CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ON SAWMILLSawmill is unique training facility for Woodcutting, and it differs from the usual method of cutting trees. Instead, you will find yourself cutting logs into more complicated shapes than simple planks in order to gain experience. A sawmill is a facility where logs are cut into lumber. It is also the process of wood Editing that established according to various incision types of lumber (cut to length round wood) lumber is produced by cutting machining.The principal technological sections in the sawmill are: log yard, sawmill and timber yard.For the ultimate cutting machining gang, circular and Block band sage machineriesare used mainly tra.Its not too long ago, there are sawmills with chipper and profiling chipper as the main machine.Sawmill specializes in general, in particular in accordance with the technical means for the incision of wood or coniferous lumber. Sawmills are measured by volume for the coming to cut raw material, as well as the degree of mechanization and automation (manual and process-driven techniques) greatly differentiated sawmill. Given the nature of the technological process a complete computer-based timber production in the sawmills is possible.

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATUREGalluzzo&Cliver (1996) agreed with those of Ak et al. (1994b) as oak leachates were not bactericidal towards Salmonella enteritidis, in contrast to the oak shavings and chips tested. Even various solvent extractions were conducted on the wood, but the antibacterial effect was not diminished. A similar antibacterial effect was seen with filter paper. Their results therefore indicated that the mechanism of disappearance of Salmonella from oak was rather physical than chemical. In fact, it could be a combination of adhesion and drying effect on the cells.Fuwape and Onyekwelu (1995) reported that clear felling of trees by sawmills as a source of raw material has been recognized as one of the factors responsible for environmental degradation in arid and semi-arid parts of Africa. The indiscriminate logging in the rainforest and uncontrolled felling of trees by saw millers operations are reported to have adverse effect on the environment. The adverse effect caused by the operations of forest industries includes loss of biodiversity, migration of wildlife, ecological imbalance, soil erosion, flooding, desert encroachment and disruption in hydrological cycle of water catchments area.Welford (2000) reported that there has been a rapid growth in recent years in environmental legislation and other policies aimed at reducing environmental impacts and as such organizations should take advantage of these. There is a need therefore for industries and organizations to continually review their environmental impacts in order to determine which of the environmental aspect is most significant and needs immediate attention.

Espinoza (2010) noted that despite research on SCM in the wood products industry, little attention has been paid to development of performance measurement systems in wood products SCs. He also suggested a framework for developing wood SCs, focusing on product quality and time performance measurements linking the performance of different business units in the SC.

CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVE

The following are the main objective: 1. To see practically full operation and process of cutting of logs.2. To learn different method of cutting of logs.3. Types of machine used for operation. 3. To know about type of finished goods.4. Type of safety kits used during operation.5. The process for selling of the timber

CHAPTER 4 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

This is oldest sawmill of Sikkim establish in 2002 and is located in Chuba, Radang near Singtam, east Sikkim it is look after by the utilization Division of the Forest Department of Sikkim. Collected logs are mostly from road widening, Danger posing trees etc.

Activities involvement on Chuba Sawmill After trees are selected for harvest, the next step inloggingisfellingthe trees, andbuckingthem to length. Branches are cut off the trunk. Logs are taken bylogging truck, or alog driveto the sawmill. Logs arescaledeither on the way to the mill or upon arrival at the mill. Debarking removes bark from the logs. Deckingis the process for sorting the logs by species, size and end use (lumber,plywood, chips). Asawyerused horizontal head saw machine to break the log into cants (unfinished logs to be further processed) and flitches (unfinished planks). Depending upon the species and quality of the log, the cants will either be further broken down by vertical head saw machineor a gang edger into multiple flitches and/or boards Edgingwas done to flitch and trim off all irregular edges leaving four-sidedlumber. Trimmingsquares the ends at typical lumber lengths. Dryingremoves naturally occurring moisture from the lumber. This can be done with naturalor air-dried. Planningsmooths the surface of the lumber leaving a uniform width and thickness. The Utilization Division of Forest Departmenthas authorized to sell the timber and issue of transit permission for buyer.

Fig.1: - Horizontal Machine

Fig 2: - Vertical MachineFig 3: -Transit permit for buyer

CHAPTER 5 OBSERVATION & RESULTSObservation at sawmill during field visitSawmill at Chuba consists of two machine horizontal and vertical cutting machine. Before any operation blades of the machine are sharpened, sifting of logs and finished goods are carried by labours present there.Types of outlet of logs after operation.

Fig 4: - Timber

Fig 5: - Planks

Fig 6: - Fuel Wood

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION

This Project helped me to learn about the basic principles involved in sawmill during operation and processing. Chuba sawmill which is located in east part of Sikkim was look after by Utilization Division of Forest Department. As state have band on green felling the logs collected was mostly from road winding, danger posing etc.Mostly collected logs are pine, marketing of state timber is also band inside and outside the state only Utilization Division of Forest Department have authorised to sell timber from sawmill with in Sikkim with Limited.

During the process in Sawmill the workers have different duties according to performs and experience of workers they were involved in following duties in preparing logs for cutting into lumber and storing cut lumber in sawmill: Unloads logs from trucks or cars, rolls logs onto sawmill deck, examines logs for defects, such as embedded pieces of iron or stone, decayed wood from splits, and marks defects for removal by other workers, rolls logs from deck onto log or carriage, rides log carriage of head saw and adjusts position of logs on carriage to cut planks of required thickness, sorts and guides planks emerging from saw onto roller tables or conveyors for trimming edges. Sharpens and adjusts teeth of woodworking saws, they all were dressed with safety kits throughout the operation and the entire worker involved in operation was trained and experience, we were shown two operations in two different machine and the logs were all pine. I found the process was very fast and in a few minutes they can convert lots of logs into timber.

It also gave me idea about the planning records of the different species of logs brought in the sawmill and also marketing and distribution of the Timber, Planks and Fuel wood, and all the activities are look after by Utilization Division of Forest Department. Lastly, through this project I have the necessary practical knowledge for the completion of my project and also for my future endeavour.

CHAPTER 7 REFERENCE

1.Belin L. Sawmill alveolitis in Sweden.Int Arch Allergy ApplImmunol.1987;82(3-4):4404432. Dykewicz MS, Laufer P, Patterson R, Roberts M, Sommers HM. Woodman's disease: hypersensitivity pneumonitis from cutting live trees.J Allergy ClinImmunol.1988 Feb;81(2):455460. 3. Kolmodin-Hedman B, Blomquist G, Lfgren F. Chipped wood as a source of mould exposure.Eur J Respir Dis Suppl.1987;154:4451.4. Charles E. Peterson, 'Sawdust Trail: Annals of Sawmilling and the Lumber Trade'Bulletin of the Association for Preservation TechnologyVol. 5, No. 2. (1973), pp. 84-5 5.Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",Technology and Culture46(1): 1-30 [o10-1] 6. Norman Ball, 'Circular Saws and the History of Technology'Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology7(3) (1975), pp. 79-89. 7. Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007), "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications",Journal of Roman Archaeology20: 138163

4