Handbook Global RMB Handbook for Financial Institutions

For Financial InstitutionsGlobal RMB Handbook

2ForewordJ.P. Morgan has been a leading player in the RMB internationalization process, working closely with regulators and helping our clients to navigate the complexities of adopting emerging currencies. As the worlds largest clearer of USD by clearing value, we manage 20% of the worlds USD flows globally every day. Our invaluable experience with global clearing especially USD and EUR and proven track record in global markets put J.P. Morgan in a unique position when navigating and facilitating the changing RMB landscape.

This Handbook aims to provide our financial institution customers with an insight into the current and potential opportunities that exist in RMB. This is part of our overall objective to help you develop your strategy for the currency and to expand the scope of services you are able to provide to your customers.

China has made it clear that it is one of their strategic priorities to liberalize financial regulations in order to achieve RMB internationalization. Although there is significant evidence of this, its domestic markets still lag behind international financial centers in market depth, breadth and openness. This will change as China recognizes that its future role in global finance depends on the pace of domestic financial liberalization, full currency convertibility, and a move toward floating interest rates. The globalization of Chinese corporations, including state-owned enterprises, financial institutions and NBFI marks a second wave of Chinese outward investment and is likely to fuel this liberalization process as Chinese companies seek to maximize their competitiveness globally.

1The expansion of the cross-border trade settlement in CNY (onshore RMB) has been a critical enabler of this process, with substantial growth in cross-border RMB volumes since 2010. The CNH market, i.e. the deliverable CNY market offshore, has proved the most visible result of the success of RMB internationalization, with rapid growth in the development of CNH products and global RMB centers alongside Hong Kong. Capital account flows such as RQFII and FDI are also being opened up allowing for RMB to be circulated back to the mainland.

As RMB internationalization continues to build momentum, there are increasing revenue opportunities for financial institutions to capture new commercial market share while enhancing treasury management practices through the creation of RMB denominated investment and foreign exchange products.

The move towards RMB internationalization has no reverse gear. It is important that financial institutions remain up to date with ongoing developments and seize opportunities as they arise and position themselves to provide a superior service to their customers.

We would like to speak with you on your RMB needs and our RMB experts will be pleased to share their experiences and help you to create and deliver a competitive, forward-looking customer strategy and solution set.

Thomas DuCharmeChief Executive Officer, Treasury and Securities Services, Asia Pacific J.P. Morgan

2Recognition from our industryJ.P. Morgan enjoys a track record that is recognized by the market. The bank is pleased to have received numerous awards, including those listed below.

Recent Awards

Best Cash Management Bank, Asia Pacific

Best Payments Bank, Asia Pacific Achievement Award for US Dollar

Clearing, Asia Pacific, 2010-2012

The Asian Banker 2012

Asset Manager of the Year Institutional Product/Strategy of

the Year

Asian Investor, Investment Performance Awards 2012

Best Asset Service Provider, 2010-2011

Best Global Custodian

Asian Investor Service Provider Awards 2011

Best in Working Capital & Trade Finance North Asia

Best Specialist Bank for Liquidity Solutions in Asia, 2004-2012

Best Specialist Bank for FIs (Banks) in Asia, 2005-2012

Best FI BankChina, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Singapore & Vietnam

Best MNC/Large Corporate Bank Japan & International, China

Best in Securities & Fund Services, 2010-2012

Best in Collateral Management Best Tri-Party Services Provider,

2010-2012 Best in Transition Management Best Sub-Custodian, Taiwan,

2010-2012

The Asset 2012

Best Foreign Investment Bank Hong Kong, 2005-2011

Best Equity HouseChina Best Equity HouseKorea Best Equity HouseTaiwan,

2010-2011 Best Asset Management Company

of the Year, Hong Kong

The Asset 2011

Best M&A HouseChina Best Debt HouseAustralia Best Equity HouseKoreaBest Investment BankPhilippines

Euromoney 2011

Best Equity - Linked House

Finance Asia 2011

Outstanding Risk Management Company

Golden Goblet Award 2011

Equity-Linked House, Asia, 2010-2011

Australia/New Zealand Bond House, 2010-2011

International Financing Review Asia 2011

All-Asia Research Teamoverall second place

Institutional Investor, 2012

Best Money Market Fund Asia, 2008-2011

Treasury Management International 2011

3ContentsOne currency, two markets 4

Navigating the Onshore RMB Market Onshore financial markets 6

Overseas financial institution market participation 6

CNY foreign exchange 8

Bilateral currency swap agreements 10

Clearing infrastructure 11

Navigating the Offshore RMB Market RMB center in Hong Kong 12

CNH foreign exchange 13

Access to liquidity 14

Clearing infrastructure 15

Offshore debt market offerings 16

Other offshore RMB markets 17

Opportunities for global corporations & financial institutions Introduction 19

RMB cross-border settlement 19

Trade settlement 20

Preparation for Chinese suppliers 20

Approved capital flows 21

J.P. Morgan onshore RMB solutionsJ.P. Morgan in China 22

Leveraging onshore RMB solutions 23

Clearing capabilities 23

Financing capabilities 24

J.P. Morgan offshore RMB solutionsIntroduction 25

Leveraging offshore RMB solutions 25

J.P. Morgan in Hong Kong 26

Offshore RMB financing 26

Offshore RMB FX solutions 28

Global custody 29

J.P. Morgan investment solutions 29

J.P. Morgan RMB asset management solutions 30

J.P. Morgan RMB experts 31

AppendicesI RMB internationalization

milestones 32

II Comparison of RMB clearing systems vs. CHIPS & Fedwire 33

III Straight through processing (STP) formatting guide 34

IV Payments to mainland China beneficiaries 43

V RMB foreign direct investment & shareholder loan (for corporations) 49

VI Glossary 55

4The rapid expansion of RMB trade settlement and issuance of RMB-denominated bonds by both the Chinese government and corporates in mainland China and Hong Kong have created important new liquidity channels and market depth in the onshore (CNY) and offshore (CNH) RMB markets. This in turn is encouraging financial institutions and their clients to seek new financing, investment and risk management opportunities in the CNY and CNH, and enables financial institutions to support their clients business requirements in and beyond China.

These markets remain separate, with distinct regulatory landscapes and product offerings. However, as figure 1 depicts, there are opportunities to convert onshore CNY into offshore CNH through a variety of routes that have been opened up through the RMB internationalization process.

This section of the Handbook provides information on both the onshore and offshore markets to help financial institutions to understand the mechanics and trends in RMB and to help determine both internal and customer strategies, looking specifically at:

Regulations

Indicative market statistics

Foreign Exchange rate curves

Clearing infrastructure, including a comparison with established USD clearing systems

An overview of the milestones in the journey towards RMB internationalization can be found in Appendix I.

One currency two markets

5Othercentralbanks

ODI

CCY swap lines

China onshore Oshore

CorpCorp

Corp

Corp

Corp

Corp

CNY DF

Interbankbondmarket

CNY DF

CentralBank

Corporate Bank Securitieshouse

(HK branches)

Financialproduct

Investor CNH-CNY flow,or CNY-USD flow

CNY market

Dim Sum Bond Market

Securitieshouse(HK

branch)

InvestorLondon, New York,

SIngapore

Participantbank

Chinese Clearing Bank

Chinese Clearing Bank

HKbank

Cross bordertrade

RQFIIprogram

Interbankbond market

pilot program

Conversionquota

CNHCNY

Shareholder loan, approved capital items

HK residents and tourists

PBOC

HKMA

Corp

Figure 1. Converting onshore CNY into offshore CNHSource : J.P. Morgan

6Onshore financial marketsThe onshore RMB market remains highly regulated and cross-border flows are subject to stringent capital controls. Interest rates on loans and deposits are regulated by Peoples Bank of China (PBOC) within certain parameters. Non-resident institutions and individuals are not permitted to invest in RMB-denominated securities except through the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII), RMB Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (RQFII) schemes or the interbank bond quota. Mainland investors can use RMB to invest in overseas markets via Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor (QDII) products. The Shanghai Inter-bank Offered Rate (SHIBOR) was launched in January 2007 as part of PBOCs efforts to develop an official interbank interest rate benchmark for Chinas money market. SHIBOR acts as a daily reference rate based on the interest rates at which banks offer to lend unsecured funds to other banks in the Shanghai interbank money market, of which J.P. Morgan is a participant.

Complex financial instruments, such as derivatives or intricate financing structures, have remained highly regulated for all market participants, and the regulatory authorities have been keen to maintain close control of market activities. The ability for corporations and banks to borrow overseas has been limited by the authorities need to balance the countrys foreign debt and prevent foreign currency speculation. Chinese institutions intending to settle outward direct investment in RMB must obtain approval from the relevant authorities for both the transaction and offshore remittance of the funds, and may then repatriate the proceeds of the outbound investment back into China.

All transactions involving foreign exchange are strictly controlled by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE).

Overseas financial institution market participationi Qualified foreign institutional investor (QFII) scheme

Since 2001, China has had a qualified foreign institutional investors (QFII) scheme in place. Applicants for QFII are divided into various categories: fund managers, insurance companies, securities firms, banks and other institutional investors (for example - pension funds, charity funds, sovereign wealth investment companies).

Depending on their category, applicants must have a certain track record (e.g. 2 years for fund managers and insurance companies, 5 years for securities companies, 10 years for banks) and a certain amount of securities assets under management (US$0.5 billion for fund managers

Navigating the onshore RMB market China has made it clear that one of the strategic priorities is to liberalize financial regulations in order to achieve RMB internationalization.

7and insurance companies, US$5 billion for securities companies and banks) outside of China. Each QFII is awarded an investment quota and the QFII rules are designed to restrict access to only a handful of foreign institutions. The permissible investment scope of QFIIs includes exchange traded stocks, bonds, and warrants; fixed-income products in the inter-bank bond market; securities investment funds; and stock index futures.

Since late 2010, some foreign financial institutions, mainly central banks and overseas banks that facilitate the RMB cross-border settlement scheme have been given quotas to trade in the domestic liquid interbank CNY bond market. The key difference between these banks and QFII-qualified investors is that these banks already hold RMB for trade settlement purposes (or through currency swaps in the case of the central banks), whereas the QFII-qualified investors hold USD and therefore need to go through a currency conversion process first.

Under the current Chinese tax regulation, in general tax on interest income is exempted for government bonds, but other interest income, dividends and capital gains as derived by non-Chinese resident from China are not tax exempted. The actual tax policy on the above RMB investment for foreign investors has not been clarified by the Chinese tax authority. Investors should consult their tax professionals and legal counsel as appropriate to determine their specific tax position.

ii Renminbi qualified foreign institutional investor (RQFII) scheme

RQFII is a new policy initiative which allows qualified RQFII holders to channel RMB raised in Hong Kong to invest into the mainland securities markets. RQFII holders may issue public or private funds or other investment products using their RQFII quotas.

RQFII is granted to Hong Kong subsidiaries of qualified mainland asset management and securities firms, which allows them to channel RMB raised in Hong Kong to invest in the mainland securities markets.

RQFII funds give retail investors access to invest in the mainland securities markets as they can invest RMB directly in the mainland bond and equity markets (including the inter-bank bond and exchange-traded bond market) through the RQFII quotas.

China remains committed to its policy of opening up the financial markets and its future role in global finance depends on the pace of domestic financial liberalization, full currency convertibility, and a move toward floating interest rates.

8CNY foreign exchangei Designated foreign exchange banks

The Chinese interbank currency market operates on the National Foreign Exchange Trading Center (NFETC). The China Foreign Exchange Trade System (CFETS) electronically links its primary users, which are known as Designated Foreign Exchange Banks (DFEBs). DFEBs can also trade directly with other member banks in the CNY FX spot market, as opposed to trading only with CFETS. Foreign companies cannot buy foreign exchange directly from the interbank market, but must go through the DFEBs. Since March 2012, SAFE has allowed onshore banks to keep a small limit of overnight short USD/CNY exposures, the amount of which varies across banks.

ii OTC trading

Over-the-counter (OTC) trading and market-making mechanisms in the interbank FX market were first established in 2006, while also retaining

Figure 2. Daily volumes in CNY FX transactionsSource: J.P. Morgan

CNY Market

Chinese yuan (CNY)

Market Daily volume Transaction size Bid-Offer spread

Foreign Exchange

Spot market US$15bn US$10-15mn 3-7pips

Onshore forward/swap US$10bn US$10mn 5-10pips

NDF US$4-5bn US$10mn see note 1

FX Options US$30-50mn US$5mn-10mn 1vega

Interest Rate Swap Market

CNY1-2bn CNY100-200mn 3-7bp

NDIRS US$300-400mn US$10-15mn 3-7bp

NDS US$50-80mn US$5-10mn 10-20bp

Government Bond Market

PBOC Bills CNY100bn CNY100-200mn 5bp

CGB - interbank CNY30bn CNY50-100mn 2-5bp

1. The bid-offer spread for CNY NDF depends on tenor and size. e.g. It is 30 pips for short dates up to 2-month and transaction size up to USD15 million. However, for 12-month and USD100 million, it can be as wide as 50 pips.

9automatic price-matching based transactions. The way that central parity of the RMB against the USD was also changed, such that the USD/CNY central rate is determined by market makers before the market opens each day. Since then, the original +/- 0.3% band within which CNY/USD inter-bank FX spot rates can fluctuate around the daily fixing was widened to +/- 0.5% in 2007, and again in 2012 to +/- 0.5% to +/- 1%, creating more two-way volatility. The quotations of market makers are averaged to obtain the PBOC fixing.

As of September 2012, spot USD/ CNY and fixing rates have recently re-converged (figure 3), triggering some profit-taking in long CNY NDF outright and point positions. This convergence is primarily policy-driven, and the exchange rate regime may be evolving at a faster pace than expected by the market participants. If the PBOCs FX policy aims to re-close the gap between the spot and fixing rates, the result will be an essentially stable RMB position. In this instance, there would be limited further upside in offshore RMB points.

If the spot rate is allowed to trade more freely within the +/- 1% band, there is a possibility of a permanent functional separation between a market-driven spot rate and the daily fixings. In such an event, the NDF market would become a less reliable hedging tool unless it is migrated to a new reference fix that followed the actual spot more closely.

In the event of the FX regime evolving to more two-way variability rather than the current near-term appreciation bias, the short USD hedge unwinding volumes are likely to increase.

Figure 3. Spot USD/ CNY and fixing rates

Conditions for overseas financial institutionsOverseas financial institutions conducting FX in China need to satisfy the following conditions (as of June 2011) to ensure that FX is conducted only to support cross-border trade settlement:

1 Conduct CNY FX only with onshore agent banks for trade settlement with Chinese companies as payer or payee.

2 Shall not perform CNY FX for their corporate clients that do not have a direct trade relationship with Chinese counterparties;

3 Buy/sell CNY to support trade transactions within a 3 month period on the back of trade settlement needs;

4 Must ensure that corporate clients conduct CNY FX and trade payments with the same overseas financial institution;

5 Should trace the fund flows after executing CNY FX and closely monitor FX transactions of new clients or with large amounts.

6.41

6.39

6.37

6.35

6.33

6.31

6.29

6.27

Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12

Trading band

CNY FixingUSD-CNY

Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12

Spot USD/CNY and fixing meet halfway

10

Bilateral currency swap agreementsSince 2008, central banks worldwide have signed up for swap lines with PBOC, with each line covering a three- year period. To date, Hong Kong has the largest swap line amounting to CNY400 billion (USD63 billion equivalent). The exchange of swap lines is primarily for the purpose of promoting bilateral financial cooperation, facilitating bilateral trade and investment, and safeguarding regional financial stability. Figure 4 below illustrates the timeline of bilateral swap lines exchanged and amounts established by each central bank.

Figure 4. Timeline of swap lines established by central banksSource: PBOC Press Releases Dollar amounts in Billion Yuan

2008Dec:

South Korea $360bn

Jan: Hong Kong $400bn

Feb: Malaysia $180bn

Mar: Indonesia $100bn Argentina $70bn Belarus $20bn

Apr: New Zealand $25bn Uzbekistan $0.7bn

May: Mongolia $10bn

Jun: Kazakhstan $7bn

Dec: Pakistan $10bn Thailand $70bn

June: Iceland $3.5bn

July: Singapore $150bn

Jan: UAE %35bn

Feb: Turkey $10bn

Mar: Australia $200bn

2009 2010 2011 2012

11

Clearing infrastructureIn mainland China, RMB is cleared domestically via the China National Advanced Payment System (CNAPS). This is a Central Bank operated RMB clearing system providing both real-time gross settlement and net settlement. The system has two modules: High Value Payment System (HVPS) and Bulk Electronic Payment System (BEPS).

HVPS is a real-time gross settlement for high value (over RMB 50,000) or urgent payments. All cross-border RMB flows are cleared through HVPS regardless of amount. Payments are processed continuously throughout the systems operating hours (08:30 to 17:00 China working days).

BEPS is a netting and batch clearing system for low-value (< or = RMB 50,000) payments. The netting calculation is running 24 hours, 7 days a week, but settlement takes place 6 times a day at the national processing center and 3 times a day at the city clearing processing centers from 10:00 to 16:00 China working days.

To have direct access to CNAPS, a bank must have a settlement account at a branch of Chinas central bank. All financial institutions in China that are approved to provide RMB services are eligible for direct access.

Some of the distinguishing features of CNAPS compared with international standards (e.g. CHIPS and Fedwire) include:

International payment formatting standards: CNAPS is not SWIFT-based and formats therefore differ from SWIFT guidelines. CNAPS Generation 2 will be rolled out across 2013 2014 and will be more in line with international standards

Charging Mechanism: CNAPS does not have an option to indicate BEN/ SHA/ OUR and all payments are treated on a BEN basis

Local Language: CNAPS has dual language capabilities to support beneficiary names in Chinese. SWIFT FIN is based on Roman characters, making it difficult to use SWIFT for all payment types. As Chinese companies become more international, use of Roman characters in beneficiary names is increasing, however there is still some way to go to achieve full efficiency

Straight through processing (STP): It is not yet possible to achieve end to end STP using existing clearing systems. Banks in China are required to add specific codes noting the purpose of each payment cleared through CNAPs. Beneficiaries are not able to receive proceeds until supporting documentation is provided

Payment Returns: Due to regulatory controls and lack of standards, payments are commonly returned net of beneficiary deduction. J.P. Morgan has provided guidelines to assist with managing these payment returns. These can be found in the Appendix section of this Handbook.

In line with expected surge of growth in RMB as a result of internationalization, PBOC has announced the launch of a new payment system called China International Payment System (CIPS) which will be available at the end of 2013/2014 for cross border RMB settlement. CIPS will be SWIFT-based and modeled on CHIPS in the United States of America, including integration with CNAPS modeled on Fedwire.

CNAPSHVPS

> 50K RMB

PBOC Branch PBOC Branch

Remitting Bank Beneficiary Bank

Location A Location BBANK B

Location BBANK A

Location ABEPS

< 50K RMB

China National Advanced Payments CNAPS Clearing Flow Chart

Figure 5. CNAPS Clearing Flow ChartData Source: Peoples Bank of China

12

Navigating the Offshore RMB MarketRMB center in Hong Kong 1

Hong Kong was the first market to support a RMB clearing system outside of mainland China. It has the most developed offshore RMB market today with the widest range of RMB-denominated products and deepest liquidity pool. Hong Kong also boasts a multi-currency domestic clearing platform.

Foreign central banks can hold RMB as part of their foreign exchange reserves or invest in RMB-denominated bonds in Hong Kong and mainland China. Banks can offer RMB products and services to local residents and non-Hong Kong residents, subject to restrictions. RMB conversions for residents are capped at RMB20,000 daily and remittance to China on same-name basis cannot exceed daily RMB80,000 limit. RMB personal loans and leveraged trading facilities to Hong Kong residents are prohibited, as are remittances by non-HK residents into Mainland China.

Foreign and Chinese companies, as well as mainland financial institutions, can issue RMB bonds and IPO in Hong Kong and remit the proceeds into China in certain situations. In addition to RMB trade financing facilities, RMB-denominated bilateral and syndicated loans, bankers guarantees are also available to institutional clients in accordance with Hong Kong banking rules and practices. In addition, RMB deposits, which are deposit-insured in Hong Kong up to a cap, may be used as collateral against loans.

Hong Kong subsidiaries of mainland securities firms and asset managers can launch SFC-authorised RQFII funds in Hong Kong once these firms have obtained RMB QFII licenses from CSRC and a quota from SAFE. RQFII holders are also permitted to issue RMB A-share exchange-traded funds to be listed on the HKEx that invest in composite equities of A-share indexes. The worlds first deliverable offshore RMB currency futures are now being traded, in order that enterprises can hedge RMB currency risk.

Hong Kongs Chinese Gold & Silver Exchange Society started trading gold quoted in RMB while the Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange plans to offer RMB-denominated gold futures, as well as RMB-based contracts for copper and other industrial metals in the future. HKEx introduced an RMB Equity Trading Support Facility in October 2011 to enable secondary trading of RMB-denominated securities; however, the issuance of the first RMB-denominated equities is delayed by uncertain market sentiment.

The Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) free trade agreement opened up new business opportunities for Hong Kong goods and services to the mainland, Hong Kong and all foreign investors. In particular, Hong Kong service suppliers enjoy preferential treatment in entering into the mainland market in various service areas, including financial services.

Other markets such as Malaysia and Taiwan have since announced the introduction of a domestic RMB clearing system with Singapore and London potentially to follow suit. These are discussed in more detail later in this section.

1 Hong Kong The Premier Offshore RMB Business Centre published by HKMA http://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/publication-and-research/hkrmb/hkma-rmb-booklet.pdf

With the RMB-denominated products and deepest liquidity pool, Hong Kong also boasts a multi-currency domestic clearing platform.

13

CNH foreign exchange Since 2010, the RMB fund flow in Hong Kong has been largely unrestricted, provided the funds do not flow back to the mainland. Existing channels for remitting offshore RMB into China include foreign direct investment, cross-border RMB loans, proceeds of offshore RMB bonds issued by Chinese institutions, investment via RQFII and RQFII-ETF funds and RMB investments by offshore central banks, RMB clearing banks and offshore participating banks in Chinas interbank bond market.

Accumulated RMB can be invested in a variety of investment products such as RMB deposits, bonds, CDs, REITS, CLN, ETF, structured products linked to underlying FX, gold, equity or interest rate instruments, RMB-denominated investment funds and RMB insurance policies.

Banks in Hong Kong can now provide RMB currency products in the same way they provide any other foreign currency products (USD or JPY, for example), in line with normal banking laws. This has given rise to an offshore USD/ CNY (HK) market in Hong Kong. All corporates and institutions, regardless of the nature of their business or investor profile, can access CNH products and hold CNH accounts, as long as they comply with normal banking laws in Hong Kong, without additional approvals from HKMA or SAFE. Alongside onshore USD/CNY and offshore NDFs, offshore USD/ CNY (HK) now forms a third distinct market for RMB. It is a deliverable product that trades off the offshore CNH liquidity pool that has flowed into HK.

A two-tier exchange market for offshore RMB exists in Hong Kong; one market rate for RMB exchange for trade settlement purposes (subject to the quota of the clearing bank) and the other rate for general purposes quoted on the interbank market. With rising demand of RMB trade settlement and greater availability of the currency offshore, RMB foreign exchange derivatives such as RMB forwards, RMB options and RMB swaps have come into the market.

Daily volumes of offshore USD/CNY (HK) FX spot transactions now average USD 3 billion. Transaction sizes average USD 10-20 million with a bid-offer spread of about 5-10 pips wide. Deliverable forwards are also available, with a daily volume of about USD 8 billion. The market is quoted out to 1 year, however liquidity tends to concentrate on the short dates.

Given the lack of free capital movement from the mainland to Hong Kong, arbitrage flows are still limited and, there is a tendency for USD/ CNY (HK) to trade below onshore USD/CNY. However, this difference is narrowing as increased CNH trading account setting and trading activity have heightened the markets capacity to establish convergence trades between USD/ CNY (HK) and onshore USD/CNY.

Deliverable forwards are typically preferred for hedging purposes because they are generally eligible to apply for hedge accounting, although organizations should seek their own accounting advice on this.

14

Corporations and institutions should be aware of the movements of these three markets (onshore, NDF and CNH) to determine the best rate. Currently, many prefer Hong Kong as their offshore hedging center to other emerging centers (such as London and Singapore, as detailed below) because of the flexibility to hedge in different markets.

Access to liquidityThe biggest pool of liquidity today is from deposits for which Hong Kong has the largest RMB liquidity pool of all offshore markets, with RMB deposits totaling RMB 563.2 billion (USD 90 billion equivalent as of July 2012) compared to RMB 16.1 billion deposit base in Taiwan and approximately RMB 60 billion deposits in Singapore.

Currently, liquidity in the CNH market is limited to client deposits, FX swaps, and interbank cash market with an intraday repo facility from the designated clearing bank as the only available source of secured liquidity on an intraday basis.

In June 2012, HKMA introduced a RMB liquidity facility to Hong Kong banks to enable the use of the currency swap arrangement between PBOC and HKMA to manage short term liquidity needs on the back of eligible collateral acceptable to the HKMA.

In addition, HKMA signed bilateral agreements with Euroclear Bank and J.P. Morgan to deliver a cross border liquidity and secured lending channel in Hong Kong. The new service enables international financial institutions to use securities held with Euroclear Bank or J.P. Morgan as collateral in triparty repo transactions with members of HKMAs Central Moneymarkets Unit (CMU), to access liquidity from Hong Kong, in particular HKD and CNH. Euroclear Bank or J.P. Morgan will act as triparty collateral management agents to the repo transactions, ensuring that administrative obligations, such as collateral valuations, eligibility, haircuts and substitutions are carried out automatically on behalf of the two counterparties to the securitised deal. 2

In 2012, the CNH interbank market has been liquid and stable. Since late 2011, regulators have increasingly allowed banks and corporates who straddle both HK and the mainland to take advantage of differences in pricing between onshore and offshore market prices, resulting in liquidity in the CNH market.

In addition, HKMA signed bilateral agreements with Euroclear Bank and J.P. Morgan to deliver a cross border liquidity and secured lending channel in Hong Kong.

2 Hong Kong Monetary Authority Press Release http://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-information/press-releases/2012/20120620-3.shtml

15

Clearing infrastructureIn 2007, the RTGS in Hong Kong, the Clearing House Automated Transfer Service (CHATS), was extended to RMB including: 3

RMB interbank funds transfers

Delivery versus Payment for RMB-denominated bonds through a linkage with the CMU

Automated remittance of RMB funds relating to issuance of RMB bonds

Figure 6 depicts how banks will settle transactions within the Hong Kong market and facilitate trade settlement into China.

3 www.hkicl.com.hk

Your Client

Goods shipment

Legend: Payment flow

Oshore (Hong Kong) Oshore

Instruction

J.P. Morgan

OverseasFICHATS

Oshore institutions

Available FX:Spot, Forwards

and Swaps

MT103/MT202CNAPS/CHATS

Ultimate Beneficiary-Mainland Exporter

Mainland Bank

15

24

3

6

NoteMerchandise Trade Transactions Imports and exports payments/settlements with underlying goods transfers between partiesService Trade Transactions Payments and settlements for payments of fees, or services rendered by Mainland firms

Sample Payment Flow

Figure 6. Sample RMB RTGS payment flow

Considerations of CHATS compared to other RTGS, such as CHIPS in the US include:

Intraday liquidity management. Hong Kong member banks are required to observe throughput ratios to maintain efficiency i.e. to release and settle no less than a certain percentage of the total days value of RMB payments by stipulated times at 13:30 and 16:30 Hong Kong time. Apart from critical payments, settlement may not occur on a real time basis

Use of a commercial bank as CHATS clearing bank. As the settlement institution for CHATS is a commercial bank, financial institutions participating in CHATS need to manage commercial bank settlement risks

Access to Liquidity. Settlement accounts are maintained with the appointed clearing bank and not a central bank and thus access to liquidity to the central bank is not direct with further details provided above of how liquidity is managed in the framework

CHATS operates across extended hours (08.30 to 23.30 Hong Kong time) to support markets in Asia, Europe, US and Africa for RMB payments and settlements.

Funds transfers between different RMB accounts are allowed without restriction in Hong Kong.

Please refer to Appendix 2 for a comparison between CNAPS, CHATS, CHIPS and Fed Wire.

16

Offshore debt market offerings The capital market currently comprises plain, fixed income instruments. CNH bond issuance grew from CNH 30bn in May 2010 to CNH 352bn in Jun 2012, with 152 issuers of 739 bonds with ECP issuers also entering into the market. The majority of outstanding issuance has a tenor of 3-5 years, with shorter term papers still relatively limited.

i Dim sum bonds

The dim sum bond market generally refers to RMB-denominated bonds issued in Hong Kong. The majority of dim sum bonds are denominated in CNH, but some other bonds are linked to CNY (but paid in USD). Chinas CNH-denominated benchmark sovereign bond curve is currently comprised of a single issue each of 3-year, 5-year, 10-year, 15-year CGBs. These bonds were issued by the Ministry of Finance in the Hong Kong market in December 2010, August 2011 and June 2012. Initially, their yields were significantly below mainland government yields, as they were commonly used as a CNY appreciation proxy. But as more repatriation channels are allowed, coupled with a depreciation expectation in CNY, the offshore CNH yields gradually converged with onshore. Along with Chinas sovereign CNH bonds, the corporate CNH issuance market has increased sharply since the lifting of restrictions on trading CNH in mid-2010. As of June 2012, the total outstanding was CNY 220 billion.

To date, dim sum bonds have been issued by entities in 18 countries and regions (excluding BVI and Cayman Islands). Issuers from China account for 47% of outstanding dim sum bonds, or as much as two-thirds of the total when including Chinese issuers registered in Hong Kong and elsewhere. The greatest issuers are banks (29%), government agencies (25%), and sovereigns (24%).Multinational corporations (MNCs) have been actively issuing dim sum bonds. During Q1, 2012, major MNCs, such as Ford, Caterpillar, Alstom, and America Movil, issued dim sum bonds in Hong Kong that were well received by investors; for example, Ford Motors low-grade (BB-) bond was ten-times oversubscribed.

Currency appreciation was the main driver in the early stages of the CNH market, which kept demand much higher than the market supply; there was no secondary market. As a result, all investors, including funds, purchased all available securities, regardless of grade or maturity. With an increasing number of issuers entering the offshore market, the CNH market is expected to continue to grow, both in volume terms and range of instruments.

Bonds denominated in CNH can be settled using Euroclear and Clearstream, as well as in Hong Kong using the domestic settlement system HKMA CMU.

17

ii) Certificates of deposit (CD)

CDs have become a core component of the dim sum product suite; for example, in February and March 2012, nearly 70% of all dim sum products were CDs. Chinese banks Hong Kong subsidiaries issue around 80% of all offshore RMB CDs, with the rest issued by Hong Kong and multinational institutions. Although the yield on CDs has reduced a little, it is still highly attractive compared with time deposit rates.

Other offshore RMB marketsi) London

The City of London Corporation has stated its interest to make the city an offshore RMB hub in the West, supported by banks and other private-sector bodies. This initiative has received encouragement and support from the governments of China and the United Kingdom. As global financial center, London is already a trading center for RMB FX products with an estimated 25% of the global offshore RMB spot market. London holds significant RMB funds of about RMB 109 billion, of which RMB 35 billion is customer deposits. The RMB deposits in London are accumulated from various sources, including bilateral trade in goods between the UK and China. RMB-denominated bonds have also been issued in London.

ii) Singapore

In March 2012, the Singapore Exchange (SGX) announced that it is ready to list, quote, trade, clear and settle RMB-denominated securities, complementing the offshore RMB bonds already listed on the exchange. Issuers listing RMB securities on SGX can also choose to offer dual currency trading, while investors have the flexibility to trade the security either in RMB or SGD. SGX is also the worlds first exchange to offer the clearing of OTC FX forwards for RMB.

Singapores Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Chinese Ministry of Commerce have recently agreed to enhance their banking services cooperation under the China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (CSFTA). Under this arrangement, two eligible Chinese banks currently operating in Singapore will be granted Qualifying Full Bank (QFB) privileges and one of these banks will be authorized as the RMB clearing bank in Singapore.

SGX is also the worlds first exchange to offer the clearing of OTC FX forwards for RMB.

18

iii) Taiwan

Since 2010, an Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) has been in place between China and Taiwan, establishing preferential trade terms and reducing cross-strait commercial barriers.

The central banks of Taiwan and China signed a landmark agreement August 31, 2012 to appoint RMB and NTD clearing banks in Taiwan and China respectively. Offshore Banking Units (OBU) and Domestic Banking Units (DBU) are now permitted to conduct RMB business such as deposits, loans, trade financing, remittance and derivatives (subject to the establishment of a currency clearing mechanism between Taiwan and China). OBU and DBU can conduct RMB interbank lending/borrowing activity.

Taiwanese entities are able to issue offshore RMB bonds in Hong Kong on condition that the funds are not repatriated back to Taiwan. Domestic banks can also invest in RMB-denominated securities, including both CNY government and corporate bonds and CNH bonds by Chinese and non-Chinese issuers in Hong Kong. Recent regulatory liberalization also allows domestic banks to invest in A-share equities, subject to meeting QFII qualifications.

Investments by overseas branches of domestic banks in mainland Chinese stocks are subject to some restrictions. For instance, they cannot own more than a 5% stake in a Chinese company and total investments in various Chinese securities cannot exceed 25% of the banks book value. Taiwanese insurance companies can invest in securities and RMB-denominated bonds issued in Hong Kong, up to 10% of their overall overseas investment in Hong Kong-listed red chip stocks, H-shares, ETF issued by companies listed on the Hang Seng China Enterprises Index, as well as RMB corporate and financial bonds in Hong Kong.

The Taiwan authorities are seeking to further increase regulatory liberalization once the RMB clearing mechanism has been established. The proposed measures include share listing of Taiwanese-invested enterprises registered in mainland China at the Taiwan bourse, issuance of RMB-denominated international bonds in Taiwan and for Chinese banks QDII to invest in Taiwans stock market and vice versa i.e. Taiwanese banks investing discretionary-account wealth-management funds to access Chinas stock market.

Recent regulatory liberalization allows domestic banks to invest in A-share equities, subject to meeting QF11 qualifications.

19

Opportunities for global corporations and financial institutions

IntroductionRMB internationalization presents corporations and financial institutions alike with new opportunities to improve working capital flows and enable RMB to be managed as another currency within established treasury and foreign exchange risk management practices. This section provides a guide for financial institutions on how best to support their corporate clients trade with counterparties in China, enabling them to leverage new opportunities and demonstrating best practices.

In addition, financial institutions seeking to provide commercial clients with RMB services in order to deepen existing relationships or grow market share, need to demonstrate credibility in understanding and responding to evolving market practices and regulations. To support this objective, we have put together guidebooks to address the following:

Appendix 3 Detailed guidance outlining the payment formatting requirements for remittance using international payment standards (i.e. SWIFT) and Chinas local payment network (CNAPS).

Appendix 4 Regulatory and operating considerations of managing payments in mainland China. Specifically, this Appendix addresses the topic of payment returns in detail.

In addition to providing our clients timely and comprehensive updates on key regulatory changes, J.P. Morgans RMB experts can be reached at [email protected] to address any further questions.

RMB cross-border settlementAny authorized importer or exporter in or out of China is eligible to settle transactions in RMB. This applies to commercial transactions as follows:

1. Trade Settlement including the sales and purchase of goods/ services with mainland China is further defined as:

Merchandize trade settlement where there is the physical exchange of goods

Services defined as professional services and consultancy. The party providing the services must be a corporate body (i.e. payments to individuals are not allowed)

2. Approved Capital Activities including Foreign Direct Investment, Shareholder Loans and investment in the RMB Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (RQFII) scheme

Banks in Hong Kong must be advised of the details of the underlying transaction for regulatory and reporting requirements and may request missing information before settlement can take place. SWIFT has published the offshore CNY guidelines listing the information required and recommending how these fields are populated. These can be found at https://www.swiftcommunity.net/communities/332/detail.

20

Trade settlementThe benefits for corporations using RMB for cross-border trade settlement can be viewed from the perspective of purchases and sales flows as outlined in figure 7 below.

Purchases (payments) Sales (collections)

Buyer Foreign company Chinese company

Seller/ Supplier

Chinese company Foreign company

Benefits to Buyer

Opportunity to negotiate a lower pricing with suppliers

Actively manage (FX) risks in the offshore CNY market

Access to more suppliers in China

Eliminate FX risk as payments are in local currency

Potentially lower costs

Benefits to Supplier

Eliminate FX risks as receipts are in local currency

Shorter cycle to receive proceeds on provision of documentation

Access to more buyers in China

Actively manage FX risk in the onshore and offshore CNY markets to manage pricing

Preparation for Chinese suppliers receiving RMB payments Bank account registration and transaction reporting in RCPMIS

RCPMIS is the official RMB transaction information system mandated by PBOC for mainland banks. Mainland corporations transacting cross-border RMB payments or collections must register their company names into RCPMIS via their banks.

Account eligibility for RMB payments Mainland suppliers need to confirm and present proof of eligibility for conducting the underlying RMB trade, including a valid import or export license.

Supporting documentation requirements Mainland corporations receiving RMB payments are responsible for providing supporting documentation (i.e. invoices, custom declaration forms, etc.) before funds are released. If correct documentation is not provided, payments are returned.

A sample letter directed at mainland corporations has been provided in Appendix 3 to assist foreign corporations with the discussion on RMB settlement of cross-border flows.

Figure 7. Benefits for corporations using RMB for cross-border trade settlement

Its imporatant for financial institutions to prepare your clients for settlement in RMB.

21

Collections in RMB, as well as payments, are also becoming important as the strength of mainland China buyers continues to grow. It is important for overseas corporations to understand the clearing mechanisms and timelines for the receipt of funds, as outlined in figure 8.

Documents commonly required for trade settlement include the bill of lading and other shipping documents and invoice (Fa Piao). All payments are received net of bank charges (i.e. on BEN basis)

Approved capital flowsRMB foreign direct investment and shareholder loans

In October 2011 and July 2012, authorities in China issued new guidelines aimed at promoting foreign direct investment (FDI) and shareholder loans in RMB as part of the RMB internationalization agenda. Foreign corporations wishing to take advantage of the scheme can only make use of approved sources of funds:

Funds obtained from settlement of cross-border trade in RMB;

Funds obtained through RMB repatriated from China as dividends, share transfer, capital reduction, liquidation and early recovery of investment gains;

Issuance of RMB bonds or stocks;

Existing cash reserves may be considered as valid source of funds (as approved by Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM);

The detailed approval process is available in Appendix 5.

The Clearing Bankcharges CNY 40 for transaction fees

Remitting bankcharges CNY 100*on a BEN basis

China Buyer remits CNY1,000 for a purchase

from overseas

J.P. Morgan as thebeneficiary bankcharges CNY 50 on a BEN basis

The OverseasCorporate receivesa net of CNY810

for the selling of goods

Clearing BankRemitting Bank

Mainland China Oshore

Mainland China Buyer J.P. Morgan Overseas Corporate

VDVD

*Remittance charge viaries.CNY100 is quoted based on J.P. Morgan China pricing.

VD-2 VD VD

Figure 8. Cross-border RMB payments from Chinese buyer to foreign seller

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J.P. Morgan onshore RMB solutionsJ.P. Morgan in ChinaJ.P. Morgan commenced operations in China in 1921 with the opening of an office in Shanghai. We are one of the first groups of foreign banks that were locally incorporated in Beijing in 2007, and have seven branches across China - Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Harbin, Shanghai, Suzhou and Tianjin.

J.P. Morgan entities operating in China include -

JPMorgan Chase Bank (China) Company Limited is a fully licensed bank incorporated and operating under the laws and regulations of the Peoples Republic of China. Its licenses include derivatives, foreign exchange and local currency trading, government bond underwriting, trade finance, cash management and commercial banking.

J.P. Morgan Securities (Asia Pacific) Representative Offices in Beijing and Shanghai are approved by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) and carry out liaison and market research functions for the cross-border and offshore investment banking business of J.P. Morgan

J.P. Morgan (China) Venture Capital Investment Co. Ltd. develops private equity investment opportunities for J.P. Morgan.

JF Asset Management Limited Beijing Representative Office is approved by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) and carries out advisory, liaison and market research functions for the asset management business.

China International Fund Management Company Limited is a joint venture with Shanghai International Trust and Investment Company Limited and is a leader in Chinas fund management industry.

JPMorgan Chase Vastera International Trade Consulting (Shanghai) Company Limited is a 100% owned subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and delivers sophisticated cross-border trade, regulatory compliance and supply chain consulting services to corporate clients of J.P. Morgan worldwide.

J.P. Morgan Futures Co., Ltd. is the first Sino-Foreign commodity futures joint venture approved by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) in the commodities sector.

J.P. Morgan First Capital Securities Co. Ltd. is jointly established by First Capital Securities Co. Ltd. and J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. Headquartered in Beijing, the company is engaged in offering international-standard investment banking services to Chinese clients, including securities underwriting, financial advisory to corporate M & A and other capital market-related services.

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Leveraging onshore RMB solutionsOverseas financial institutions that are most likely to benefit from onshore RMB solutions are typically those that have the following characteristics:

Seeks higher investment returns

Only requires funding for commercial settlement flows in line with regulations

Has more collection than payment flows

Does not require intraday or end of day liquidity support

As the CNY FX spot rates are fixed daily; overseas financial institutions operating in a different time zone (from China) may not be able to access this rate at time of conversion.

Clearing capabilities J.P. Morgan Chase Bank (China) Co. Ltd was one of the first foreign banks to become a RMB domestic agent bank under the RMB internationalization scheme. As a RMB domestic agent bank, J.P. Morgan China provides RMB clearing services to overseas financial institutions establishing in China.

Licensed Products

J.P. Morgan is licensed as follows and proactively delivers onshore RMB services:

FX Designated Bank (Beijing, Shanghai & Tianjin)

RMB business (Beijing, Shanghai & Tianjin)

Member of RMB interbank market

Member of interbank FX market

Trading licenses for financial derivatives

CNY forward

CNY FX swap

CNY interest rate swap

CNY cross currency swap

CNY forward swap

CNY structured deposit

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Financing capabilities The launch of the cross-border trade settlement scheme in RMB, coupled with the gradual deregulation of Chinas capital and debt markets offshore, has presented an important opportunity for international financial institutions and corporates alike to tap into the offshore RMB capital pool as a source of funding.

J.P. Morgan, with its solid balance sheet and global franchise, has invested heavily in its offshore RMB financing offering, which include:

i Onshore RMB trade financing

As a key partner to financial institutions around the world, J.P. Morgan offers a comprehensive range of RMB trade products and services in China, including:

A full suite of export L/C end to end solutions

Standby L/C guarantee re-issuance

Export L/C refinancing under financial institution instructions

Draft/ PN discounting or purchased - FI Avaled or Accepted

Trade in-sourcing

ii Onshore RMB foreign exchange solutions

J.P. Morgan has obtained licenses for CNY FX spot, forward, swaps and options, and is able to provide two way quotations and a variety of FX solutions. Some of our awards include:

Best Foreign Investment

Bank in China

Award by

Magazine

China Best Trader Bank of onshore

FX inter-bank market by

CFETS, China FX regulator, 2011

China FX trial market maker for spot fwd swap since

2010, with full FX products licenses in

China

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J.P. Morgan offshore RMB solutionsIntroductionAs of today, J.P. Morgan offers RMB services in 14 offshore locations worldwide, including Hong Kong, New York, Singapore, Sydney, London, Mumbai, Taipei, Seoul, Tokyo, San Paolo, Manila, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok. RMB services rollout locations are in accordance to where trade settlement agreements are established with China. We recommend that our overseas financial institution clients access RMB services in Hong Kong for the following reasons:

J.P. Morgan has located its global RMB hub in Hong Kong. This comprises key RMB expertise and dedicated client service teams combining local knowledge and experience based on our market leading USD and EUR clearing capabilities. By adopting a single customer service model globally, we are able to provide a consistently high quality of service in RMB as with other established global currencies.

Leveraging offshore RMB solutionsOverseas financial institutions that are most likely to benefit from onshore RMB solutions are typically those that have the following characteristics:

Flexibility in accessing the offshore market for treasury and funding settlement, as well as commercial settlement into China

Wish to access the CNH FX market to actively manage risks

Require intraday liquidity support

Do not have the resources to manage the regulatory requirements as conditions to access the CNY FX rates

Hong Kong is the only official clearing location, with the largest RMB pool among all offshore locations.

Hong Kongs domestic clearing system is integrated with Chinas CNAPS, enabling efficient payment processing.

By adopting a single customer service model globally, we are able to provide a consistently high quality of service in RMB as with other established global currencies.

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J.P. Morgan in Hong KongHong Kong is the regional headquarters for J.P. Morgans Asia Pacific business, which operates in more than 35 offices across 15 countries. J.P. Morgan is one of Hong Kongs longest established foreign financial services businesses.

One of the principal functions of the Hong Kong office is to contribute to the operations and expansion of the firms mainland China operations. This office provides services across Corporate & Investment Banking, Asset Management and Commercial Banking. J.P. Morgan offers clients an integrated range of services that combine specialist local knowledge with leadership positions across these businesses.

J.P. Morgan Chase Bank N.A. Hong Kong Branch is a Direct Participating Bank of the RMB CHATS system provides RMB deposit, payment and collection services to local and overseas financial institutions. General RMB treasury settlement offshore as well as eligible settlement4 into China can be supported.

Offshore RMB financing Intraday overdraft

Intraday overdraft facilities provide liquidity support and facilitate clients daily payments. This offering is subject to credit lines being assigned by J.P. Morgan.

Offshore RMB trade financing

As a key partner to financial institutions around the world, J.P. Morgan is committed to offering a comprehensive range of RMB trade products and services in key financial cities such as Hong Kong and Singapore

A full suite of Export L/C end to end solutions

Standby L/C guarantee re-issuance

Export L/C refinancing under financial institution instructions

Trade in-sourcing

J.P. Morgan offers a suite of short term working capital loans and longer term financing solutions in its offshore branches. These are intended to help clients to establish more efficient and effective financing structures.

4 Eligible commercial settlement includes merchandise trade, service trade. Regulatory approved capital flows and other current account transactions.

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Offshore RMB debt origination

J.P. Morgan provides debt financing services to global financial institution clients J.P. Morgan has been ranked as the No.1 book runner among all U.S. banks in the offshore RMB bond market for the period of 2010-2012 (YTD), and No.1 among global US dollar bond houses since 2008. With a proven track record and client focused service capabilities, we have successfully executed a number of important offshore RMB transactions over the past 2 years for financial institutions and corporates alike.

Collateral management

J.P. Morgan offers a repo financing program that facilitates repo financing transactions between members of Hong Kongs CMU and overseas financial institutions. This was developed in partnership with HKMA, illustrating J.P. Morgans pivotal role in the development of Hong Kongs capital markets. The financing facility provides repo buyers and sellers with the ability to use equity and fixed income securities, among other asset types, as collateral for repo financing. Daily repo valuations, collateral valuations and margin calls are also supported. By entering into repo financing transactions with CMU members, financial institutions can obtain access to liquidity not only in offshore CNH, but other global currencies, such as EUR, HKD and USD, in Hong Kong.

Cash settlement takes place through Hong Kongs local clearing (RTGS) system, providing repo buyers and sellers the ability to settle cash during Hong Kong business hours.

A repo financing program was developed in partnership with HKNA, illustrating J.P. Morgans pivotal role in the development of Hong Kongs capital markets.

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We are the

No.1 liquidity provider,

with 8-10% of overall RMB FX

volumes.

No.2 player in FX derivatives in emerging

markets

No.2 player in FX derivatives information

flow & research

Market maker in over

300 currency

pairs in FX products

Offshore RMB FX solutions J.P. Morgan is a market leader in providing offshore RMB FX solutions and has obtained licenses for CNY offshore NDFs and CNH offshore deliverable forwards and swaps. Our branches in Hong Kong, Singapore, London and New York are equipped to offer CNH FX products, enabling overseas financial institutions and corporates to access FX products in the offshore markets, where limited (or no) restrictions are imposed, compared with the onshore market. J.P. Morgan has the following credentials in FX:

Offshore RMB NDFs

J.P. Morgan is one of the biggest market makers in offshore RMB NDFs. We provide telephone-based and electronic pricing (through Morgan Direct J.P. Morgans proprietary platform as well as certain third party platforms) during the Asia, London and US time zones.

Other FX Instruments

J.P. Morgan offers cross-currency swaps and options for asset/liability management. These products are available from 1 month (for FX options) up to a maturity of 5 years and beyond (for cross currency swaps).

29

Global custodyJ.P. Morgan provides custody and securities servicing solutions to the worlds leading institutional investors. We meet the needs of our institutional investor clients by providing extensive experience, comprehensive products and advanced technology designed to optimize efficiency, enhance revenues and mitigate risks associated with global investment.

Within the offshore RMB market, J.P. Morgan supports clients holding offshore RMB-denominated securities in Hong Kong and at International Central Securities Depositories such as Euroclear via our Global Custody solution, providing institutional investors and financial institutions with an efficient means of settling and safekeeping offshore RMB assets.

Global custody goes beyond the settlement and safekeeping of securities. J.P. Morgan supports clients throughout the post-trade securities lifecycle in every market where clients wish to invest, delivering a stable, consistent service irrespective of the market.

Complementing the Global Custody solutions is a full suite of products to support the needs of institutional investors. J.P. Morgan delivers highly integrated, innovative and leading-edge accounting and fund administration solutions that help clients mitigate risk, increase efficiencies and enhance returns. The banks comprehensive product offering includes fund-level compliance, tax, financial reporting, and performance analytics.

J.P. Morgan investment solutions Interest Bearing and Time Deposit Accounts

J.P. Morgans Demand Deposit Accounts provide credit interest on surplus account balances. We offer durations of Time Deposit Accounts of up to 1 year.

Offshore Debt Markets Offerings

J.P. Morgan is a market maker in dim sum bonds. We can provide standardised as well as bespoke solutions (such as credit-linked notes denominated in CNH) for cash investment.

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J.P. Morgan RMB asset management solutionsRMB Managed Income Fund

J.P. Morgans RMB managed income fund was the first investment-grade, short-term fixed income fund in the market, and is suitable for investment of reserve cash in offshore RMB with an investment horizon of 6 months or longer.

Managed income is a proven strategy of J.P. Morgan Asset Management with over $31bn in assets managed in a range of currencies globally. The RMB Managed Income Fund was the best performing CNH bond fund in the first year since its launch (For year ended Mar 2012 (+0.10%) vs. HSBC Bond Index (-2.25%). Current YTM is 2.93% (as of August 31, 2012).

Other asset management solutions

J.P. Morgan provides comprehensive offshore RMB asset management solutions, including:

CNH separate account discretionary mandates based on clients specific investment guidelines

CNH Bond Fund (expected to launch in 2013)

CNH Liquidity Fund (waiting for market to further develop)

RQFII products under the brand of CIFM HK (expected to launch in 2013)

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J.P. Morgan RMB expertsSpeak to J.P. Morgan now to find out more about the opportunities that RMB offers for your business:

Global emerging markets

FX SolutionsDennis WongHead of Global Emerging Markets, Greater ChinaTel : +86 21 5200 2825Email : [email protected]

FX ResearchBert GochetHead of FX Research Asia PacificTel : +852 2800 8325Email : [email protected]

Debt OriginationMark FollettHead of Debt Origination Asia PacificTel : +852 2800 6853Email : [email protected]

Cash & Trade Management

Kiat Seng LimHead of Financial Institutions SalesTel : +65 6882 2515Email : [email protected]

RMB ClearingAnn Lin KhooSenior Product Manager Global RMB ClearingTel : +852 2800 1387Email : [email protected]

Global TradeGeorge FongProduct Management & FI Advisory Asia Head Tel : +852 2800 1930Email : [email protected]

Worldwide Securities Services

Sam LamHead of Sales and Relationship Management, North Asia ex JapanTel : +852 2800 0780Email : [email protected]

ACCE Agency Clearing Collateral & Execution

Kirit BhatiaHead of Collateral Management Sales APACTel : +852 2800 1066Email : [email protected]

Asset Management

Travis SpenceHead of Global Liquidity for Asia Pacific, Asset ManagementTel : +852 2800 2808Email : [email protected]

Onshore CNY

FX SolutionsKevin SungHead of Sales, China, Global Emerging marketsTel : +86 21 5200 2988Email : [email protected]

FX ResearchYing GuFX Research ChinaTel : +86 21 5200 2833Email : [email protected]

Global TradeBenjamin LamHead of Trade, China, Treasury ServicesTel : +86 21 5200 2675Email : [email protected]

I RMB internationalization milestones 2009 AUGUST 2012

1993, RMB pegged at 8.27 following a sharp weakening of the currency

2007, RMB trading band widened to 0.5%

2010, Appreciation is started again from 6.82

2012, RMB trading band is widened to 1% (trades in a 6.27 6.33 range as of June 20, 2012)2008, RMB appreciation is

halted at 6.82, because of Lehman crisis

2005, RMB is de-pegged and allowed to strengthen by PBOC. RMB trades in a 0.3% band around the fixing decided by PBOC

2002, QFII program allows foreign investment into China for exchange traded products (mostly equities)

2004, Hong Kong residents can open CNH accounts in Hong Kong, with limitations in size

1993 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

2011, CNH trading spreads to London, New York, Singapore

2009, Cross-border trade settlement allowed

2011, Central banks are allowed into onshore OTC bond market

2011, Foreign corporates are allowed to conduct FDI using RMB into China

2009 2010, CNH deposits accumulate quickly in HK, on back of offshore deposit accounts and cross-border trade settlement

2010, Dim sum bonds (bonds denominated in CNH and issued in HK) take off

2010, Offshore CNH interbank trading starts in Hong Kong

Opening up of cross-border channels to deal in RMB

Creation offshore CNH market

Liberalization of RMB as a currency

PBOC Peoples Bank of ChinaFDI Foreign Direct Investment (for corporates)QFII Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor

32

Appendices

33

II Comparison of RMB clearing systems vs. CHIPS and Fedwire

RMB CHATS RMB CNAPS USD FED-WIRE USD CHIPS

Jurisdiction Hong Kong PRC U.S. U.S.

Operating Hours(local time)

0830 2330 0900 1700 2100 1830Wires sent between 9p.m. and 12 midnight are value dated T + 1

2100 1700Wires sent between 9 p.m. and 12 midnight are value dated T + 1

Clearing House

Bank of China (Hong Kong)

Peoples Bank of China (PBOC)

Federal Reserve The Clearing House

Ownership Hong Kong Interbank Clearing Limited (partly owned by HKMA and HKAB)

PBOC Federal Reserve The Clearing House (privately owned)

Members (August 2012)

168 ~100,000 26, 895 50

Settlement Real Time Gross Settlement

Real Time Gross Settlement Real Time Gross Settlement

Net Settlement

Payment Formats

SWIFT- based Proprietary SWIFT- based SWIFT- based

Support for Charging options

OUR/ BEN All transactions are treated on BEN Basis

OUR/ BEN/ SHA OUR / BEN / SHA

Important Features

CHATS is a multicurrency clearing system offering services in HKD, USD, EUR and RMB

CNAPS Generation 2 will be made available from late 2013 and will be SWIFT based and multi lingual. China International Payment Systems (CIPS) supporting Cross Border RMB Payments and modeled on CHIPS is planned to be launched 2014 2015

Federal Reserve settles an average of 495,000 transfers per day with an average value totaling US$2.5 trillion

CHIPS uses a sophisticated algorithm to match and net payments between participants which settle on a near-real-time basis. The netting engine consolidates all of the pending payments into fewer single net-able transactions

34

III Straight Through Processing (STP) formatting guide

Following are fields in a SWIFT FIN MT103 and MT 202 messages that are critical to qualify for straight through processing in your remittance instructions.

Following are fields in a SWIFT FIN MT103 and MT 202 messages that are critical to qualify for straight through processing in your remittance instructions.

Field 53 (Senders Correspondent) Input the A/C number with the financial institution that will debit for the underlying

remittance and reimburse the Receiver

Field 57 (Beneficiary Institution) For RMB transfer to Mainland China, use option D and insert the CNAPS code of the

beneficiary bank. If a CNAPS code is not available, insert SWIFT BIC code along with branch address on the next line.

For RMB transfer to outside of Mainland China, a beneficiary bank SWIFT BIC in option A is sufficient

Field 58 (Beneficiary Institution) Applicable for MT 202 message only

Use option A and SWIFT address of the financial institution designated by the ordering institution as the ultimate recipient

Field 59 (Ultimate Beneficiary) Specify beneficiarys account number in line 1 preceded by /, followed by the account

name in line 2, and the address line in lines onwards

If the beneficiary maintains an account with a local bank in Hong Kong, the account number should comprise a 3-digit branch code, followed by an account number of up to 10 digits

Field 72 (Bank to Bank Instruction) For RMB transfer to/within Mainland China, please provide payment purpose (i.e.

goods, service or capital) for this field

For RMB transfer within Hong Kong, please leave this field blank

Note - If a specific STP rule is not mentioned above, please follow the formatting examples listed in the following pages.

35

MT103 Initiating a RMB payment to a mainland beneficiary from your J.P. Morgan China account

MT103 Instruction to J.P. Morgan Shanghai:

Sender: Your SWIFT BIC Code Receiver: CHASCNSH

Status Tag Field Name Remarks

M 20: Senders Reference: Up to 16 alphanumeric characters

M 23B: Instruction Code: CRED

M 32A: Value date, currency code, amount YYMMDD (value date) CNYXXX

M 50a:Ordering Customer: Use Option K to input the A/C number of the ordering

customer in the 1st line and the name and address in the 2nd line and onwards

O 53a: Senders Correspondent: Your A/C number with J.P. Morgan to debit

O 57a:

Account With Institution: Use Option D to input the CNAPS code of the beneficiary bank (preferred). If this is not available, then input the SWIFT BIC of the beneficiary bank in the 1st line, and full name of the beneficiary bank and address in the 2nd line and onwards

M 59a:Beneficiary Customer: Input the Account Number of the beneficiary in the

1st line, followed by the beneficiary account name on the next lines onward

O 70: Remittance Information: Content may be truncated. SWIFT suggests use of field 72

M 71A: Details of Charges: BEN / SHA / OUR

M 72:Sender to Receiver Information:

// **/PSET/CN/PYTR/GDS/

*M = Mandatory O = Optional

** Please refer to the Offshore CNY guidelines issued by SWIFT on June 29, 2012. Suggested reference to show payment purpose in line with allowable payments under the RMB internationalization (follows the sequence of /PSET/CN/PYTR/)

Payment Nature code /CAP/ /GDS/ /SRV/ /CAC/

Definition Capital Account Goods Trade Service Trade Current Account

36

MT103 Initiating a RMB payment to a mainland beneficiary from your J.P. Morgan offshore account

MT103 Instruction to J.P. Morgan Hong Kong:

Sender: Your SWIFT BIC Code Receiver: CHASHKHH

Status* Tag Field Name Remarks

M 20: Senders Reference: Up to16 alphanumeric characters



M 50a: Ordering Customer:Use Option K to input the A/C number of the ordering cus-tomer in the 1st line and the name and address in the 2nd line and onwards

O 53a: Senders Correspondent: Your A/C number with J.P. Morgan to debit

O 57a:

Account With Institution: Use Option D to input the CNAPS code of the beneficiary bank (preferred). If this is not available, then input the SWIFT BIC of the beneficiary bank in the 1st line, and full name of the beneficiary bank and address in the 2nd line and onwards

Example: 57:D : / CN302100011243 (Beneficiary Bank CNAPS)

OrECBKCNBJBJM (Beneficiary Bank SWIFT BIC) CHINA EITIC BANK BEIJING WANDA SUB-BRANCH

M 59a:Beneficiary Customer: Input the Account Number of the beneficiary,

followed by the beneficiary account name on the next lines and onward

O 70: Remittance Information: Content may be truncated. SWIFT suggests use of field 72.


M 72:Sender to Sender Information:

// */PSET/HK/PYTR/GDS/


* Please refer to the Offshore CNY guidelines issued by SWIFT on June 29, 2012. Suggested reference to show payment purpose in line with allowable payments under the RMB internationalization (follows the sequence of /PSET/HK/PYTR/)



37

MT103 Initiating a RMB payment to an offshore beneficiary from your J.P. Morgan offshore account

MT103 Instruction to J.P. Morgan Hong Kong:


Status* Tag Field Name Remarks

M 20: Senders Reference: Up to16 alphanumeric characters



M 50a:Ordering Customer: Use Option K to input the A/C number of the ordering

customer in the 1st line and the name and address in the 2nd line and onwards

O 53a: Senders Correspondent:

O 57a:Account With Institution: Use Option A to input the SWIFT BIC of the beneficiary bank

Example:57A: SSBEHKHHHKH

M 59a: Beneficiary Customer: Input the Account Number of the beneficiary, followed by the beneficiary account name on the next line

O 70: Remittance Information: Content may be truncated. Use field 72 for any instructions.


O 72: Sender to Sender Information:


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MT202 General financial institution transfer to banks in Hong Kong and countries other than mainland China


Status* Tag Field Name Content/Options

M 20: Transaction Reference Number Input your transaction reference information. This field allows for alphanumeric characters up to 16 spaces

M 21: Related Reference Input any other transaction related reference (or NONREF if no reference available). This field allows for alphanumeric characters up to 16 spaces

O 13C: Time Indication

M 32A: Value date, currency code, amount

O 52A: Ordering Institution Input the account number of the ordering institution (if different from the Sender) in the first line, followed by the name and address in the second line and onwards

O 53A: Senders Correspondent Your A/C number with J.P. Morgan to debit

O 54A: Receivers Correspondent

O 56A: Intermediary

O 57A: Account with Institution Use Option A and input the SWIFT address of the financial institution who will credit the beneficiary institution

M 58A: Beneficiary Institution

Use Option A and SWIFT address of the financial institution designated by the ordering institution as the ultimate recipient of the funds being transferred. Specify A/C # in line 1 preceded by /, followed by SWIFT BIC in the second line.

O 72: Sender to Receiver Information


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MT202 General financial institution transfer to banks in mainland China



M 20: Transaction Reference Number Input your transaction reference information. This field al-lows for alphanumeric characters up to 16 spaces







O 56A: Intermediary

O 57A: Account with Institution

Option A: input in the first line the CNAPS code of the financial institution which will credit the beneficiary institution. Enter /CN followed by the 12-digit or 14-digit CNAPS bank code. Option D: if a CNAPS code is not available, then input the SWIFT BIC of the institution, full name of the account institution and address

M 58A: Beneficiary Institution

Use option A and SWIFT address of the financial institution designated by the ordering institution as the ultimate recipient of the funds being transferred. Specify A/C # in line 1 preceded by /, followed by SWIFT BIC in the second line.

M 72: Sender to Receiver Information

//

//

*/PSET/HK/PYTR/GDS/


Suggested reference to show payment purpose in line with permitted payments under the RMB internationalization scope (follows the sequence of /PSET/HK/PYTR/)



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MT202 COV General financial institution transfer to banks in Hong Kong and places other than mainland China


Mandatory Sequence A General Information


M 20: Transaction Reference Number Input your transaction reference information. This field allows for alphanumeric characters up to 16 spaces







O 56A: Intermediary

O 57A: Account with Institution: Use Option A and input the SWIFT address of the financial institution who will credit the beneficiary institution

M 58A: Beneficiary Institution Use Option A and SWIFT address of the financial institution designated by the ordering institution as the ultimate recipient of the funds being transferred. Specify A/C # in line 1 preceded by /, followed by SWIFT BIC in the second line.


End of Sequence A

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Mandatory Sequence B Underlying Customer Credit Transfer Details


M 50A: Ordering Customer Input the account name of the customer ordering the transaction


O 56A: Intermediary Institution

O 57A: Account With Institution Use Option A and input the SWIFT address of the financial institution who will credit the beneficiary institution

M 59A: Beneficiary Customer This field specifies the customer which will be paid

O 70: Remittance Information


O 33B: Currency / Instructed Amount

End of Sequence B


MT202 COV General financial institution transfer to banks in mainland China

MT202 COV is not a prevailing format method in China to cover the fund movement related to an underlying customer credit transfer that was sent with a MT103. Please use the MT202 format for your cover payments for China in-bound transactions.

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MT202 Message Best practice

Example: You maintain a nostro account with J.P. Morgan Hong Kong and instruct to pay RMB 1,000 to ADE bank Hong Kong (SWIFT: ABCDHKHH) for account of ADE Bank Singapore (SWIFT: ABCDSG2A).


Field Tag Field Name Remarks

20: Transaction Reference Number: 123ddgthjj

21: Related Reference NONREF (in the case no other reference)

13C: Time Indication

32A: Value date, currency code, amount 120812 CNY1000

52A: Ordering Institution 53A: Senders Correspondent 54A: Receivers Correspondent 56A: Intermediary 57A: Account with Institution: ABCDHKHH (ADE, HK s SWIFT)58A: Beneficiary Institution /987654321

ABCDSG2A (ADE , SGs SWIFT)

72: Sender to Receiver Information

MT202 Message Served as Payment Cover to China Best PracticeExample: You maintain a nostro account with J.P. Morgan Shanghai and instruct to pay RMB 1,000 to ADE bank for

account of Company DEF in China, with Company HIJ as the originator of the payment.



20: Transaction Reference Number: 123ddgthjj

21: Related Reference NONREF (in the case no other reference)

32A: Value date, currency code, amount 120812 CNY1000

52D: Ordering Institution /12345678HIJ COMPANY18 Park Ave, New York, USA

53B: Senders Correspondent

54A: Receivers Correspondent 56A: Intermediary 57D: Account with Institution: Option A: /CN102466000222 (ADE banks CNAPS)

or Option D: ECBKCNBJSDG (ADE banks SWIFT) ECBC Binzhou Binyin Sub-branch Shandong China

58D: Beneficiary Institution /987654321DEF COMPANY85 Binyin Rd., Binzhou, Shandong, China

72: Sender to Receiver Information

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IV Payments To mainland China beneficiaries

The following provides a guide to managing remittances to Mainland China and how to reduce the chances of a payment being returned. A summary of common payment return scenarios and the underpinning regulatory requirements is as follows -

Return Reason Requirements

Account eligibility for RMB cross border transactions, where the common errors are:

Bene A/C account is not a RMB account Bene A/C is an individual account Bene A/C doesnt obtain exporter/importer

registration with authorities to be eligible for conducting the underlying trade.

Bene A/C is not registered in the RCPMIS system with its banking provider

Beneficiary name and account do not match, where the common errors are:

Incorrect Bene A/C name and/or A/C number provided by Client

Bene A/C is registered in Chinese only in RCPMIS, but Client provides English name for processing

Beneficiary account must be a RMB account to receive RMB payments.

Beneficiary account must NOT be an individual account to receive cross border RMB payments except for remittances originated from Hong Kong and Macau on a same name basis.

Beneficiary account name must be registered in PBOCs information system (RCPMIS) through the beneficiarys banking provider. Beneficiary account name and account number provided in payment instructions must be exactly the same as those registered in RCPMIS.

Requested returns from Beneficiary Beneficiary requests to return funds

(probably) due to 1. Ineligibility to conduct the underlying trade; 2. Inability to provide documentation for

fund release Incomplete or incorrect documentation Beneficiary couldnt provide trade documentation

(e.g. invoice, and other supporting documents) for fund release

Beneficiaries must obtain business licenses (e.g. import/export licenses) for conducting the underlying transactions, should they be merchandise trades, service trades or capital payments.

Beneficiaries must provide supporting documentation associated and consistent with the underlying payments. Beneficiary account name, transaction amount and payment nature (among other things) shall be consistent with those stated in contracts/invoices/application filings to avoid payment rejection.

Mainland banks are responsible for transaction validation and will seek appropriate supporting documents prior to crediting to the account.

Incorrect correspondence routing Incorrect routing to the sub-branch of the intended

beneficiary bank, due to a lack of correct CNAPS codes or missing beneficiary bank branch details

Remitters are required to provide CNAPS code of the beneficiary bank. If a CNAPS code is not available, remitters must provide SWIFT BIC with detailed branch address.

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Pre-checks to reduce payment return

Payment returns can be costly as each payment will have deductions made from proceeds. We recommend the following pre-checks are made prior to initiating a payment to the Mainland Chinese beneficiary

Confirm with the Mainland beneficiary on its eligibility to receive payments. Ensure that your Mainland beneficiary has the appropriate authority approvals (e.g. import/export licenses) for

receiving the underlying transactions (trade or capital). (For capital remittance, refer to FDI Guide for approval guidelines.)

Ensure that your Mainland beneficiary is registered with its banking provider in the RCPMIS system. Ensure that the Mainland beneficiary is not an individual.

Make sure the beneficiarys account name and account number are correct and matched with the records in RCPMIS. Please request the beneficiarys English name to be registered in RCPMIS and the same is provided for settlement. Please note that character limitation in the Account Name and Address field is 140 spaces.

Confirm Mainland beneficiarys bank code and branch details to avoid returns. Collect a CNAPS code for the beneficiary account, or Collect detailed beneficiary bank address with branch details. For Example:

Field 57: Beneficiary bank SWIFT: ECBKCNBJBJM

Bank branch address: ECBC Beijing Municipal Branch, Beijing, PRC

Example:



20: Senders Reference XXYY12345

23B: Instruction Code: CRED

32A: Value date, currency code, amount

YYMMDD (value date) CNYXXX

50a: Ordering Customers: /9876543212Company XYZ123 Park Ave, New York, USA

53a: Senders Correspondent: /9876543219

57a: Account with Institution: (Use Option D)/CN102100099996 (Bene bank CNAPS CODE)or ECBKCNBJBJM (Bene bank SWIFT BIC CODE)ECBC Beijing Municipal Branch, Beijing, PRC

59a: Beneficiary Customer: /123456789Company ABC20/F Building A, 100 Street B, Beijing

70: Remittance Information:

71A: Details of Charges: BEN

72: Sender to Sender Information PAYMENT FOR SERVICES RENDERED /PSET/HK/PYTR/SRV/

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In addition, we have prepared the following as an ex

Handbook Global RMB Handbook for Financial Institutions

Documents

Transcript of Handbook Global RMB Handbook for Financial Institutions