BIOS
Operating systems
Drivers
Programming languages
End-user applications
Legal (licenced) software x warez
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Files & directories
File (name & extension) Data file
Data standard
Program file (application) Localisation
Association
Folder, directory FAT, NFTS
Tree structure of directories
Shortcut, link
Path
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End-user application File managers
Text editors
Spreadsheets processors
Presentation software
Databases
Office suites
Viewers
Communication programs
Personal organizers
Graphic software
Antivirus, Firewall, Antispyware
Archiving & data compression programs
Multimedia players
Education software
Games, etc.
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Operating system
Main program of computer Runs other applications, allocate HW for them
Files in Boot Sector of harddrive
Mainframe OS: VMS, UNIX, QNX
OS for PC: UNIX (Solaris, Linux)
DOS (MS DOS, DR DOS)
Windows
OS/2 (IBM)
Other OS: Mac OS (Apple)
Symbian, Windows Mobile, PalmOS (PocketPC and handies)
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Windows Operating system MS Windows (Microsoft
Corporation) in one of its versions installed on
majority of today PCs:
Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, Windows 3.0, Windows
3.11, Windows NT, Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows CE – older,
milestones in computer history
Windows XP (Experience) (since X / 2001)
Windows Server 2003 – for server computers
Windows Vista (since I / 2007)
Windows 7 / 8/ 10
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Czech – english vocabulary Počítač = computer
Myš = mouse
Plocha = desktop
Okno = window
Položka = item
Klávesnice = keyboard
Jazyk = language
Soubor = file
Adresář = directory
Složka = folder
Jméno, název = name
Přípona = extension
Zástupce = shortcut
Schránka = clipboard
Průzkumník = explorer
Nápověda = help
In applications (e.g. Průzkumník): Otevřít = open
Tisk = print
Nový = new
Vytvořit = create
Odstranit, smazat = delete
Přejmenovat = rename
Vlastnosti = attributes
Velikost = size
Hledat = search
Úpravy = edit
Oblíbené = favorite
Kopírovat = copy
Vyjmout = cut
Vložit = paste
Vybrat = select
Zobrazit = view
Nástroje = tools
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Suggested reading
van Bemmel, Musen: Handbook of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University, Rottedam, NL & Stanford University, Stanford, USA
(http://www.mieur.nl/mihandbook/r_3_3/handbook/home.htm)
Shortliffe, Cimino et al.: Biomedical Informatics, 3rd Edition, Springer, New York, 2006
www.wikipedia.org