Happy Happy Tuesday! Tuesday!

5/155/15

Please turn in your Please turn in your Blood DiamondBlood Diamond

reflection questions!reflection questions!

Take a Take a Ghosts of Ghosts of RwandaRwanda handout handout

and a card!and a card!

GenocideGenocide GenocideGenocide = = the deliberate destruction of, the deliberate destruction of,

or attempt to destroy, a group of people or attempt to destroy, a group of people targeted based on ethnic, racial, targeted based on ethnic, racial, religious, or national identification.religious, or national identification.

Internationally Prosecuted: Internationally Prosecuted: The The Holocaust, Bosnian Genocide (1992-1995), Holocaust, Bosnian Genocide (1992-1995), Rwanda (1994), Cambodia (1975-1979)Rwanda (1994), Cambodia (1975-1979)

Difficulties with labeling.Difficulties with labeling. For example, For example, some say there is genocide happening in some say there is genocide happening in Darfur, Sudan. Others say it is not genocide.Darfur, Sudan. Others say it is not genocide.

GenocideGenocide

In 1996, Gregory Stanton, the In 1996, Gregory Stanton, the president of Genocide Watch, president of Genocide Watch, presented a briefing paper called presented a briefing paper called ""The 8 Stages of GenocideThe 8 Stages of Genocide" at the " at the U.S. Department of State. In it he U.S. Department of State. In it he suggested that genocide develops in suggested that genocide develops in eight stageseight stages that are "predictable“ that are "predictable“ but not impossible to prevent.but not impossible to prevent.

Stage 1 - ClassificationStage 1 - Classification

People are divided into "us and People are divided into "us and them". them".

Stage 2 - SymbolizationStage 2 - Symbolization

"When combined with hatred, "When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of [targeted] unwilling members of [targeted] groups..." groups..."

Stage 3 - Stage 3 - DehumanizationDehumanization

"One group denies the humanity of "One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members of it are the other group. Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, equated with animals, vermin, insects, or diseases." insects, or diseases."

Stage 4 - OrganizationStage 4 - Organization

"Genocide is always organized... "Genocide is always organized... Special army units or militias are Special army units or militias are often trained and armed..." often trained and armed..."

Stage 5 - PolarizationStage 5 - Polarization

"Hate groups "Hate groups broadcast broadcast polarizing polarizing propaganda..." propaganda..."

Stage 6 - PreparationStage 6 - Preparation

"Victims are identified and separated "Victims are identified and separated out because of their ethnic or out because of their ethnic or religious identity..." religious identity..."

Stage 7 - ExterminationStage 7 - Extermination

"It is "It is 'extermination' 'extermination' to the killers to the killers because they because they do not believe do not believe their victims to their victims to be fully be fully human". human".

Stage 8 – DenialStage 8 – Denial

"The perpetrators... deny that they "The perpetrators... deny that they committed any crimes..." committed any crimes..."

RwandaRwanda

RWANDA

RwandaRwanda

RWANDA

RwandaRwanda Before Belgian occupation during World War I, Before Belgian occupation during World War I,

Rwanda was a self-ruling kingdom. The Rwanda was a self-ruling kingdom. The TutsiTutsi people were landowners and similar in status people were landowners and similar in status to nobles. The to nobles. The HutuHutu were the lower class were the lower class farmers and laborers. There are some ethnic farmers and laborers. There are some ethnic differences, but many Hutus and Tutsis married differences, but many Hutus and Tutsis married and became honorary members of the other and became honorary members of the other group.  group.  

Before Belgian occupation, Before Belgian occupation, ethnic violence ethnic violence never occurred in large scale between never occurred in large scale between Hutu and Tutsi. Hutu and Tutsi.

Became a colony for Belgium after World War I.Became a colony for Belgium after World War I.

Rwanda under Belgian Rwanda under Belgian rulerule

Each person was required to be classified Each person was required to be classified as as Hutu, Tutsi, or TwaHutu, Tutsi, or Twa. The Belgians . The Belgians developed a strict system of racial developed a strict system of racial identification based on racist scientific identification based on racist scientific theories. People with the whiter skin and theories. People with the whiter skin and Caucasian features were chosen Caucasian features were chosen TutsiTutsi. .

Believing the Tutsi were superior to the Believing the Tutsi were superior to the HutuHutu, only Tutsi were given access to , only Tutsi were given access to higher education and as a result made up higher education and as a result made up the ruling elite despite being minority. the ruling elite despite being minority.

Rwanda under Belgian Rwanda under Belgian rulerule

The Hutu are subject to the The Hutu are subject to the forced forced laborlabor, similar to many European , similar to many European colonies in Africa. The colonies in Africa. The Belgian Belgian colonial powers favored Tutsis as colonial powers favored Tutsis as supervisorssupervisors over the Hutu. over the Hutu.

Because the Tutsis were favored by Because the Tutsis were favored by the Belgians, the Belgians, resentment among resentment among the Hutu was very high. the Hutu was very high.

RwandaRwanda Independence officially in 1962Independence officially in 1962 HutusHutus (the majority) were now in power. (the majority) were now in power. The country's most fervently racist newspaper The country's most fervently racist newspaper

publishes in December the publishes in December the Hutu Ten Hutu Ten CommandmentsCommandments.. The eighth commandment, quoted at the time The eighth commandment, quoted at the time

more often than any other, is: 'Hutus must stop more often than any other, is: 'Hutus must stop having mercy on the Tutsis.'having mercy on the Tutsis.'

In 1991 a name is coined for this new level of In 1991 a name is coined for this new level of ethnic identity and goals - ethnic identity and goals - Hutu PowerHutu Power. .

Government supports creating Hutu youth Government supports creating Hutu youth militias. These become known as the militias. These become known as the InterahamweInterahamwe, meaning 'those who attack , meaning 'those who attack together'.together'.

RwandaRwanda

Early 1990s…Early 1990s… Civil war - Civil war - Tutsi rebelsTutsi rebels (Rwandan (Rwandan

Patriotic Front) are trying to fight the Hutu Patriotic Front) are trying to fight the Hutu government troops for power.government troops for power.

President of Rwanda (he is Hutu) starts to President of Rwanda (he is Hutu) starts to negotiatenegotiate with the Tutsi rebel army with the Tutsi rebel army

Ethnic violence increases.Ethnic violence increases. 1994: After signing a peace treaty with 1994: After signing a peace treaty with

the RPF in 1993, the RPF in 1993, Rwanda’s Hutu Rwanda’s Hutu President is killedPresident is killed when his plane is when his plane is shot down in spring 1994.shot down in spring 1994.

RwandaRwanda

Hutu radio broadcasts urge people to do their duty Hutu radio broadcasts urge people to do their duty and seek out the Tutsis and Tutsi-sympathizers and seek out the Tutsis and Tutsi-sympathizers living among them in their streets or villages. The living among them in their streets or villages. The message is: message is: eliminate the “cockroaches” or die eliminate the “cockroaches” or die with them. with them.

Ghosts of RwandaGhosts of Rwanda