Hans Nordström, Vattenfall Heat Nordic · 1 NextGenBioWaste-conference, Feb 16-17 2010. Biomass in...
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NextGenBioWaste-conference, Feb 16-17 2010
Biomass in relation to 2020Hans Nordström, Vattenfall Heat Nordic
• SITUATION TODAY & TOMORROW
• POTENTIALS & QUALITIES
• POLITICS –
SUSTAINABILITY ; ECONOMY
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Bränsletillförsel ENVIRONMENT ; SECURITY
OF S från 1980 samt produktion av värme och el
Bränsletillförsel Uppsala
Avfall
Spillvärme
Träspån
Övrigt bio
Torv
El
KolOlja
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(GWh)
Värmeproduktion
Elproduktion
2008-01-31 FUPP/JZ
Ex. Fuels
Vattenfall Uppsala
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
TWh
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0
OilCoal Peat Heat production
Other
bio
WoodchipsEl.
Heat pumps
WasteEl.generation
-POLITICS EMISSIONS -POTENTIALS TECHNIC-QUALITIES AVAILABILITY/EFFICIENCY-PRICES O&M COSTS;INV./CAP COST
NEEDED R&D
Hans Nordström
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…….2-3 generations back – sustainability or…?
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..survival of civilisations….
-
Friendly neighbours or not.-
Environmental destructions
-
Actions against environmental destructions-Deforestation !
-Easter Island-Haiti / Dominican Republic-Iceland-UK-Sweden ca 1900 –
bio not sustainable…! Go for coal !
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Forest in perspective EU 27
•Forest in UK –
park
•Forest in Germany
–
for pulp
& paper
• Forest in East Europe –
timber for sawing
•Forst in Southern europe
–
deforestation,fires, landerosion etc
•…and deforestation
a global threat
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World primary energy sources
1850 1900 1950 2000
100 %
80 %
60 %
40 %
20 %
0 %
CoalOilHydropower
Renewables (except hydro.) Natural gasNuclear
Renewables (exc. hydro)
Coal
OilN. gas
Hydro
Nuclear
Source: Oil & Gas Scienceonal
Technologi
Pierre-René
Bauquis
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The oil/fossils age
0 2000 4000Year
0
50
100
Yearly production 103 TWh
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Security of supply is essential....
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Situation in EuropeFact: High dependence of imported and not sustainable fuels!
Prognosis: Strong increase in use of renewables?
And a long discussion about-
potentials
-
politics-
economy
-
dependence of import-
existing technic
-
new technic-
total sustainabilityetc
What facts?
What actions ?
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Climate changes affect us all…..
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COP 15 - ..a picture tells more than 1000 words…
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The Copenhagen Accord’s main contribution was a blank sheet..
•
No quantitative targets for global emission reductions. The parties were invited to submit Individual 2020 targets by Jan. 31st, 2010.
•
No binding character, merely an indication of the parties’ intents.
•
EU: - 20/30 % to 2020 re 1990U.S.: - 17 % to 2020 rel. 2005Canada: - 17 % to 2020 rel. 2005Australia: - 5-25% to 2020 rel. 2000Japan: - 25 % to 2020 rel. 1990Maldives: - 100 % to 2020etc.
•
All in all, 55 parties submitted their targets to the UN secretariat before the above-mentioned deadline.
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Current proposals not consistent with 2 °C target
Source: Project catalyst [2009]
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BUT -
EU have binding targets…
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0,0%0,9%
2,2%6,1%
2,9%4,3%
2,4%6,7%7,2%
1,3%9,4%
3,1%5,2%5,8%6,9%
8,7%10,3%
15,0%17,8%18,0%
16,0%17,0%
20,5%23,3%
28,5%34,9%
39,8%
10,0%10,1%
10,8%6,9%
10,1%8,7%
11,6%7,3%
7,8%13,7%
6,6%12,9%
11,8%12,2%11,1%
11,3%12,7%
8,0%6,2%7,0%
9,0%13,0%
10,5%10,7%
9,5%7,1%
9,2%
0,0% 5,0% 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 25,0% 30,0% 35,0% 40,0% 45,0% 50,0%
Malta
Luxemburg
Belgium
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Hungary
Netherlands
Slovak Republic
Poland
United Kingdom
Bulgaria
Ireland
Italy
Germany
Greece
Spain
France
Lithuania
Romania
Estonia
Slovenia
Denmark
Portugal
Austria
Finland
Latvia
Sweden
20052020
*
***
*
*
*EU-average 11,5%* countries above EU-average
RES targets
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..new important technical steps…?
Cycles
40-50 years, so far……
Railways
ElectricityCars
Computers
Barin
g c r
isis
The
big
depr
essi
on
Oil
cris
es
Climate
Security of supply
Sustainable energy
Political consensus?
?
Source:lars.ahnland,svd
What next in the technical / economical history…
Inv/ prod. value
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What alternatives do we have…
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What alternatives do we have….
•
Hydro•
Wind
•
Solar •
Wawe
•
Geo
•
Nuclear •
CCS / fossils
•
New technic
•
Bio mass fuels
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What alternatives do we have….
•
Hydro –
almost done•
Wind –
production balance
•
Solar –
still expensive•
Wawe –
development
•
Geo –
geografically / technically limited
•
Nuclear –
politics / security ?•
CCS / fossils –
development takes time
•
New technic
•
Bio mass fuels
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What alternatives do we have….
•
Hydro –
almost done•
Wind –
production balance
•
Solar –
still expensive•
Wawe –
development
•
Geo –
geografically / technically limited
•
Nuclear –
politics / security ?•
CCS –
development takes time
•
New technic
-?
•
Bio mass fuels
–
can be produced in most countries-
known “commercial”
technic
for conversion
-
only renewable possible to use in existing coal plants
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.. So combustion of bio needed for long time…
Largest potential of renewables is bio– but limited ! So far !-
consider competition between energy, pulp and paper, timber and transportation, food etc
Many qualities-
Forest fuels/residues
-
Agricultural fuels/residuesEnergy crops, biooils etc
-
Waste fuels-
Peat (not bio but renewable)
-
Others (algae etc)
- Consider all resources!
- Diversification needed
-Potential= ƒ(price)
-Price= f(market situation)
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Global potential – 1400 EJ/år.
Considering limitations 250-500 EJ/år.
Global primary energy demand 360 EJ/year.(..say 100 000 TWh/year)
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Forestry is the main source of supply for biomass in Europe
85%
10%5%
ForestWasteAgriculture
Composition of biomass as energy carrier in EU 25, 2004
Source: European Biomass Association
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Electricity from renewables EU 27
Källa: EU Kommissionen
2007
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Heat from renewables EU 27
Källa: EU Kommissionen
2007
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Future renewable energy demand in the EU driven by policy instruments can be estimated by quantifying RES target
The EU has set targets for CO2 emissions and renewable energy that will drive demand for biomass
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000TWh
203020252020201520061990
Transport
Heat
Electricity
Final energy consumption in the EU is forecasted to increase somewhat from 2006 to 2020
Final Energy Consumption (EU27)
Renewable Energy Consumption (EU27)
1 100
3 200
1 200
0 500
1 0001 5002 0002 5003 0003 500 2
000
TWh
2020Required increase
2005
Source: IEA –
World energy outlook 2008; Fraunhofer
ISI, ECOFYS –
Progress Economic Analysis of reaching a 20% share of renewable
energy sources in 2020
Non-biomass RES
All RES
From Biomass
We need at least double volume of biomass 2020 !
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Future
potential of biomass in the EU is largeTotal bio energy potential from agriculture, forestry and waste ~300Mtoe in 2030 (compared with ~72Mtoe in 2004)The biggest potential growth lies in biomass from agriculture, 142 Mtoe of the total 300MtoeObtained from 19 million hectares of agricultural land 12% of the utilised agricultural area in 2030Land reserves are available without harming food supply
189239
316
720
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
BiomassConsumption 2004
Potential 2010 Potential 2020 Potential 2030
Mto
e (239 Mtoe
ca 2500 TWh)
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… Brussels 24.4.2009:…potentials...
Commision staff working document:”
A European Commision funded review, of over 70
studies, found
that total 2020 potentials,estimated
for the EU 27,
differ
to a considerable degree, 76 Mtoe –
480 Mtoe”
…say
800 TWh –
5000 TWh !
…any risks of overuse of forests should be assured……national ”Biomass Action Plans” shall ensure long
term sustainable supply of biomass, increased investor confidence and biomass technologies…
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…forest resources…
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Forestry is the main source of supply for biomass in Europe
85%
10%5%
ForestWasteAgriculture
Composition of biomass as energy carrier in EU 25, 2004
Source: European Biomass Association
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..more from the tree…
Stump 22%
Round wood 60%
Branches and tops 19%
Each m3 of harvested round wood could generate:
~0.3 m3 branches and tops
~0.35 m3 stump
(based on Swedish conditions)
Source: Gustav Egnell, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Draft Presentation
Each tree consists of trunk, stump and branches & tops, of which
round wood usually refers to the trunk
More can be used as solid fuel,
especially from stumps…
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Forest fuels
Residues –
in forest: branches & tops(even green), stumps, fines etc
Residues –
from sawmills etcResidues from p&p.: bark etcWood pellets/briquettesEtc.
More dev./demo on supply side needed
Acceptable commercial thermal/technical solutions today –
but improvements still needed !-
Cofiring-
High steam data-
Low quality – high output
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Forested area
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Example Poland
Limited use of forest fuels demanded, at least for getting green certificates……l
Dedicated biomass boiler Cofiring with coal> 20 MWe
Non forest fuelsNon forest fuel
Forest fuelsForest fuels
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3636Source:
Pöyry
HardwoodHardwood
SoftwoodSoftwood
Yieldm3
/ hectare
/ yearRotationyears
710-12
n/an/a
8-1012-1512-15
35-4035-40
1525252545
70-8070-80
9055
BRAZIL IS A WORLD BENCHMARK IN FORESTRY
•
Brazilian eucalyptus has the highest average yield in the world, 41 m3
per hectare per year
•
At Stora Enso’s Veracel plantation, the yield exceeds 53 m3 per hectare per year
•
This leads to a production cost well below USD 10 per m3 of wood (excluding cutting, transport, and capital costs)
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EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION, BRAZIL
3737Stora
Enso’s
Veracel
plantation, South Bahia, Brazil
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Production cost ca 15 Euro/MWh
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A large variety of qualities……
Agricultural biomass fuels
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Energy crops, SRCs…
Ex Willow
6-8 ton DS/ha,a or 30-40 MWh/ha,a possible – corresponding to 4 tons of oil/ha
MANY ENERGY CROPS CAN BE PRODUCED AT COSTS BELOW
20 EURO/MWh
(Salix viminalis)
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Fuel Quality –
important parameters
•
Chlorides•
Sodium
•
Potassium•
Nitrogen
•
Heavy metals•
Ash content
•
Variations / not homogeneous•
Bulk density
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Willow –
harvested in bundles instead of directly chipped
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Energy crops – R&D&D areas
•
Clones
•
Growing, harvesting,logistics, compacting, storing etc
•
Attitude, culture, businessmodels/contracts, cooperation etc
•
Thermal areas –
availability
/ slagging
/ fouling
/ ashes etc
•
Sustainability –
total GHG bal., incl
land use change, NOx etc
•
Politics –
optimal steering instruments
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World primary energy sources
1850 1900 1950 2000
100 %
80 %
60 %
40 %
20 %
0 %
CoalOilHydropower
Renewables (except hydro.) Natural gasNuclear
Renewables (exc. hydro)
Coal
OilN. gas
Hydro
Nuclear
Source: Oil & Gas Scienceonal
Technologi
Pierre-René
Bauquis
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Costs and prices ?
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Costs -
and prices ?
Production cost, say 10-20 EURO/MWh
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Biomass is one of the most cost effective renewable technologies
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48
Parameters having impact on prices of bio fuelPolitics / steering parameters
•
Emission trading CO2; other gasses
•
Taxes
•
Green certificates etc
•
Conditions for nuclear-power
•
National Kyoto goals
•
Security of supply within EU
Fuels / market
•
Potential/availability/demand of conv. bio fuels
•
Potential/availability/demand of not conv. bio fuels
•
Potential/availability/demand of grown bio fuels
•
Availability/price for -
gas –
global LNG-trade; deregulation etc-
oil –
consequences of peak ; demand outside EU-
coal –
new cond
EU; demand outside EU
•
Classification of waste fuels and peat.
Others
•
Cost for transportation
•
Currencies: Value of Dollar, Euro etc
•
Prices of electricity
•
Need of biomass in industry, both for pulp and paper and as fuel
•
Need of biomass for bio alcohols
•
Radical/sudden climate changes
Prices of bio fuels
Techniques
•CO2-separation/storing
cost, acceptance
•Other large scale techniques
•New small scale techniques
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Price development ?
Production cost Market price
OilUSD / Barrel
5-20 100 (140—70)
OilEuro / MWh
2-10 50
Forest residuesEuro / MWh
0-15 (excl.trsp)(waste negativ)
………….?
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Political steering instruments, renewable electricity
Feed-in tariff / premium
Certifikatsystem
Investeringsstöd
/ skatter
Offert
(tender)
Japan
Kina
Indien
Kanada
USA
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CO2-tax, Sweden, app €/MWhheat
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Subsidy levels, feed in tariffs etc
20 MWe, 100 % biomass, only el production [€/MWh]
Källa: Vattenfall R&D 2010
020406080
100120140160180200
Italy
Belgium
(Flan
ders)
Spain
United
King
dom
Austria
The N
etherl
ands
Poland
Estonia
Lithu
ania
Japa
nGerm
any
China
Sweden
Denmark
France
The U
nited
Stat
esNorw
ayFinl
and
Canad
a (Onta
rio)
India
Latvi
a
Assumed
el price
(blue): 40 €/MWh
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Competing alternatives often fuel cost = 0 !
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Flow chart renewable fuel to ”energy”Fuel value chain
Origin
Analysis
Pre sorting etc
Collection
Methods
Logistics
Storage
Preparation
Technics
-
grinding
-
homog.
Quality securing
Control
Quality-
spec.
Storage
Logistics
Transport
Volume
Classifica-
tion
Delivery cond.
Destination
- Form
- Price
Storage
Preparation
- Crushing
- Grinding
-
Homog.
etc
Conveyin
g
Dosage
Mixing
Incineration
Technical demands
-
instr/control
-
corrosion
Environ.dem.
- air
-
water
Flue gas-
cleaning
Residues/
ashes
Handling
Permissio
n
Additives
Chemicals Measuring
Conversion / Investment. technics, environm.–
cap.cost
Δ
op. cost
Δ
maint.costProduction ”in our plant”
€r/MWh
€//MWh
€/MWh
fuel
Alt fuel supply
€/MWh
fuel
(€/ton)
€/MWh
el
Alt.
€/MWh
€/MWh
el
€/MWh
th €/MWH th
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Example total production cost bio heat
RDF Demolition wood Forest chips Peat briquette Wood pellets
ETS-costs
Cap. Costs
Maintenance
Operation
Ashes
Chemicals etc
Taxes, fees etc
Fuel price, at plant
WasteWood, chipped Dried, compacted
0
50
Euro/MWh
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Political support / drivers….
If green certificate, feed in etc gives 100 Euro/MWh el…
Fuel trader view : 30 Euro/MWh fuel
Plant owner view : 30 –
extra op&m –
cap costs etcmeaning far less, if any, more value of the fuel !
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SCENARIOS for REFERENCE PRICE LEVELS
• Future price of coal and established CCS• Large scale cropping•
Large scale and well established long
distance import of residues from forest and agriculture?
• Enlarged supply from forest residues• Optimization of logistics and transport• Limitations set by pulp&paper?
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Production cost vs market prices ?
-
If fundamental presumptions only –
reasonable price prognosis possible to do !
-
Speculative businesses and political frameworks
means temporarily variations and too high pricelevels
!
-
BUT -
the power plant owners can integrate backwards in the fuel value chain –
and gain control of
the “price”
!!
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And never forget
: Total Sustainability
•All traditional CSR questions
•GHG –
prod of biomass –
handling, transports, fertilizer etc
-
Land Use Change –
direct / indirect
-
Efficiency
in conversion
•Of course –
first use residues, but also a large potential for energy crops
•No lack of prod capacity for food –
lack of money to by food
•If a future problem –
change to food again
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Thanks for listening!