Hao Present

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Combined Cooling, HeatingCombined Cooling, Heatingand Power (CCHP) inand Power (CCHP) in

Distributed Generation (DG)Distributed Generation (DG)

Ruhai HaoRuhai Hao

Department of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of Electrical Engineering

Michigan Technological UniversityMichigan Technological University

EE5250 Term ProjectEE5250 Term Project

April 21, 2006April 21, 2006


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IntroductionIntroduction

What is the CCHP?What is the CCHP?

The history of CCHPThe history of CCHP

The application of CCHP in the worldThe application of CCHP in the world


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Typical CCHP systemTypical CCHP system

MechanicalEnergy

Turbine/Engine


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Why CCHP?Why CCHP?

Economic benefitsEconomic benefits

EnvironmentalEnvironmental

benefitsbenefits

Technical benefitsTechnical benefits


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The comparison of CCHP systemThe comparison of CCHP system

and centralized power plantand centralized power plant

CCHP comparison

Combined cooling, heating andpower systems sequentially produce

electricity, cooling and thermal energy

CCHP


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Potential of CCHP in USAPotential of CCHP in USA


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Future Cost and Efficiency Improvements

in CCHP Technology

A great deal ofA great deal ofmoney will bemoney will be

savedsaved

The efficiencyThe efficiency

of devices willof devices will

be improvedbe improved


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CCHP Power Generation Techniques

----Reciprocating Engines

----Turbines

----Fuel Cells


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Emissions by power generation type (lbs/Emissions by power generation type (lbs/MWhMWh))

Emissions

Power generation type

NOx COx SOx

Natural gas reciprocating engines 0.09-3.8 770 ~0

Oil (2.2% sulfur) fueled steam turbines 3.0-3.7 1,770 25.4

Oil (0.3% sulfur) fueled combustion turbines 3.7-6.8 2,190 4.4

Coal fueled steam turbines 6.1-9.4 1,960-2,310 46.6

Diesel reciprocating engines 17.0 1,700 5.0

Natural gas turbines 3.2-3.5 970 0.01

Fuel cells ~0 ~0 ~0


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CCHP Heat Recovery Techniques

----Hot water heat exchanger

----Heat Recovery Steam Generator

----Absorption Chiller

----Desiccant Dehumidification Device


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Reciprocating Engines

Developed more thanDeveloped more than

100 years ago100 years ago

Most of reciprocatingMost of reciprocating

engines that used inengines that used inpower generation arepower generation are

fourfour--stroke andstroke and

operate in four cyclesoperate in four cycles(intake, compression,(intake, compression,

combustion andcombustion and

exhaust).exhaust).

Cooling


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TurbinesTurbines


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Turbines (1)Turbines (1)

Combined combustionCombined combustion

turbine and parallelturbine and parallel

cooling, heatcooling, heat

exchangerexchanger

Simple structure andSimple structure and

easy to be realizedeasy to be realized

Relative lowerRelative lower

efficiencyefficiency


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turbine and heat returbine and heat re--combustion exchangercombustion exchanger

The efficiency of thisThe efficiency of this

structure is relativestructure is relative

high that reaches 90%.high that reaches 90%.


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TurbinesTurbines (3)(3)

Combined streamCombined stream

turbine andturbine and

parallel cooling,parallel cooling,

heating exchangerheating exchanger

Cheaper but lowCheaper but low

efficiency and highefficiency and highharmful gasesharmful gases

emissionsemissions


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CombinedCombined

combustion turbinecombustion turbineand reand re--heat boilerheat boilersystemsystem

Improve heatImprove heat

recycle efficiencyrecycle efficiencythrough rethrough re--heatheatboilerboiler


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turbine and steamturbine and steamturbine systemturbine system

High efficiency for heatHigh efficiency for heatrecycle efficiency.recycle efficiency.

More expensive thanMore expensive thanother structureother structure

Fuel


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Fuel CellsFuel Cells

High efficiencyHigh efficiency

Very low harmfulVery low harmful

gases emissionsgases emissions

Higher initialHigher initial

investment thaninvestment thanother generationother generation

techniquestechniques


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ChillersChillers

Two kind of chillers are used in CCHPTwo kind of chillers are used in CCHP

systemssystems

--------Absorption chillerAbsorption chiller

((usually use lithium bromide and ammonia)usually use lithium bromide and ammonia)

--------Engine drive chillerEngine drive chiller


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Challenges and BarriersChallenges and Barriers

Economical BarriersEconomical BarriersHigher initial investment; Long recovery period;Higher initial investment; Long recovery period; Uncertainties about

rates; Interconnection and other costs

Technological BarriersTechnological Barriers

The lack ofThe lack of reliable information on performance and costs;

Large complex projects involve many actors; require special design

Political BarriersPolitical Barriers

Exit fee; Need to install protective relaying and other securityExit fee; Need to install protective relaying and other security devices ifdevices if

interconnecting with power grid;interconnecting with power grid; Permitting, siting, local red-tape


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Emerging and further techniquesEmerging and further techniques

(Cont.)(Cont.)

BCHPBCHP

(Building cooling, heating and(Building cooling, heating and

power)power)

Energy storage systemEnergy storage system

power storagepower storage

cooling storagecooling storage

thermal storagethermal storage


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Emerging and further techniquesEmerging and further techniques

(Cont.)(Cont.) The evaluation system of CCHPThe evaluation system of CCHP

ToTo evaluate CCHP systems according to a lot of factorsevaluate CCHP systems according to a lot of factors

such as economy, energy, environment and policy etc.such as economy, energy, environment and policy etc.

Optimal configuration, control and operationOptimal configuration, control and operation

in CCHPin CCHPTo find theTo find the optimal operation and control strategy to realizeoptimal operation and control strategy to realize

best economical profitsbest economical profits


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Emerging and further technologiesEmerging and further technologies

Fuel cellsFuel cells

It has an efficiency of more than 40% in electricity powerIt has an efficiency of more than 40% in electricity powerproceeding and more than 80% in the whole CCHPproceeding and more than 80% in the whole CCHP

systems. It has high potential in further CCHP systems.systems. It has high potential in further CCHP systems.

Dehumidifying systemDehumidifying system

To improve air quality in building.To improve air quality in building.

Renewable resourceRenewable resource

Use wind and biomass to developUse wind and biomass to develop greengreen CCHPCCHP


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ConclusionConclusion

A lot of advantages and benefits

Need to develop heat recover techniques to

maximize use of waste heat

Focus on clean and efficient technique

Focus on markets with highest potential for

success CCHP techniques


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Reference (Cont.)Reference (Cont.)

[1] USCHPA 2001. United States Combined Heat and[1] USCHPA 2001. United States Combined Heat and

Power Association, in cooperation with DOE and EPA,Power Association, in cooperation with DOE and EPA,National CHP Roadmap, Doubling Combined Heat andNational CHP Roadmap, Doubling Combined Heat andPower in the United States by 2010, October.Power in the United States by 2010, October.

[2] Analysis and Performance of Gas[2] Analysis and Performance of Gas--Electric HybridElectric HybridChiller Systems, D. E. Lilly, Georgia Institute ofChiller Systems, D. E. Lilly, Georgia Institute ofTechnology, Atlanta, GA, March, 1998.Technology, Atlanta, GA, March, 1998.

[3] The Gas Cooling Center Case Studies Folio,[3] The Gas Cooling Center Case Studies Folio,American Gas Cooling Center, Arlington, VA, May, 1996.American Gas Cooling Center, Arlington, VA, May, 1996.


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ReferenceReference

[4] Natural Gas Cooling Equipment and Services[4] Natural Gas Cooling Equipment and ServicesGuide, American Gas Cooling Center, Arlington,Guide, American Gas Cooling Center, Arlington,VA, January 1998.VA, January 1998.

[5] RDC 2000. Resource Dynamics Corporation,[5] RDC 2000. Resource Dynamics Corporation,Building Cooling, Heating, and Power (BCHP): ABuilding Cooling, Heating, and Power (BCHP): AMarket Assessment, Draft, May.Market Assessment, Draft, May.

[6] Advanced Stationary, Reciprocating Natural[6] Advanced Stationary, Reciprocating NaturalGas Engine Workshop, Department of Energy,Gas Engine Workshop, Department of Energy,

San Antonio, Texas, January 12San Antonio, Texas, January 12--13, 1999.13, 1999.


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WebsiteWebsite

FEMP http://FEMP http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/techassistwww.eren.doe.gov/femp/techassist//

der_resources.htmlder_resources.html http://http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/prodtech/pdfs/chp_twww.eren.doe.gov/femp/prodtech/pdfs/chp_t

f.pdff.pdf..

DOE Office of Power TechnologiesDOE Office of Power Technologieshttp://http://www.eren.doe.gov/der/chpwww.eren.doe.gov/der/chp//

Oak Ridge National Laboratory FEMPOak Ridge National Laboratory FEMP

http://http://www.ornl.gov/femp/index.htmlwww.ornl.gov/femp/index.html United States Combined Heat and PowerUnited States Combined Heat and Power

Association http://Association http://www.nemw.org/uschpawww.nemw.org/uschpa//


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Thank you!Thank you!

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