Hardness, Water Softening - Lime-Soda ash process
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Transcript of Hardness, Water Softening - Lime-Soda ash process
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Dlrfemss lef Rltmr ^oatmeieb
Fr. Lkmplti ^. Pmffy
Lssoniltm Xroamssor
^ndoog oa Memrby lef MeviroecmetVdlplr ]eivmrsity, Xltilgl
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Dlrfemss Dlrfemss: cugtivlgmet cmtlg ioes (fi or cugtivlgmet nltioes) tdlt
aorc prmnipitltms witd solps
@lsmf oe tdm dlrfemss wltmrs lrm nglssiaimf ls ^oat wltmr (8-28 cb/G),
Cofmrltmgy dlrf wltmr (28-
-, ^O60-, Ng-, EO>
-, ^iO>0- , XO6
>-
Dlrfemss nltmborims
Nlgniuc Dlrfemss (Nl0+D), Clbemsiuc Dlrfemss (Cb0+) lef VotlgDlrfemss (VD) `lsmf oe tdm rmspoesi`gm nltioes
Cb0+D 3 V D - Nl0+D
Nlr`oeltm Dlrfemss (ND) lef Eoe-nlr`oeltm Dlrfemss (END) `lsmfoe tdm lssoniltmf leioes
ND is lgso keowe ls tmcporlry dlrfemss (`inlr`oeltms) lef it nle`m rmcovmf `y `oigieb lef `y gicm (NlO or Nl(OD)0)
END (lgso keowe ls pmrclemet dlrfemss) is lssoniltmf witd ^O60-lef Ng-- nle `m rmcovmf `y sofl lsd &gicmuelaamntmf y `oigieb
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Dlrfemss Ia Lgklgieity 7 VD, tdme ND 3 Lgklgieity
Ia Lgklgieity VD, tdme ND 3 VD
END 3 VDVotlg Lgklgieity ^ofiuc Lgklgieity 3 Votlg LgklgieityVotlg Dlrfemss (VD)
Cmtdof usmf aor dlrfemss cmlsurmcmet: MFVL (Mtdygmem-filciem-tmtrl-lnmtin lnif) cmtdof
Mriondrocm @glnk V is iefinltoraorcs nocpgmx witd armm MFVL lef
ndlebm nogour aroc rmf to `gum @oigieb oaa lef aigtmrieb rmcovms tmcporlry dlrfemss lef pmrclemet
dlrfemss nle `m usmf
Nlgniuc dlrfemss is lgso cmlsurmf `y MFVL cmtdof `ut latmrprmnipitltieb tdm Cb lt pD lef usieb fiaamrmet iefinltor (nlgnoe)
Dlrfemss is mxprmssmf ie cb/G ls NlNO>lef lt ticms ie cmq/G
Noenmetrltioes ie cb/G nle `m noevmrtmf ieto cmq/G `y fivifiebwitd mquivlgmet wmibdt oa tdm spmnims
T cb/G oa Nl0+3 T/08 cmq/G oa Nl0+(08 is mqui. wbt. oa Nl0+)
T cb/G oa Cb0+3 T/)
T cb/G oa NO03 T/00 cmq oa NO0(00 is mqui. wbt. oa NO0)
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Lt 54.> pD nlr`oe fioxifm foms eot mxisit
Lt 5
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Cmlsurmcmet oa Nlgniuc dlrfemss ^lcpgms pD is rlismf to ~ aor prmnipitltieb clbemsiuc ls
dyfroxifm lef eot lggowieb its rmlntioe witd MFVL - ie tdm titrltioewitd MFVL, nlgnoe (Dyfroxy elpdtdog) is usmf ls le iefinltor
Xrmgicielry titrltioe to aief lpproxicltm vogucm oa MFVL emmfmf
Vo tdm slcpgm, lff l amw frops oa pogyvieyg lgnodog lef
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Rdy to soatme wltmr lef `y wdlt cmtdofs? Dlrf wltmr aorcs snlgms ie wltmr dmltieb systmcs gikm `oigmrs
Aorcs aolc/gmltdmr witd solp lef ienrmlsm tdm solp noesucptioe
Rltmr soatmeieb pronmssms Ioe-mxndlebm pronmss
Gicm-sofl lsd pronmss
Lfvletlbms (lef fislfvletlbms) oa tdm gicmsofl lsd pronmss
Vdm gicm lffmf to wltmr ie tdm pronmss is totlggy rmcovmf. VF^ (totlg fissogvmf sogifs) oa tdm wltmr is sibeiainletgy rmfunmf
Gicm lgso prmnipitltms tdm sogu`gm Am lef Ce
Mxnmss gicm trmltcmet nle provifm fisieamntioe (tdroubd rlisiebtdm wltmr pD!) lef lif ie tdm nolbugltioe pronmss
Pmcovlg oa eoe-nlr`oeltm dlrfemss rmquirms sofl lsd lefwdme sofl lsd is lppgimf, El+ rmclies ie tdm aieisdmf wltmr
^ndmcms oa wltmr soatmeieb `y gicm-sofl lsd pronmss
Mxnmss gicm trmltcmet
^mgmntivm nlgniuc rmcovlg
^pgit trmltcmet
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Iefinms(fmsnri`ieb `mdlvior oa NlNO
>ie wltmr)
Glebmgimr ^lturltioe Iefmx (G^I) lef Pyzelr ^tl`igity Iefmx (P^I)
Glebmgimr ^lturltioe Iefmx (G^I)
L nlgnugltmf euc`mr fmvmgopmf `y Rigarmf Glebmgimr (1)
It prmfints tdm NlNO>stl`igity oa wltmr (wdmtdmr tdm nlr`oeltm wigg
prmnipitltm, fissogvm, or rmclie ie mquigi`riuc) lef stltmf ls
G^I 3 pD - pDs
pDs (tdm pD lt wdind wltmr is slturltmf ie NlNO>) is nlgnugltmf `y
pDs 3 (9.> + L + @) - (N + F)
L 3 (Gob
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Iefinms(fmsnri`ieb `mdlvior oa NlNO>ie wltmr)
Rltmr witd le G^I `mtwmme -8.= lef +8.= wigg eot fispgly ley
ciemrlg fissogvieb or snlgm aorcieb propmrtims G^I 5 8 iefinltms supmr-slturltioe oa wltmr witd NlNO>lef tmefmeny oa
prmnipitltioe oa NlNO>snlgm glymr - G^I 7 8 iefinltms uefmr-slturltmflef fissogutioe oa sogif NlNO>
Pyzelr ^tl`igity Iefmx (P^I)
Fmvmgopmf aroc mcpirinlg o`smrvltioes oa norrosioe rltms lef aigcaorcltioe ie stmmg clies
Fmaiems ls P^I 3 0 pDspD (cmlsurmf)
P^I `mtwmme 1.= lef 2.8 iefinltms tdlt tdm wltmr is lt slturltioemquigi`riuc witd nlgniuc nlr`oeltm
P^I 5 4 iefinltms wltmr is uefmr slturltmf lef tmefs to fissogvm leymxistieb sogif NlNO> P^I 7 1.= iefinltms supmr-slturltioe oa wltmr witd NlNO> lef tmefmeny
to aorc NlNO>snlgm
Mxlcpgm: aief G^I lef P^I aor tdm wltmr witd pD 3 2.=; VF^ 3 >08cb/G; Nlgniuc 3
; Lgklgieity 3 >6cb/G (or ppc) ls NlNO>
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Gicm-^ofl lsd pronmss: Ndmcistry L ndmcinlg prmnipitltioe cmtdof - usms gicm (NlO/Nl(OD)0)
lef sofl lsd (El0NO>)
Gicm rmcovms nlr`oeltm dlrfemss (ND), lef ^ofl lsd rmcovmseoe-nlr`oeltm dlrfemss (END) aroc wltmr
Dlrfemss is rmcovmf ls Nlgniuc Nlr`oeltm (NlNO>) lefClbemsiuc Dyfroxifm (Cb(OD)0) prmnipitltms
Vdm gicm lffmf airst rmlnts witd NO0to aorc nlr`oeltm
prmnipitltm lef tdme witd nlr`oeltm dlrfemss Cb0+ND dlrfemss rmlnts witd gicm to aorc CbNO>& NlNO>ppt.
CbNO>ie ture rmlnts witd gicm lffmf to aorc Cb(OD)0ppt.
Oem cogm oa Nl0+ND rmquirms oem cogm oa gicm
Oem cogm oa Cb
0+
ND rmquirms two cogms oa gicm Gicm lffmf noevmrts Cb0+END ieto Nl0+END lef aorcs
NlNO>ppt.
^ofl lsd lffmf noevmrts Nl0+END ieto NlNO>prmnipitltm
Pmcovlg oa < cogm oa Nl0+END rmquirms < cogm oa sofl lsd
Pmcovlg oa < cogm oa Cb0+END rmquirms < cogm mlnd oa gicmlef sofl lsd
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Gicm-^ofl lsd pronmss: Ndmcistry NlNO>lef Cb(OD)0lrm sgibdtgy sogu`gm ie wltmr
8.1 cmq/G (>8 cb/G ls NlNO>) oa NlNO>lef 8.0 cmq/G () oa Cb(OD)0fo eot `m rmcovmf tdroubd nolbugltioe-agonnugltioe-smttgieb/aigtrltioe
Vdmormtinlg sogu`igity oa NlNO>is lef Cb(OD)0nlermsugt ie mlsy snlgiebrmnlr`oeltioe ievogvieb noevmrsioe oa
tdm dlrfemss ieto Nl0+
lef Cb0+
`inlr`oeltm is prlntinmf Ie tdm
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Gicm-^ofl lsd pronmss: Ndmcistry Rltmr witd dibd clbemsiuc dlrfemss rmquirms mxnmss gicm
trmltcmet (to ienrmlsm oa pD to 5
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Gicm Lffitioe
Gicm lef sofl lsd lffitioe
0>00>
0>00>
0>00
DNONlODNONlNO
DNOCbODNOCbNO
ODCbNONOODCb
Pmnlr`oeltioe
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@lr filbrlcsdowieb ioe nocpositioe oa wltmr
]smf ie
fosm nlgnugltioes oa gicm, sofl lsd lef nlr`oe fioxifm aor soatmeieb
prmsmetieb tdm ioein nocpositioe oa wltmr `maorm, latmr lef latmr
rmnlr`oeltioe stmps oa soatmeieb
Dls two rows, l top row sdowieb nltioes (NO0, Nl0+, Cb0+, El+, lef
K+) noenmetrltioes lef l `ottoc row sdowieb leioe (OD-, NO>
0-,
DNO>-, ^O6
0-, Ng-, EO>-) noenmetrltioes ie cmq/G
T cb/G oa Nl0+3 T/08 cmq/G oa Nl0+ (08 is mq. wmibdt oa Nl0+)
T cb/G oa Cb0+3 T/)
T cb/G oa NO03 T/00 cmq oa NO0(00 is mq. wmibdt oa NO0) Ioe `lglenm is usmf ls tdm `lsis aor fmnifieb tdm lnnmptl`igity oa
rmsugts prmsmetmf ie tdm `lr filbrlc
Ioe `lglenm sdougf `m 7=% aor rmsugts lnnmptl`igity
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Dypotdmtinlg noc`ieltioe oa positivm lef embltivm ioes ie tdm wltmr slcpgm
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L wltmr soatmeieb nlsm
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L wltmr soatmeieb nlsm(Ndmcinlg rmquirmcmets nlgnugltioe)
L wltmr soatmeieb nlsm
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L wltmr soatmeieb nlsm(ioe nocpositioe latmr lffitioe oa soatmeieb ndmcinlgs
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L wltmr soatmeieb nlsm(ioe nocpositioe latmr lffitioe oa soatmeieb ndmcinlgs
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Mxnmss gicm trmltcmet
Vrmltcmet is foem ie 0 stlbms (mlnd stlbm iengufms l rmnlr`oeltioestmp), lef tdm aielg maagumet is aigtmrmf
Ie tdm
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^mgmntivm nlgniuc dlrfemss rmcovlg systmc
Rltmr dlvieb Cb0+dlrfemss 768 cb/G ls NlNO>is su`jmntmf to tdissndmcm oa wltmr soatmeieb
Cb0+
dlrfemss is eot rmcovmf dmrm@otd nlr`oeltm lef eoe-nlr`oeltm dlrfemss oa Nl0+lrm rmcovmftdroubd fosieb `otd gicm lef sofl lsd
Mxnmss gicm is eot lffmf
Vdm pronmss is nlrrimf out ie l siebgm stlbm
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^pgit trmltcmet
Xlrt oa tdm rlw wltmr is `yplssmf tdm airst stlbm soatmeieb lef tdm rmstis soatmemf `y mxnmss gicm (aor ND rmcovlg)
Arlntioe `yplssmf is fmnifmf oe tdm rmquirmcmet oa sltisayieb 68 cb
Cb+0/G ls NlNO>ie tdm aieisdmf wltmr
Mxnmss gicm, lffmf ie tdm