Handbook of the

Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa The Birds of the Western Palearctic

Volume I • Ostrich to Ducks

Stanley Cramp Chief Editor KEL Simmons

I J Ferguson-Lees Robert Gillmor PAD Hollom

Robert Hudson E M Nicholson MA Ogilvie

PJS Olney KH Voous Jan Wattel

OXFORD LONDON NEW YORK

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION Page 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35

STRUTHIONIFORMES 37

STRUTHIONIDAE ostriches 37 Struthio camelus Ostrich 37

GAVIIFORMES 42

GAVIIDAE divers 42 Gavia stellata Red-throated Diver 43 Gavia arctica Black-throated Diver 50 Gavia immer Great Northern Diver 56 Gavia adamsii White-billed Diver 62

PODICIPEDIFORMES 65

PODICIPEDIDAE grebes 65 Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe 67 Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe 69 Podiceps major Great Grebe 78 Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe 78 Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe 89 Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe 97 Podiceps nigricollis Black-necked Grebe 105

PROCELL ARIIFORMES 112

DIOMEDEIDAE albatrosses 113 Diomedea melanophris Black-browed Albatross 113 Diomedea chlororhynchos Yellow-nosed Albatross 115 Diomedea chrysostoma Grey-headed Albatross 115 Diomedea nigripes Black-footed Albatross 116 Diomedea exulans Wandering Albatross 116 Diomedea epomophora Royal Albatross 117

PROCELLARIIDAE fulmars, petrels, shearwaters 118 Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant "Petrel 119 Fulmarus glacialis Fulmar 121 Daption capense Cape Pigeon 128 Pterodroma neglecta Kermadec Petrel 129 Pterodroma leucoptera Collared Petrel 129 Pterodroma mollis Soft-plumaged Petrel 129 Pterodroma hasitata Black-capped Petrel 129

Contents

Bulweria bulwerii Bulwer's Petrel 132 Bulweria fallax Jouanin's Petrel 135 Calonectris diomedea Cory's Shearwater 136 Puffinus gravis Great Shearwater 140 Puffinus griseus Sooty Shearwater 143 Puffinus puffinus Manx Shearwater 145 Puffinus assimilis Little Shearwater 151 Puffinus Iherminieri Audubon's Shearwater 155

HYDROBATIDAE storm-petrels 155 Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's Storm-petrel 156 Pelagodroma marina White-faced Storm-petrel (Frigate Petrel) 159 Hydrobates pelagicus Storm Petrel 163 Oceanodroma leucorhoa Leach's Storm-petrel 168 Oceanodroma monorhis Swinhoe's Storm-petrel 173 Oceanodroma castro Madeiran Storm-petrel 174

PELECANIFORMES 178

PHAETHONTIDAE tropicbirds 178 Phaethon aethereus Red-billed Tropicbird 179

SULIDAE boobies, gannets 183 Sula dactylatra Masked Booby 183 Sula leucogaster Brown Booby 185 Sula bassana Gannet 191

PHALACROCORACIDAE cormorants, shags 199 Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant 200 Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag 207 Phalacrocorax nigrogularis Socotra Cormorant 214 Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pygmy Cormorant 216 Phalacrocorax africanus Long-tailed Cormorant 219

ANHINGIDAE darters 222 Anhinga melanogaster Darter 223

PELECANIDAE pelicans 226 Pelecanus onocrotalus White Pelican 227 Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican 233 Pelecanus rufescens Pink-backed Pelican 237

FREGATIDAE frigatebirds 239 Fregata magnificens Magnificent Frigatebird 240

CICONHFORMES 244

ARDEIDAE bitterns, herons 245

BOTAURINAE bitterns 246 Botaurus stellaris Bittern 247 Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern 252

Contents

Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern 254 Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern 255 Ixobrychus eurhythmus Schrenck's Little Bittern 260 Ardeirallus sturmii Dwarf Bittern 261

ARDEINAE tiger-bitterns, egrets, herons 262

Nycticorax nycticorax Night Heron 262 Butorides striatus Green-backed Heron 269 Butorides virescens Green Heron 272 Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron 273 Ardeola grayii Indian Pond Heron 278 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret (BufF-backed Heron) 279 Egretta gularis Western Reef Heron 286 Egretta garzetta Little Egret 290 Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret 296 Egretta alba Great White Egret 297 Ardea melanocephala Black-headed Heron 302 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 302 Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron 312 Ardea purpurea Purple Heron 312 Ardea goliath Goliath Heron 318

CICONIIDAE storks 320 Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed Stork 322 Ciconia nigra Black Stork 323 Ciconia ciconia White Stork 328 Leptoptilos crumeniferus Marabou 336

THRESKIORNITHIDAE ibises, spoonbills 337 Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis 338 Geronticus eremita Bald Ibis 343 Threskiornis aethiopicus Sacred Ibis 347 Platalea leucorodia Spoonbill 352

PHOENICOPTERIFORMES 358

PHOENICOPTERIDAE flamingoes 358 Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo 359 Phoenicopterus minor Lesser Flamingo 366

ANSERIFORMES 368

ANATIDAE wildfowl 368

ANSERINAE whistling ducks, swans, true geese, freckled ducks 370

DENDROCYGNINI whisding ducks 370

Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous Whistling Duck 370

ANSERINI swans, true geese 370

Cygnus olor Mute Swan — 372

Contents

Cygnus columbianus Bewick's Swan 379 Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan 385 Anser fabalis Bean Goose 391 Anser brachyrhynchus Pink-footed Goose 397 Anser albifrons White-fronted Goose 403 Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose 409 Anser anser Greylag Goose 413 Anser indicus Bar-headed Goose 422 Anser caerulescens Snow Goose 422 Branta canadensis Canada Goose 424 Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose 430 Branta bernicla Brent Goose 436 Branta ruficollis Red-breasted Goose 442

ANATINAE ducks 444

TADORNINI sheldgeese, shelducks 445

Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose 447 Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck 451 Tadorna tadorna Shelduck 455

CAIRININI perching ducks 464 Plectropterus gambensis Spur-winged Goose 465 Aix sponsa Wood Duck 465 Aix galericulata Mandarin 465

ANATINI dabbling ducks 471 Anas penelope Wigeon 473 Anas americana American Wigeon 481 Anas falcata Falcated Duck 483 Anas strepera Gadwall 485 Anas formosa Baikal Teal 494 Anas crecca Teal 494 Anas capensis Cape Teal 504 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 505 Anas rubripes Black Duck 519 Anas acuta Pintail 521 Anas querquedula Garganey 529 Anas discors Blue-winged Teal 537 Anas clypeata Shoveler 539 Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Teal 548

AYTHYINI pochards 552

Netta rufina Red-crested Pochard 553 Ay thy a ferina Pochard 561 Aythya collaris Ring-necked Duck 569 Aythya nyroca Ferruginous Duck (White-eyed Pochard) 571 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck 577

Contents

Ay thy a marila Scaup 586

SOMATERIINI eiders 593 Somateria mollissima Eider 595 Somateria spectabilis King Eider 605 Somateria fischeri Spectacled Eider 611 Polysticta stelleri Steller's Eider 613

MERGINI scoters, sawbills, other sea-ducks 618 Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin 620 Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed Duck 626 Melanitta nigra Common Scoter 634 Melanitta perspicillata Surf Scoter 642 Melanitta fusca Velvet Scoter 644 Bucephala albeola Bufflehead 650 Bucephala islandica Barrow's Goldeneye 652 Bucephala clangula Goldeneye 657 Mergus cucullatus Hooded Merganser 666 Mergus albellus Smew 668 Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser 673 Mergus merganser Goosander 680

OXYURINI stiff-tailed ducks 688 Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck 689 Oxyura leucocephala White-headed Duck 694

REFERENCES 701

INDEXES Scientific names 717 English names 719 French names 720 German names 721

Handbook of the

Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa The Birds of the Western Palearctic

Volume II • Hawks to Bustards

Stanley Cramp Chief Editor K E L Simmons

Robert Gillmor PAD Hollom Robert Hudson

E M Nicholson M A Ogilvie P J S Olney

C S Roselaar K H Voous DIM Wallace

Jan Wattel

OXFORD LONDON NEW YORK

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION Page 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3

ACCIPITRIFORMES 5

ACCIPITRIDAE hawks, vultures, eagles 5 Pernis apivorus Honey Buzzard 13 Elanus caeruleus Black-winged Kite (Black-shouldered Kite) 23 Milvus migrans Black Kite 27 Milvus milvus Red Kite 36 Haliaeetus vocifer African Fish Eagle 44 Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas's Fish Eagle 46 Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle 48 Gypaetus barbatus Lamergeier (Bearded Vulture) 58 Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture 64 Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded Vulture 71 Gyps bengalensis White-backed Vulture 73 Gyps fulvus Griffon Vulture 73 Gyps rueppellii Ruppell's Vulture 81 Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture 83 Aegypius monachus Black Vulture 89 Circaetus gallicus Short-toed Eagle 96 Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur 103 Circus aeruginosus Marsh Harrier 105 Circus cyaneus Hen Harrier 116 Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier 126 Circus pygargus Montagu's Harrier 132 Melierax met abates Dark Chanting Goshawk 144 Accipiter gentilis Goshawk 148 Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk 158 Accipiter badius Shikra 169 Accipiter brevipes Levant Sparrowhawk 173 Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk 176 Buteo buteo Buzzard 177 Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard 190 Buteo hemilasius Upland Buzzard 196 Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Buzzard 196 Aquila pomarina Lesser Spotted Eagle 203 Aquila clanga Spotted Eagle 211 Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle and Steppe Eagle 216

Contents

Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle 225 Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle 234 Aquila verreauxii Verreaux's Eagle (Black Eagle) 245 Hieraaetus pennatus Booted Eagle 251 Hieraaetus fasciatus Bonelli's Eagle 258

PANDIONIDAE osprevs 265 Pandion haliaetus Osprey 265

FALCONIFORMES 277

FALCONIDAE falcons and allies 277 Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel 282 Falco tinnunculus Kestrel 289 Falco sparverius American Kestrel 300 Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon 302 Falco columbarius Merlin 308 Falco subbuteo Hobby 316 Falco eleonorae Eleonora's Falcon 327 Falco concolor Sooty Falcon 334 Falco biarmicus Lanner 338 Falco cherrug Saker 344 Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon 350 Falco peregrinus Peregrine 361 Falco pelegrinoides Barbary Falcon 378

GALLIFORMES 382

TETRAONIDAE grouse 383 Bonasa bonasia Hazel Grouse 385 Lagopus lagopus Willow Grouse and Red Grouse 391 Lagopus mutus Ptarmigan 406 Tetrao tetrix Black Grouse 416 Tetrao mlokosiemiczi Caucasian Black Grouse 428 Tetrao urogallus Capercaillie 433

PHASIANIDAE partridges, quails, pheasants and allies 443 Callipepla californica California Quail 445 Colinus virginianus Bobwhite 445 Tetraogallus caucasicus Caucasian Snowcock 446 Tetraogallus caspius Caspian Snowcock 449 Alectoris chukar Chukar 452 Alectoris graeca Rock Partridge 458 Alectoris rufa Red-legged Partridge 463 Alectoris barbara Barbary Partridge 469 Ammoperdix griseogularis See-see 473 Ammoperdix heyi Sand Partridge 476 Francolinus francolinus Black Francolin 479

Contents

Francolinus bicalcaratus Double-spurred Francolin 483 Perdix perdix Partridge 486 Coturnix coturnix Quail 496 Syrmaticus reevesii Reeves's Pheasant 504 Phasianus colchicus Pheasant 504 Chrysolophus pictus Golden Pheasant 515 Chrysolophus amherstiae Lady Amherst's Pheasant 519

NUMIDIDAE guineafowl 522

Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl 523

MELEAGRIDIDAE turkeys 527 Meleagris gallopavo Turkey 527

GRUIFORMES 528

TURNICIDAE button-quails 528

Turnix sylvatica Andalusian Hemipode (Little Button-quail) 529

RALLIDAE rails 535 Rallus aquaticus Water Rail 537 Porzana porzana Spotted Crake 545 Porzana Carolina Sora 554 Porzana parva Little Crake 555 Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake 562 Porzana marginalis Striped Crake 568 Limnocorax flavirostra Black Crake 569 Crex crex Corncrake 570 Gallinula -c hi or opus Moorhen 578 Porphyrula alleni Allen's Gallinule 588 Porphyrula martinica American Purple Gallinule 590 Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Gallinule 592 Fulica atra Coot 599 Fulica americana American Coot 611 Fulica cristata Crested Coot 612

GRUIDAE cranes 616 Grusgrus Crane 618 Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane 627 Grus leucogeranus Siberian White Crane 629 Anthropoides virgo Demoiselle Crane 631

OTIDIDAE bustards 636 Tetrax tetrax Little Bustard 638 Neotis denhami Denham's Bustard 646 Neotis nuba Nubian Bustard 648 Chlamydotis undulata Houbara 649 Ardeotis arabs Arabian Bustard 656 Otis tarda Great Bustard 659

Contents

REFERENCES 669

CORRECTIONS 689

INDEXES Scientific names 691English names 693 Noms français 694Deutsche Namen 694

Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa

The Birds of the Western Palearctic

Volume III • Waders to Gulls

Stanley Cramp Chief Editor K E L Simmons Duncan J Brooks N J Collar Euan Dunn Robert Gillmor PAD Hollom Robert Hudson E M Nicholson M A Ogilvie P J S Olney C S Roselaar K H Voous DIM Wallace Jan Wattel M G Wilson

OXFORD LONDON NEW YORK

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION Page 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7

CHARADRIIFORMES 9

ROSTRATULIDAE painted snipes 10 Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe 10

HAEMATOPODIDAE oystercatchers 16 Haematopus ostralegus Oystercatcher 17 Haematopus moquini African Black Oystercatcher 35

RECURVIROSTRIDAE stilts, avocets 36 Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt 36 Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet 48

DROMADIDAE crab plovers 62 Dromas ardeola Crab Plover 63

BURHINIDAE stone-curlews (thick-knees), stone-plovers 66 Burhinus oedicnemus Stone Curlew 67 Burhinus senegalensis Senegal Thick-knee 80

GLAREOLIDAE coursers, pratincoles 84

CURSORIINAE coursers 84

Pluvianus aegyptius Egyptian Plover 85 Cursorius cursor Cream-coloured Courser 91

GLAREOLINAE pratincoles 98 Glareola pratincola Collared Pratincole 99 Glareola nordmanni Black-winged Pratincole 108

CHARADRIIDAE plovers, lapwings 113

CHARADRIINAE plovers 113 Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover 114 Charadrius hiaticula Ringed Plover 129 Charadrius semipalmatus Semipalmated Plover 141 Charadrius vociferus Killdeer 143 Charadrius pecuarius Kittlitz's Plover (Kittlitz's Sand-plover) 146 Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover 153 Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover 166 Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover 170 Charadrius asiaticus Caspian Plover 178 Charadrius morinellus Dotterel 183 Pluvialis dominie a Lesser Golden Plover 196

Contents

Pluvialis apricaria Golden Plover 201 Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover 216

VANELLINAE lapwings 226

Hoplopterus spinosus Spur-winged Plover (Spur-winged Lapwing) 227 Hoplopterus tectus Blackhead Plover (Blackhead Lapwing) 235 Hoplopterus indicus Red-wattled Plover (Red-wattled Lapwing) 235 Chettusia gregaria• Sociable Plover (Sociable Lapwing) 240 Chettusia leucura White-tailed Plover (White-tailed Lapwing) 246 Vanellus vanellus Lapwing 250

SCOLOPACIDAE sandpipers and allies 267

CALIDRIDINAE arctic sandpipers and allies 267 Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot 268 Calidris canutus Knot 271 Calidris alba Sanderling 282 Calidris pusilla Semipalmated Sandpiper 293 Calidris mauri Western Sandpiper 297 Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint 299 Calidris minuta Little Stint 303 Calidris temminckii Temminck's Stint 311 Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint 319 Calidris minutilla Least Sandpiper 321 Calidris fuscicollis White-rumped Sandpiper 325 Calidris bairdii Baird's Sandpiper 329 Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper 332 Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper 336 Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper 339 Calidris maritima Purple Sandpiper 345 Calidris alpina Dunlin 356 Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper 372 Micropalama himantopus Stilt Sandpiper 379 Tryngites subruficollis Buff-breasted Sandpiper 382 Philomachus pugnax Ruff 385

GALLINAGININAE snipes, dowitchers 402 Lymnocryptes minimus Jack Snipe 403 Gallinago gallinago Snipe 409 Gallinago media Great Snipe 423 Gallinago stenura Pintail Snipe 433 Gallinago megala Swinhoe's Snipe 438 Limnodromus griseus Short-billed Dowitcher 438 Limnodromus scolopaceus Long-billed Dowitcher 441

SCOLOPACINAE woodcocks 444 Scolopax rusticola Woodcock 444

Contents

TRINGINAE godwits, curlews, other sandpipers 457 Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit 45$ Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit 473 Numenius minutus Little Whimbrel 4&i Numenius borealis Eskimo Curlew 483 Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel 484 Numenius tenuirostris Slender-billed Curlew 496 Numenius arquata Curlew 500

Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper 514 Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank 517 Tringa tot anus Redshank 525 Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper 540 Tringa nebularia Greenshank 547 Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs 559 Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs 562 Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper 566 Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper 569 Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper 577 Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper 587 Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper 594 Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper 605 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Willet 611

ARENARIINAE turnstones 612 Arenaria interpres Turnstone 613

PHALAROPODINAE phalaropes 625 Phalaropus tricolor Wilson's Phalarope 626 Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope 629 Phalaropus fulicarius Grey Phalarope 640

STERCORARIIDAE skuas 652 Stercorarius pomarinus Pomarine Skua 653 Stercorarius parasiticus Arctic Skua 662 Stercorarius longicaudus Long-tailed Skua 675 Stercorarius skua Great Skua 686

LARIDAE gulls 697 Larus hemprichii Sooty Gull 698 Larus leucophthalmus White-eyed Gull 701 Larus ichthyaetus Great Black-headed Gull 705 Larus melanocephalus Mediterranean Gull 712 Larus atricilla Laughing Gull 723 Larus pipixcan Franklin's Gull 727 Larus minutus Little Gull 730 Larus sabini Sabine's Gull 739 Larus Philadelphia Bonaparte's Gull 746

Contents

Larus ridibundus Black-headed Gull 749 Larus cirrocephalus Grey-headed Gull 769 Larus genet Slender-billed Gull 773 Larus audouinii Audouin's Gull 780 Larus delawarensis Ring-billed Gull 787 Larus canus Common Gull 790 Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull 801 Larus argentatus Herring Gull 815 Larus glaucoides Iceland Gull 837 Larus hyperboreus Glaucous Gull 840 Larus marinus Great Black-backed Gull 849 Rhodostethia rosea Ross's Gull 859 Rissa tridactyla Kittiwake 863 Pagophila eburnea Ivory Gull 875

REFERENCES 883

CORRECTIONS 907

INDEXES Scientific names 909 English names 911 Noms français 912 Deutsche Namen 913

Handbook of the

Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa The Birds of the Western Palearctic

Volume IV • Terns to Woodpeckers

Stanley Cramp Chief Editor Duncan J Brooks Euan Dunn Robert Gillmor PAD Hollom Robert Hudson E M Nicholson M A Ogilvie P J S Olney C S Roselaar K E L Simmons K H Voous DIM Wallace Jan Wattel M G Wilson

OXFORD NEW YORK

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Page 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2

CHARADRIIFORMES {continued)

STERNIDAE terns 5 Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern 6 Sterna caspia Caspian Tern 17 Sterna maxima Royal Tern 27 Sterna bergii Swift Tern 36 Sterna bengalensis Lesser Crested Tern 42 Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich Tern 48 Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern 62 Sterna hirundo Common Tern 71 Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern 87 Sterna aleutica Aleutian Tern 100 Sterna forsteri Forster's Tern 102 Sterna repressa White-cheeked Tern 105 Sterna anaethetus Bridled Tern 109 Sterna fuscata Sooty Tern 116 Sterna albifrons Little Tern 120 Sterna sounder si Saunders'Little Tern 133 Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern 133 Chlidonias niger Black Tern 143 Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Black Tern 155

' Anous stolidus Brown Noddy 163

RYNCHOPIDAE skimmers 166 Rynchops Jlavirostris African Skimmer 166

ALCIDAE auks 168 Uriaaalge Guillemot 170 Uria lomvia Briinnich's Guillemot 184 Alcatorda Razorbill 195 Pinguinus impennis Great Auk 207 Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot 208 A lie alle Little Auk 219 Aethia cristatella Crested Auklet 229 Cyclorrhynchus psittacula Parakeet Auklet 230 Fratercula arctica Puffin 231

Contents

PTEROCLIDIFORMES 244

PTEROCLIDIDAE sandgrouse 244 Pterocles lichtensteinii Lichtenstein's Sandgrouse 245 Pterocles coronatus Crowned Sandgrouse 249 Pterocles senegallus Spotted Sandgrouse 253 Pterocles exustus Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse 259 Pterocles orientalis Black-bellied Sandgrouse 263 Pterocles alchata Pin-tailed Sandgrouse 269 Syrrhaptes paradoxus Pallas's Sandgrouse 277

COLUMBIFORMES 283

COLUMBIDAE pigeons 283 Columba livia Rock Dove 285 Columba oenas Stock Dove 298 Columba eversmanni Yellow-eyed Stock Dove 309 Columba palumbus Woodpigeon 311 Columba trocaz Long-toed Pigeon 329 Columba bollii Bolle's Laurel Pigeon 331 Columba junoniae Laurel Pigeon 334 Streptopelia roseogrisea African Collared Dove (Pink-headed Turtle Dove) 336 Streptopelia decaocto Collared Dove 340 Streptopelia turtur Turtle Dove 353 Streptopelia orientalis Rufous Turtle Dove 363 Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove 366 Oena capensis Namaqua Dove 374 Ectopistes migratorius Passenger Pigeon 378

PSITT ACIFORMES 378

PSITTACIDAE parrots 378 Psittacula krameri Ring-necked Parakeet (Rose-ringed Parakeet) 379

CUCULIFORMES 388

CUCULIDAE cuckoos 388

CUCULINAE parasitic cuckoos 388 Clamator jacobinus Jacobin Cuckoo 388 Clamator glandarius Great Spotted Cuckoo 391 Chrysococcyx caprius Didric Cuckoo 400 Cuculus canorus Cuckoo 402 Cuculus saturatus Oriental Cuckoo 417

PHAENICOPHAEINAE non-parasitic cuckoos 423 Coccyzus erythrophthalmus Black-billed Cuckoo 423 Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo 425

CENTROPODINAE coucals 427 Centropus senegalensis Senegal Coucal 427

Contents

STRIGIFORMES 432

TYTONIDAE barn owls and allies 432

Tytoalba Barn Owl 432 STRIGIDAE typical owls 449

BUBONINAE eagle owls and allies 449 Otus brucei Striated Scops Owl 450 Otus scops Scops Owl 454 Bubo bubo Eagle Owl 466 Ketupa zeylonensis Brown Fish Owl 481 Nyctea scandiaca Snowy Owl 485 Surnia ulula Hawk Owl 496 Glaucidium passerinum Pygmy Owl 505 Athene noctua Little Owl 514

STRIGINAE wood owls and allies 525 Strix aluco Tawny Owl 526 Strixbutleri Hume's Tawny Owl 547 Strix uralensis Ural Owl 550 Strix nebulosa Great Grey Owl 561 Asio otus Long-eared Owl 572 Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl 588 Asiocapensis Marsh Owl 601 Aegoliusfunereus Tengmalm's Owl 606

CAPRIMULGIFORMES 616

CAPRIMULGIDAE nightjars, nighthawks 616

CAPRIMULGINAE nightjars 617 Caprimulgus nubicus Nubian Nightjar 617 Caprimulgus europaeus Nightjar 620 Caprimulgus ruficollis Red-necked Nightjar 636 Caprimulgus eximius Golden Nightjar 641 Caprimulgus aegyptius Egyptian Nightjar 641

CHORDEILINAE nighthawks 646 Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk 646

APODIFORMES 649

APODIDAE swifts 649

CHAETURINAE spine-tailed swifts 649 Hirundapus caudacutus Needle-tailed Swift 649

APODINAE typical swifts 652 Apus alexandri Cape Verde Swift 652 Apusunicolor Plain Swift 653 Apus apus Swift 657 Apus pallidus Pallid Swift 670

Contents

Apus pacificus Pacific Swift (Fork-tailed Swift) 676 Apus melba Alpine Swift 678 Apus caffer White-rumped Swift 687 Apusaffinis Little Swift 692 Cypsiurus parous Palm Swift 698

CORACIIFORMES 699

ALCEDINIDAE kingfishers 700

DACELONINAE forest kingfishers and allies 700 Halcyon smyrnensis White-breasted Kingfisher 701 Halcyon leucocephala Grey-headed Kingfisher 705

ALCEDININAE small kingfishers 710 Alcedoatthis Kingfisher 711

CERYLINAE pied kingfishers and allies 723 Cerylerudis Pied Kingfisher 723 Cerylealcyon Belted Kingfisher 731

MEROPIDAE bee-eaters 733 Merops orientalis Little Green Bee-eater 734 Merops superciliosus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater 740 Merops apiaster Bee-eater 748

CORACIIDAE rollers 763 Coracias garrulus Roller 764 Coracias abyssinicus Abyssinian Roller 776 Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller 778 Eurystomus glaucurus Broad-billed Roller 783

UPUPIDAE hoopoes 786 Upupaepops Hoopoe 786

PICIFORMES 799

PICIDAE wrynecks, woodpeckers, and allies 799 JYNGINAE wrynecks 800

Jynx tor quit la Wryneck 800

PICINAE woodpeckers 812 Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker 813 Picus canus Grey-headed Woodpecker 813 Picusviridis Green Woodpecker 824 Picus vaillantii Levaillant's Green Woodpecker 837 Dryocopus martius Black Woodpecker 840 Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 853 Dendrocopos major Great Spotted Woodpecker 856 Dendrocopos syriacus Syrian Woodpecker 874 Dendrocopos medius Middle Spotted Woodpecker 882

Contents

Dendrocopos leucotos White-backed Woodpecker 891 Dendrocopos minor Lesser Spotted Woodpecker 901 Picoides tridactylus Three-toed Woodpecker 913

REFERENCES 924

CORRECTIONS 954

INDEXES Scientific names 955 English names 958 Noms français 959 Deutsche Namen 960

Handbook of the

Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa The Birds of the Western Palearctic

Volume V • Tyrant Flycatchers to Thrushes

Stanley Cramp Duncan J Brooks Euan Dunn Robert Gillmor Joan Hall-Craggs PAD Hollom E M Nicholson M A Ogilvie C S Roselaar P J Sellar K E L Simmons K H Voous DIM Wallace M G Wilson

OXFORD NEW YORK

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS • 1988

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGEiMENTS

PASSERIFORMES

TYRANNIDAE tyrant flycatchers Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher

ALAUDIDAE larks Eremopterix nigriceps Black-crowned Finch Lark Eremalauda dunni Dunn's Lark Ammomanes cincturus Bar-tailed Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti Desert Lark Alaemon alaudipes Hoopoe Lark Chersophilus duponti Dupont's Lark Rhamphocoris clothey Thick-billed Lark Melanocorypha calandra Calandra Lark Melanocorypha bimaculata Bimaculated Lark Melanocorypha leucoptera White-winged Lark Melanocorypha yeltoniensis Black Lark Calandrella brachydactyla Short-toed Lark Calandrella rufescens Lesser Short-toed Lark Galerida cristata Crested Lark Galerida theklae Thekla Lark Lullula arborea Woodlark Alauda arvensis Skylark Alauda gulgula Small Skylark Alauda razae Razo Lark Eremophila alpestris Shore Lark Eremophila bilopha Temminck's Horned Lark

HIRUNDINIDAE swallows Riparia paludicola Brown-throated Sand Martin Riparia riparia Sand Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula African Rock Martin

(includes Pale Crag Martin) Ptyonoprogne rupestris Crag Martin Hirundo rustica Swallow Hirundo daurica Red-rumped Swallow Delichon urbica House Martin

Page 1

39

41

43 43

45 46

54 59 65 74 82 87

93 103 109 115 123

135 145 163 173 188 205 207 210 225

230 231 235 248

254 262 278 287

Contents

MOTACILLIDAE pipits, wagtails 300 Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit 301 Anthus godlemskii Blyth's Pipit 309 Anthus campestris Tawny Pipit 313 Anthus berthelotii Berthelot's Pipit 327 Anthus similis Long-billed Pipit 331 Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit 337 Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit 344 Anthus gustavi Pechora Pipit 359 Anthus pratensis Meadow Pipit 365 Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit 380 Anthus spinoletta Rock Pipit and Water Pipit 393 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail 413 Motacilla citreola Citrine Wagtail 433 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail 442 Motacilla alba Pied Wagtail and White Wagtail 454 Motacilla aguimp African Pied Wagtail 471

PYCNONOTIDAE bulbuls 474 Pycnonotus leucogenys White-cheeked Bulbul 474 Pycnonotus xanthopygos Yellow-vented Bulbul 479 Pycnonotus barbatus Common Bulbul 484 Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul 490

BOMBYCILLIDAE waxwings, hvpocoliuses 490

BOMBYCILLINAE waxwings 490

Bombycilia garrulus Waxwing 491

HYPOCOLIINAE hvpocoliuses 502 Hypocolius ampelinus Grey Hypocolius 502

CINCLIDAE dippers 509 Cinclus cinclus Dipper 510

TROGLODYTIDAE wrens 524 Troglodytes troglodytes Wren 525

MIMIDAE mockingbirds 542 Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher 543 Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird 545

PRUNELLIDAE accentors 547 Prunella nodularis Dunnock 548 Prunella montanella Siberian Accentor 560

Contents

Prunella ocularis Radde's Accentor 565 Prunella atrogularis Black-throated Accentor 568 Prunella collaris Alpine Accentor 574

TURDIDAE chats, thrushes 585 Cercotrichas galactotes Rufous Bush Robin 586 Cercotrichas podobe Black Bush Robin 595 Erithacus rubecula Robin 596 Luscinia luscinia Thrush Nightingale 616 Luscinia megarhynchos Nightingale 626 Luscinia calliope Siberian Rubythroat 638 Luscinia svecica Bluethroat 645 Luscinia cyane Siberian Blue Robin 661 Tarsiger cyanurus Red-flanked Bluetail 664 Irania gutturalis White-throated Robin 671 Phoenicurus erythronotus Eversmann's Redstart 678 Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart 683 Phoenicurus phoenicurus Redstart 695 Phoenicurus moussieri Moussier's Redstart 708 Phoenicurus erythrogaster Giildenstadt's Redstart 712 Cercomela melanura Blackstart 718 Saxicola rubetra Whinchat 722 Saxicola dacotiae Canary Islands Stonechat 733 Saxicola torquata Stonechat 737 Saxicola caprata Pied Stonechat 752 Myrmecocichla aethiops Ant Chat 754 Oenanthe isabellina Isabelline Wheatear 756 Oenanthe oenanthe Wheatear 770 Oenanthe pleschanka Pied Wheatear 792 Oenanthe hispanica Black-eared Wheatear 806 Oenanthe deserti Desert Wheatear 820 Oenanthe finschii Finsch's Wheatear 831 Oenanthe moesta Red-rumped Wheatear 841 Oenanthe xanthoprymna Red-tailed Wheatear 847 Oenanthe picata Eastern Pied Wheatear 858 Oenanthe lugens Mourning Wheatear 858 Oenanthe monacha Hooded Wheatear 867 Oenanthe alboniger Hume's Wheatear 872 Oenanthe leucopyga White-crowned Black Wheatear 876 Oenanthe leucura Black Wheatear 885 Monticola saxatilis Rock Thrush 893 Monticola solitarius Blue Rock Thrush 903 Zoothera dauma White's Thrush 914 Zoothera sibirica Siberian Thrush 921 Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush 924

Contents

Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush 926 Catharus ustulatus Swainson's Thrush (Olive-backed Thrush) 929 Catharus minimus Gray-cheeked Thrush 932 Catharus fuscescens Veery 935 Turdus unicolor Tickell's Thrush 937 Turdus torquatus Ring Ouzel 939 Turdus merula Blackbird 949 Turdus obscurus Eye-browed Thrush 964 Turdus naumanni Dusky Thrush and Naumann's Thrush 967 Turdus ruficollis Black-throated Thrush and Red-throated Thrush 970 Turdus pilaris Fieldfare 977 Turdus philomelos Song Thrush 989 Turdus iliacus Redwing 1000 Turdus viscivorus Mistle Thrush 1011 Turdus migratorius American Robin 1023

REFERENCES 1026

CORRECTIONS 1053

INDEXES Scientific names 1057 English names 1061 Noms français 1061 Deutsche Namen 1062

Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa

The Birds of the Western Palearctic

Volume VI • Warblers

† Stanley Cramp Duncan J BrooksEuan Dunn Robert Gillmor Joan Hall-Craggs P A D H o l l o m E M N i c h o l s o n M A Ogilvie C S Roselaar P J Sellar K E L Simmons D W Snow Dorothy Vincent K H Voous D I M Wallace M G Wilson

OXFORD NEW YORK

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1992

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PASSERIFORMES (continued)

SYLVIIDAE Old World warblers and allies Cettia cetti Cetti's Warbler Cisticola juncidis Fan-tailed Warbler Prinia gracilis Graceful Warbler Scotocerca inquieta Scrub Warbler Locustella certhiola Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated Warbler Locustella naevia Grasshopper Warbler Locustella fluviatilis River Warbler Locustella luscinioides Savi's Warbler Locustella fasciolata Gray's Grasshopper Warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus agricola Paddyfield Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus brevipennis Cape Verde Cane Warbler Acrocephalus palustris Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus Reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus aedon Thick-billed Warbler Hippolais pallida Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais caligata Booted Warbler Hippolais languida Upcher's Warbler Hippolais olivetorum Olive-tree Warbler Hippolais icterina Icterine Warbler Hippolais polyglotta Melodious Warbler Sylvia sarda Marmora's Warbler Sylvia undata Dartford Warbler Sylvia deserticola Tristram's Warbler Sylvia conspicillata Spectacled Warbler Sylvia cantillans Subalpine Warbler Sylvia mystacea Menetries's Warbler Sylvia melanocephala Sardinian Warbler Sylvia melanothorax Cyprus Warbler

Page 1

5 7

20

31 42

50 56 63

77 89

102 106

117 130 146

155 168 172

193 212 223 244 248 262 272 280 286

299 309 317 329 336 346 358 367 382

Contents

Sylvia rueppelli Ruppell's Warbler 389 Sylvia nana Desert Warbler 396 Sylvia leucomelaena Arabian Warbler 406 Sylvia hortensis Orphean Warbler 412 Sylvia nisoria Barred Warbler 424 Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat 439 Sylvia communis Whitethroat 459 Sylvia borin Garden Warbler 479 Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap 496 Phylloscopus coronatus Eastern Crowned Leaf Warbler 516 Phylloscopus nitidus Green Warbler 516 Phylloscopus trochiloides Greenish Warbler 523 Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler 536 Phylloscopus proregulus Pallas's Warbler 548 Phylloscopus subviridis Brooks's LeafWarbler 553 Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler 553 Phylloscopus schwarzi Radde's Warbler 565 Phylloscopus fuscatus Dusky Warbler 568 Phylloscopus bonelli Bonelli's Warbler 572 Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood Warbler 585 Phylloscopus neglectus Plain Willow Warbler 603 Phylloscopus sindianus Mountain Chiffchafif 605 Phylloscopus collybita Chiffchaff 612 Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler 639 Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned Kinglet 666 Regulus regulus Goldcrest 668 Regulus ignicapillus Firecrest 685 Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet 695

REFERENCES 696

CORRECTIONS 719

INDEXES Scientific names 725 English names 727 Noms français 727 Deutsche Namen 728

Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa The Birds of the Western Palearctic

Volume VII • Flycatchers to Shrikes

† Stanley Cramp C M Perrins Duncan J Brooks Euan Dunn Robert Gillmor Joan Hall-Craggs Brian Hillcoat PAD Hollom E M Nicholson C S Roselaar W T C Seale P J Sellar K E L Simmons D W Snow Dorothy Vincent K H Voous DIM Wallace M G Wilson

OXFORD NEW YORK

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS • 1993

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Page 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2

PASSERIFORMES (continued)

MUSCICAPIDAE Old World flycatchers 5 Muscicapa dauurica Brown Flycatcher 6 Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher 10 Ficedula parva Red-breasted Flycatcher 26 Ficedula semitorquata Semi-collared Flycatcher 39 Ficedula albicollis Collared Flycatcher 49 Ficedula hypoleuca Pied Flycatcher 64

TIMALIIDAE babblers 87 Panurus biarmicus Bearded Tit 88 Turdoides altirostris Iraq Babbler 101 Turdoides caudatus Common Babbler 107 Turdoides squamiceps Arabian Babbler 114 Turdoides fulvus Fulvous Babbler 125

AEGITHALIDAE long-tailed tits and allies 132 Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed Tit 133

PARIDAE tits 145 Par us palustris Marsh Tit 146 Par us lugubris SombreTit 161 Parus montanus Willow Tit 168 Parus cinctus Siberian Tit 187 Parus cristatus Crested Tit 195 Parus ater Coal Tit 207 Parus caeruleus Blue Tit 225 Parus cyanus Azure Tit 248 Parus major Great Tit 255

SITTIDAE nuthatches 282 Sitta krueperi Kriiper's Nuthatch 283 Sitta whitekeadi Corsican Nuthatch 287 Sitta ledanti Algerian Nuthatch 292 Sitta canadensis Red-breasted Nuthatch 296 Sitta europaea Nuthatch 298

Contents

Sitta tephronota Eastern Rock Nuthatch 314 Sitta neumayer Rock Nuthatch 320

TICHODROMADIDAE wallcreepers 328 Tichodroma muraria Wallcreeper 329

CERTHIIDAE treecreepers 345 Certhia familiaris Treecreeper 346 Certhia brachydactyla Short-toed Treecreeper 365

REMIZIDAE penduline tits and allies 376 Remiz pendulinus Penduline Tit 377

NECTARINIIDAE sunbirds and allies 396 Anthreptes platurus Pygmy Sunbird 397 Anthreptes metallicus Nile Valley Sunbird 401 Nectarinia osea Palestine Sunbird 407

ORIOLIDAE Old World orioles and allies 414 Oriolus oriolus Golden Oriole 415

433

434

434 442 443 448 456 478 482 500 523 542

553

575 576 577 577

LAN'IIDAE shrikes

MALACONOTINAE bush-shrikes and allies Tchagra senegala Black-crowned Tchagra

LANIINAE typical shrikes Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Lanius isabellinus Isabelline Shrike Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Lanius minor Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor Great Grey Shrike Lanius senator Woodchat Shrike Lanius nubicus Masked Shrike

REFERENCES

INDEXES Scientific names English names Noms français Deutsche Namen

Handbook of the

Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa

The Birds of the Western Palearctic Volume VIII • Crows to Finches

† Stanley Cramp C M Perrins Duncan J Brooks Euan Dunn Robert Gillmor Joan Hall-Craggs Brian Hillcoat PAD Hollom E M Nicholson C S Roselaar WTC Seale P J Sellar K E L Simmons D W Snow Dorothy Vincent K H Voous D I M Wallace M G Wilson

OXFORD NEW YORK

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS • 1994

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Page 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2

PASSERIFORMES {continued) CORVIDAE crows and allies 5

Garrulus glandarius Jay 7 Perisoreus infaustus Siberian Jay 31 Cyanopica cyanus Azure-winged Magpie 42 Pica pica Magpie 54 Nucifraga caryocatactes Nutcracker 76 Pyrrhocorax graculus Alpine Chough 95 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Chough 105 Corvus monedula Jackdaw 120 Corvus dauuricus Daurian Jackdaw 140 Corvus splendens House Crow 143 Corvus frugilegus Rook 151 Corvus cor one Carrion Crow 172 Corvus albus Pied Crow 195 Corvus ruficollis Brown-necked Raven 197 Corvus corax Raven 206 Corvus rhipidurus Fan-tailed Raven 223

STURNIDAE starlings 228 Onychognathus tristramii Tristram's Grackle 229 Sturnus sturninus Daurian Starling 234 Sturnus sinensis Grey-backed Starling 237 Sturnus vulgaris Starling 238 Sturnus unicolor Spotless Starling 260 Sturnus roseus Rose-coloured Starling 269 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna 280

PASSERIDAE sparrows, rock sparrows, snow finches 288 Passer domesticus House Sparrow 289 Passer hispaniolensis Spanish Sparrow 308 Passer moabiticus Dead Sea Sparrow 321 Passer iagoensis Iago Sparrow 327 Passer simplex Desert Sparrow 331 Passer montanus Tree Sparrow 336 Passer luteus Sudan Golden Sparrow 351 Carpospiza brachydactyla Pale Rock Sparrow 357

Contents

Petronia xanthocollis Yellow-throated Sparrow 365 Petronia petronia Rock Sparrow 371 Montifringilla nivalis Snow Finch 386

PLOCEIDAE weavers and allies 400 Ploceus cucullatus Village Weaver 401 Ploceus manyar Streaked Weaver 401 Quelea quelea Red-billed Quelea 409

ESTRILDIDAE waxbills, grassfinches, mannikins 409 Lagonosticta senegala Red-billed Firefinch 411 Uraeginthus bengalus Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu 420 Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill 420 Amandava amandava Red Avadavat 427 Euodice malabarica Indian Silverbill 437 Euodice cantans African Silverbill 437

VIREONIDAE vireos 439 Vireo flavifrons Yellow-throated Vireo 440 Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia Vireo 442 Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo 444

FRINGILLIDAE finches 447 FRINGILLINAE chaffinches 447

Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch 448 Fringilla teydea Blue Chaffinch 474 Fringilla montifringilla Brambling 479

CARDUELINAE typical finches 497 Serinus pusillus Red-fronted Serin 499 Serinus serinus Serin 508 Serinus syriacus Syrian Serin 521 Serinus canaria Canary 528 Serinus citrinella Citril Finch 536 Carduelis chloris Greenfinch 548 Carduelis carduelis Goldfinch 568 Carduelis spinus Siskin 587 Carduelis pinus Pine Siskin 604 Carduelis cannabina Linnet 604 Carduelis flavirostris Twite 625 Carduelis flammea Redpoll 639 Carduelis hornemanni Arctic Redpoll 661 Loxia leucoptera Two-barred Crossbill 672 Loxia curvirostra Crossbill 686

Contents

Loxia scotica Scottish Crossbill 707 Loxia pytyopsittacus Parrot Crossbill 717 Rhodopechys sanguined Crimson-winged Finch 729 Rhodospiza obsoleta Desert Finch 739 Bucanetes mongolicus Mongolian Trumpeter Finch 749 Bucanetes githagineus Trumpeter Finch 754 Carpodacus erythrinus Scarlet Rosefinch 764 Carpodacus synoicus Sinai Rosefinch 783 Carpodacus roseus Pallas's Rosefinch 789 Carpodacus rubicilla Great Rosefinch 792 Pinicola enucleator Pine Grosbeak 802 Uragus sibiricus Long-tailed Rosefinch 814 Pyrrhula pyrrhula Bullfinch 815 Eophotta migratoria Yellow-billed Grosbeak 832 Eophona personata Japanese Grosbeak 832 Coccothraustes coccothraustes Hawfinch 832 Hesperiphona vespertina Evening Grosbeak 847

REFERENCES 851

CORRECTIONS 895

INDEXES Scientific names 896 English names 897 Noms français 897 Deutsche Namen 898

Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa

The Birds of the Western Palearctic Volume IX • Buntings and New World Warblers

† Stanley Cramp C M Perrins Duncan J Brooks Euan Dunn Robert Gillmor Joan Hall-Craggs Brian Hillcoat PAD Hollom E M Nicholson C S Roselaar W T C Seale P J Sellar K E L Simmons D W Snow Dorothy Vincent K H Voous D I M Wallace M G Wilson

OXFORD NEW YORK

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS • 1994

CONTENTS FOREWORD by MAX NICHOLSON Page I

INTRODUCTION 5

CONCLUSION 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8

PASSERIFORMES (continued) PARULIDAE New World wood-warblers 11

Mniotilta varia Black-and-white Warbler 11 Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler 14 Vermivora peregrina Tennessee Warbler 17 Parula americana Northern Parula 20 Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler 22 Dendroica pensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler 26 Dendroica caerulescens Black-throated Blue Warbler 29 Dendroica virens Black-throated Green Warbler 31 Dendroica fusca Blackburnian Warbler 31 Dendroica tigrina Cape May Warbler 35 Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler 38 Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler 41 Dendroica palmarum Palm Warbler 45 Dendroica striata Blackpoll Warbler 45 Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart 49 Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird 52 Seiurus noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush 55 Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat 58 Wilsonia citrina Hooded Warbler 61 Wilsonia pusilla Wilson's Warbler 63 Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler 66

THRAUPIDAE tanagers 68 Piranga rubra Summer Tanager 69 Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanager 72

EMBERIZIDAE buntings and allies 75 EMBERIZINAE buntings, New World sparrows, and allies 75

Pipilo erythrophthalmus Rufous-sided Towhee 77 Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow 80 Chondestes grammacus Lark Sparrow 80

Contents

Ammodramus sandmichensis Savannah Sparrow Passerella iliac a Fox Sparrow Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow Zonotrichia georgiana Swamp Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow jfunco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco Calcarius lapponicus Lapland Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis Snow Bunting Emberiza spodocephala Black-faced Bunting Emberiza leucocephalos Pine Bunting Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer Emberiza cirlus Cirl Bunting Emberiza stemarti White-capped Bunting Emberiza cia Rock Bunting Emberiza cioides Meadow Bunting Emberiza striolata House Bunting Emberiza tahapisi Cinnamon-breasted Rock Bunting Emberiza cineracea Cinereous Bunting Emberiza hortulana Ortolan Bunting Emberiza buchanani Grey-necked Bunting Emberiza caesia Cretzschmar's Bunting Emberiza chrysophrys Yellow-browed Bunting Emberiza rustica Rustic Bunting Emberiza pusilla Little Bunting Emberiza rutila Chestnut Bunting Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus Reed Bunting Emberiza pallasi Pallas's Reed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps Red-headed Bunting Emberiza melanocephala Black-headed Bunting Miliaria calandra Corn Bunting

CARDINALINAE cardinal-grosbeaks and allies Spiza americana Dickcissel Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak Guiraca caerulea Blue Grosbeak Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting Passerina amoena Lazuli Bunting Passerina ciris Painted Bunting

80

84 86 90 90

94 97

101 118 138 142 153 170 182 182 i95 195 204 204 209 223 230 238 240 250 261 264 276 295 303 3i3 323

338 339 342 346 349 352 355

ICTERIDAE New World blackbirds, orioles, and allies Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird

355 355 359

Euphagus carolinus Rusty Blackbird 361 Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle 361Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark 364Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird 364Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Yellow-headed Blackbird 364Icterus wagleri Black-vented Oriole 367Icterus galbula Northern Oriole 367

ADDITIONAL SPECIES 372

REFERENCES 375

ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA 419

INDEXES Scientific names 441English names 442Noms français 443Deutsche Namen 444

COMBINED INDEX VOLUMES I-IX

Scientific names 447English names 459Noms français 465 Deutsche Namen 471Nomi in Italiano 477Nombres españoles 483