Carbon Valuation: Alternatives, Alternations and Lateral ...
Handout #9 More neutralization. Turkish vowels Alternations (Halle and Clements 1983: 85)
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Transcript of Handout #9 More neutralization. Turkish vowels Alternations (Halle and Clements 1983: 85)
![Page 1: Handout #9 More neutralization. Turkish vowels Alternations (Halle and Clements 1983: 85)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649d135503460f949e6e11/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Handout #9
More neutralization
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Turkish vowels
[-back,-lab]
[-back,+lab]
[+back,-lab]
[+back,+lab]
[+high] i y ˆ u
[-high] e O a o
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Alternations(Halle and Clements 1983: 85)NominativeSingular
NominativePlural
Gloss
ip ipler ropek z k zlar girljyz jyzler facepul pullar stampel eller handkOj kOjler village
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Alternations
• The plural marker is -ler ~ -lar.• The alternant with [e] occurs only when the
preceding vowel is front.• The alternant with [a] occurs only elsewhere.• Distribution of alternating sounds:
– [a] does not occur after [+syll, -back] C0, but does occur elsewhere.
– [e] occurs there as well as elsewhere.
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Vowel harmony
• Vowel harmony is a restriction requiring that vowels within a word agree in some feature.
• In this Turkish case, vowels within a word must agree in [back].
• Vowel harmony can involve any of the vowel features: [high], [low], [lab], or [ATR].
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Analysis
• Both front and back vowels occur as phonemes: – /i, y, ˆ, u, e, O, a, o/.
• The underlying representation of the plural suffix:– /-lar/.
• Rule (Back vowel harmony):
– V --> [-back, -low, +ATR] / V C0 ___ [-back]
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Turkish(Halle and Clements 1983: 137-139)Nominativesingular
Nominativeplural
Possessed Gloss
oda odalar odas roomdere dereler deresi rivertilki tilkiler tilkisi foxyty ytyler ytysy press ironar ar lar ar s beeboru borular borusu pipebalo balolar balosu ball
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The possessed
• The suffix marking “possessed” has an alternating form:– sˆ ~ si ~ sy ~ su
• The alternating sounds are:– ˆ ~ i ~ y ~ u
• These sounds are alternating, so they must be in complementary or neutralization distribution.
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The distribution of the alternants
• To determine the distribution of the alternating sounds, we first look at the distribution of the different alternants.– sˆ occurs after [+syll, +back, -lab] –
si occurs after [+syll, -back, -lab] –
su occurs after [+syll, +back, +lab] –
sy occurs after [+syll, -back, +lab]
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The distribution of the alternating sounds
• Generalizing to the distribution of the alternating sounds:– An unrounded high vowel does not occur after [+syll,
+lab] C0, but it does occur elsewhere.– A rounded high vowel occurs there as well as
elsewhere.
– A back vowel does not occur after [+syll, -back] C0, but it does occur elsewhere.
– A front vowel occurs there as well as elsewhere.
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Analysis
• The underlying representation of the alternating suffix is /-sˆ/.
• Round vowel harmony:– V --> [+lab] / V C0 ____
[+high] [+lab]
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Derivations
Underlying representation
/dere-sˆ/ /yty-sˆ/ /balo-sˆ/
Back vowel harmony
/dere-si/ /yty-si/ ____
Round vowel harmony
____ /yty-sy/ /balo-su/
Surface representation
[deresi] [ytysy] [balosu]
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Turkish (Halle and Clements 1983: 137-139)
Nominative singular
Dative Nominative plural
Gloss
kep ke.pe kep.ler cap
sap sa.pa sap.lar stalk
kap ka.ba kap.lar container
tat ta.da tat.lar taste
alt al.ta alt.lar bottom
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Turkish
Nominative singular
Dative Nominative plural
Gloss
kurt kur.da kurt.lar worm
satS sa.tSa satS.lar hair
sarp sar.pa sarp.lar steep
gytS gy.dZe gytS.ler power
reNk reN.ge reNk.ler color
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Turkish: Alternations
• List the alternations in the last two tables:
• List any new alternating sounds:
• State the distribution of these alternating sounds:
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Turkish: Analysis
• Give the underlying representations of all alternating morphemes:
• State the rule responsible for the alternation that we have not yet treated:
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Turkish: Derivations
Underlying representation
/ / / /
Back vowel harmony
Round vowel harmony
Surface representation
[gydZe] [gytSler]
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Moore (Burkina Fasso)(Kenstowicz 1994: 53)
• Hyphens separate morphemes.
• The suffixes -go ~ -gu and -re ~ -ri ~ -le ~ -li mark the singular for two different noun classes.– List all the vowels in this sample.– List all of the [+ATR] vowels.– List all of the [+high] vowels.
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Moore
kor-go “sack” kug-ri “stone”
laN-go “hole” tUb-re “ear”
bId-go “sorrel” gob-re “left hand”
zu-gu “head” la-re “hatchet”
pil-gu “granary” rakil-li “woodbundle ”
rUg-go “pot” bEd-re “big”
sen-go “rainy
season”gel-le “egg”
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Moore
• The alternating sounds are o ~ u, e ~ i, and r ~ l.
– State their distributions.– Give underlying representations for the two
alternating suffixes.– State the rules that account for the alternations.
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Moore: Derivations
Underlying representation
/ / / / / /
Surface representation
[pilgu] [rakilli] [tUbre]
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References
• Halle, Morris, and G.N. Clements (1983). Problem Book in Phonology. MIT Press, Cambridge.
• Kenstowicz, Michael (1994). Phonology in Generative Grammar. Blackwell, Cambridge.