Hanson Salinity control.ppt · Measuring soil salinity EC of saturated extract (ECe Collect soil...

47
Blaine H Department of Land, Air University of Ca brhanson@u anson r and Water Resources lifornia, Davis cdavis.edu

Transcript of Hanson Salinity control.ppt · Measuring soil salinity EC of saturated extract (ECe Collect soil...

Page 1: Hanson Salinity control.ppt · Measuring soil salinity EC of saturated extract (ECe Collect soil samples with dept Dry the soil and then grind it Add distilled water until the s Extract

Blaine HDepartment of Land, Air

University of Cabrhanson@u

ansonr and Water Resourceslifornia, Daviscdavis.edu

Page 2: Hanson Salinity control.ppt · Measuring soil salinity EC of saturated extract (ECe Collect soil samples with dept Dry the soil and then grind it Add distilled water until the s Extract

Where Do Salts in theSoil Come From?

Irrigation waterUpward flow from a saline,tableFertilizers

, shallow water 

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Salinity ‐ Total Dissolv

CalciumMagnesiumSodiumChlorideSulfateBicarbonate/carbonateMinor ‐ nitrate, potass

ved Salts (TDS)

esium

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Electrical Conductivity

Measure of the ability of aThe larger the salt concent

Doubling the concentration

Units of ECmillimhos per centimeter ‐mmicromhos per centimeter ‐decisiemens per meter ‐ dS/

y (EC)

a solution to conduct electricitytration, the larger the ECn does not double the EC

mmhos/cm‐μmhos/cm/m (equals mmhos/cm)

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TDS (ppm) = K x EC (dS/m

Generalized K = 640: EC less than 5 dS/mK = 800: EC more than 5 dS/

San Joaquin Valley DrainaK = 740: EC less than 5 dS/mK = 840:EC between 5 and 1K = 920: EC greater than 10 

Santa Maria ValleyK = 740

m, mmho/cm) 

m/m 

age Waterm 10 dS/m dS/m

Page 6: Hanson Salinity control.ppt · Measuring soil salinity EC of saturated extract (ECe Collect soil samples with dept Dry the soil and then grind it Add distilled water until the s Extract

Measuring soil salinity

EC of saturated extract (ECeCollect soil samples with deptDry the soil and then grind itAdd distilled water until the sExtract the solution from the ECe can be related to crop tol

Soil EC expressed as a 1:1, 1Monitor soil salinity over timeNot very useful for assessing s

e)th in the root zone

oil is saturated soil with a vacuum extraction apparatuserance values

 1:5, or 1:10 soil/water ratios e soil salinity impact on crop yield

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Leaching

Leaching ‐ process of applying imoisture depletion to flush saltwater percolates below the rooLeaching fraction – actual perceinfiltrated water that percolateLeaching requirement ‐ percentbelow the root zone needed to threshold soil salinityLeaching fraction should excee

 irrigation water in excess of soil t from the root zone. Excess ot zone carrying the salt with it.entage of the applied or es below the root zonetage of applied or infiltrated  maintain soil salinity at the 

d leaching requirement

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Salt distributions in soil p profile: well‐drained conditions

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0 2 4

Dep

th (f

eet)

0

1

2

3

4

Soil salinity with de

ECi = 2 dS/mLeaching Fraction = 12%

ECe (dS/m)

6 8 10 12

epth

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Furrow irrrigation

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Surface drip irrigation (

Soil water

%

 (ECi = 1.5 – 2.0 dS/m

Soil salinity

ECe(dS/m)

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Subsurface drip irriggation (ECi = 2 dS/m)

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Salt distributions in soil pgroundwater conditions

 profile: saline shallow 

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5.2 8.1

EC of Shallo

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16EC

e of

Soi

l (dS

/m)

Dep0-1 1

Effect of salinity of sh

10 13 25

ow Groundwater (dS/m)

pth Interval (feet)1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5

hallow groundwater

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EC

0 2 4 6

Dep

th (f

eet)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

No leach

No Leaching

e (dS/m)

8 10 12 14 16

hing

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Factors affecting soil salisaline shallow groundwa

Depth to shallow groundwSalinity of shallow groundIrrigation water salinityAmount of applied waterLocation of drip line relativSoil type

nity with drip irrigation under ter conditions

waterdwater

ve to plant row

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Drip

Dri

Dri

Localized leaching around drip lines

p line

ip line

ip line ECi = 0.3 dS/mECgw = 8‐11 dS/mGW depth = 6 feet

ECi = 1.1 dS/mECgw = 9‐16 dS/mGW depth = 2‐3 feet

ECi = 0.3 dS/mECgw = 5‐7 dS/mGW depth = 2‐3 feet

ECe

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SummaryWell‐drained soil profile

Soil salinity near surface – irrigSoil salinity at deeper depths –

Saline shallow groundwater conSoil salinity near surface – irrigSoil salinity at deeper depths –salinity, leaching fraction?

Drip irrigationSmall levels of soil salinity neaSalinity increases with horizondecreasesHigh salinity levels midway betSalt accumulates above buried

ation water salinity– irrigation water salinity, leaching fraction

nditionsation water salinity– irrigation water salinity, groundwater 

r drip lines ‐ highly concentrated leachingntal distance from drip line ‐ leaching 

tween drip lines ‐ little or no leachingd drip lines ‐ no leaching

Page 19: Hanson Salinity control.ppt · Measuring soil salinity EC of saturated extract (ECe Collect soil samples with dept Dry the soil and then grind it Add distilled water until the s Extract

Controlling root zone soil

Objective: reduced or maintain soil salinity at values equal to or less than the threshold soil salinityKey principle:  apply sufficient water to leach salt from the root zone

l salinity

Vegetable Crops

ECe (dS/m)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rel

ativ

e Yi

eld

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Strawberry (1.0)Lettuce (1.3)Broccoli (2.8)Tomato (2.5)Celery (1.8)

Almond

ECe (dS/m)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rel

ativ

e Yi

eld

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

A = 1.5 dS/m

Thresholdsoil salinity

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Page 21: Hanson Salinity control.ppt · Measuring soil salinity EC of saturated extract (ECe Collect soil samples with dept Dry the soil and then grind it Add distilled water until the s Extract

Types of leaching

ContinuousMaintain soil salinity at a mReduction in infiltration ratcontinuous leachingDrip irrigation

PeriodicPeriodic leaching to reduce acceptable levelPre‐plant irrigationFurrow, flood, sprinkle, drip

ore or less constant levele over time may limit opportunities for 

 accumulated salts in the soil to an 

p

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Effect of leaching frac

E

0 2 4 6

Dep

th (f

eet)

0

1

2

3

4

ction (well‐drained soil)

ECi = 2 dS/m

Ce (dS/m)

8 10 12 14 16

Leaching fraction = 7 %Leaching fraction = 18 %

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EC

0 2 4 6 8

Dep

th (f

eet)

0

1

2

3

4

Effect of irrigation water safraction (well‐drained soil)

Ce (dS/m)

10 12 14 16 18 20

EC i = 2 dS/m, LF = 12%ECi = 4 dS/m, LF = 13%ECi = 4 dS/m, LF = 20%

alinity and leaching

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Leaching under saline sh

No subsurface drainageShallow soil profile duegroundwaterCareful irrigation watePeriodic leaching for fusprinkle irrigation (pre‐Continuous leaching –

allow groundwater conditions

e systemse to saline shallow 

r managementurrow, flood, and ‐plant irrigation)drip irrigation

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Periodic leaching – shalloconditions

ObjectiveReturn fall soil salinity leveReplenish fall soil moisture

Pre‐plant irrigationLeaching – apply about 1 iof soil to be leached after moisture depletion

ow ground water 

ls to spring levels depletion

  nch of water per foot  replenishing any soil 

Page 26: Hanson Salinity control.ppt · Measuring soil salinity EC of saturated extract (ECe Collect soil samples with dept Dry the soil and then grind it Add distilled water until the s Extract
Page 27: Hanson Salinity control.ppt · Measuring soil salinity EC of saturated extract (ECe Collect soil samples with dept Dry the soil and then grind it Add distilled water until the s Extract
Page 28: Hanson Salinity control.ppt · Measuring soil salinity EC of saturated extract (ECe Collect soil samples with dept Dry the soil and then grind it Add distilled water until the s Extract

Controlling soil salinity u

Highly concentrated leachwetting patternsPre‐plant irrigation (sprinksubsurface drip irrigationEffect of drip line placemesalinity

Drip line and plant row locathe root zoneDrip line and plant row locaproblems

nder drip irrigation

hing near drip lines due to localized 

kle irrigation) – may be required for 

ent on root distribution and soil 

tions coincide – concentrated leaching in 

tions offset – may have salinity control 

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Surface drip irrigation; saline irrigation wa

4 6 8 10 12-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

April

Drip Lin

4 6 8 10 12 1Distance Across B

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

July

Dep

th (i

nche

s)

Drip Lin

Soil Salinity (ECe in dS/m)

No leaching under drip irrigation

Leaching under drip irrigation

ater; no shallow ground water

2 14 16 18

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.0

ne

14 16 18 20 22Bed (inches)

ne

ECe

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Pre‐plant irrigation‐ subsurface drip irrigatioon

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-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30-30

-20

-10

0

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30-30

-20

-10

0

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30-30

-20

-10

0

Distance from plant row (inches)

Dep

th (inc

hes)

Soil water patterns

Drip line

Drip line

Drip line Drip line

Plant row

61014182226303438Wet

Dry

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

A

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

Dep

th (i

nche

s)

B

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20Distance from plant row (inches)

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-50

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9High

Low

Root patterns

Drip line

Plant row

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Effect of amount of applied water of surface drip irrigation

Note: as the leaching fraction increaslow‐salt soil increases.

f volume of low salt soil under

ses, the amount of relatively

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Effect of amount of applied water of subsurface drip irrigation

f volume of low salt soil under

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Effect of amount of applied water of surface drip irrigation – computer sim

f volume of low salt soil undermulation study

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70-100

-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

0

0 10 2-100

-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

0

0123456789101112

0.3 dS/m

Distance f

Dep

th (c

m)

Drip line

Effect of irrigation water salinity 

EC soil water

20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70-100-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

0

1.0 dS/m 2.0 dS/m

from drip line (cm)

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Recommended salinity control pracof processing tomatoes under salinconditions 

Sufficient localized leaching must oprofitable yields Seasonal water applications shouldevapotranspiration (ET) to providereduce water table response to irrigUse relatively low salt irrigation wadS/m) Irrigation frequency – daily to 2 to 3Periodic leaching of salt accumulatnecessary with sprinklers for standDrip system should be designed foline) Periodic system maintenance mustdrip lines, which  will reduce the loc

ctices for subsurface drip irrigation ne, shallow groundwater 

 occur near drip lines to maintain 

d be about equal to the seasonal  sufficient localized leaching and to gationater (ECi equal to or less than about 1 

 3 times per week. ted above buried drip lines may be d establishment r high uniformity (DU>90% along drip 

t be performed to prevent clogging of calized leaching 

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Estimating leaching fract

No entirely satisfactory mAssumptions used in somemay not fit field situations

tions

method existse methods   s

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Water balance approach

MeasurementsAmount of applied water (ACrop evapotranspiration (ET

Leaching fraction =   100 xField‐wide average leachinSeasonal or irrigation leacSome parts of the field mamay receive less due to noAppropriate for sprinkle, fMay underestimate leachi

AW)T) – CIMIS, other

x (AW – ET) ÷ AWng fractionching fractionay receive more leaching while others on‐uniformity of applied water flood, and furrow irrigationng fractions for drip irrigation

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Year LeachingFraction

(%) DI

1999 0 2000 22 2001 0

BR1 1999 0 2000 0 2001 1

DE 2000 17 2001 9

BR2 2002 0

Water balance leaching fraction  under drip irrigation

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

Dep

th (i

nche

s)

B

0.511.522.533.544.555.566.577.5High

Low

Distance from drip line (inches)

Drip line

ECeLocalized leaching around drip line

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Computer simulations (HYDRUS‐2D): wfraction and actual leaching fraction for

Applied water(% of

potential ET)

Watbalanleachfract

(%60 080 0100 0115 15

Notes:●Applying an amount of water equal to irrigation efficiency = 100% for drip irrig●High irrigation efficiency under drip irrsevere deficit irrigation conditions●This behavior is due to the wetting patand can not be avoided

water balance leaching r drip irrigation

terncehingion

%)

ActualLeachingfraction

(%)

7.717.324.5

5 30.9

 the ET does  not result in anation, as is commonly assumedrigation occurs only for

ttern around drip lines

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Estimate leaching fractio

Measure root zone soil salMeasure irrigation water EUse leaching charts to detAssumptions

Root distributionSteady‐state leaching

on from soil salinity data

inity (Ece) ECtermine leaching fraction

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1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

EC of Irriga

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10A

vera

g e R

o ot Z

o ne

E Ce

(dS/

m)

Leaching Fraction

Convention

LF = 7.5%

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

ation Water (dS/m)

n = 5% 10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

nal Irrigation

%

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1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.

EC of Irri

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10A

vera

ge R

oot Z

one

ECe

(dS /

m)

High Freq

5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

gation Water (dS/m)

Leaching Fraction = 5%

10%

20%

30% 40%

50%

quency Irrigation

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Is the calculated leachingg fraction sufficient?

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Measure soil salinity

Sample soil in the root zonIndividual samples – identify

Cost considerationsInformation on variability

Composite samples – samplLower costNo information on variability

Sampling strategiesSystematic – sample on a gridRandom

Compare root zone soil saspecific cropMonitor soil salinity over t

ne and measure the ECefy zones of high salinity

le in zones of high salinity

d

linity with threshold values for a 

 time

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Monitor soil salinity over

Periodic sampling in the roContinuous monitoring wisensorsMonitor in zones of high swithin a fieldConcerns

Sufficient samples to reduceLittle or no variability over tsamples 

r time

oot zone with soil samplesith soil moisture/salinity 

alinity at several locations 

e effect of soil variability time in laboratory processing of 

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Publication No. 3375anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu