Handbook for solar_pv_systems
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Transcript of Handbook for solar_pv_systems
1
Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
Contents
1 Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview 4 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Types of Solar PV System 5 1.3 Solar PV Technology 6 • CrystallineSiliconandThinFilmTechnologies 8 • ConversionEfficiency 8 • EffectsofTemperature 9 1.4 Technical Information 10
2 Solar PV Systems on a Building 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Installation Angle 12 2.3 AvoidShadingPVModules 13 2.4 AestheticandCreativeApproachesinMountingPVModules 14 2.5 SolarPVOutputProfile 14 2.6 Solar PV Yield 15 2.7 CostofaSolarPVSystem 15
3 Appointing a Solar PV System Contractor 16 3.1 Introduction 16 3.2 Getting Started 17 • GetanExperiencedandLicensedContractor 17 • ChoosingBetweenBids 17 • SolarPVSystemWarranty 17 • RegularMaintenance 19 • OtherRelevantMatters 19
4 Solar PV System Installation Requirements 20 4.1 ElectricalInstallationLicence 20 4.2 ElectricalSafetyStandardsandRequirements 20 4.3 ApplicationofElectricalInstallationLicence 21 4.4 ConservationandDevelopmentControlRequirements 21 4.5 GuidelinesonConservationandDevelopmentControl 21 4.6 StructuralSafetyandLightningProtection 22 • StructuralSafety 22 • LightningProtection 22 4.7 ConnectiontothePowerGrid 22 4.8 GetConnectedtothePowerGrid 23 4.9 SaleofSolarPVElectricity 23 4.10 DesignandInstallationChecklist 27
5 Operations and Maintenance 28 5.1 OperationsofSolarPVSystems 28 5.2 RecommendedPreventiveMaintenanceWorks 29
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Appendices
APPendIx A – exAMPleS Of SOlAR PV SySteM On BuIldIngS In SIngAPORe A.1 ZEROENERGYBUILDING@BCAACADEMY 32
A.2 POHERNSHIH(TEMPLEOFTHANKSGIVING) 34
A.3 313SOMERSETCENTRAL 36
A.4 SENTOSACOVE 38
A.5 MARINABARRAGE 40
A.6 LONZABIOLOGICS 42 A.7 ZEROENERGYHOUSE 44
A.8 TAMPINESGRANDE 46
A.9 HDBAPARTMENTBLOCKSATSERANGOONNORTHPRECINCT 48 A.10 HDBAPARTMENTBLOCKSATWELLINGTONCIRCLEPRECINCT 50
APPendIx B B.1 ENGAGINGALICENSEDELECTRICALWORKER 52
APPendIx C C.1 CONTACTINFORMATION 54
APPendIx d – InCentIVeS fOR SOlAR PV SySteM D.1 SOLARCAPABILITYSCHEME(SCS) 55
D.2 MARKETDEVELOPMENTFUND(MDF) 56
D.3 GREENMARKSCHEME 57
D.4 GREENMARKGROSSFLOORAREA(GM-GFA)INCENTIVESCHEME 58
D.5 $100MILLIONGREENMARKINCENTIVESCHEME 59 FORExISTINGBUILDINGS(GMIS-EB)
D.6 ENHANCED$20MILLIONGREENMARKINCENTIVESCHEMEFOR 60 NEWBUILDINGS(GMIS-NB)
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Cognizantofthegrowingpopularityofsolarphotovoltaic(PV) installationsamongstresidentialdwellersaswellasbuildingdevelopers,and thecorrespondingdemand foracomprehensivesetoftechnicalandregulatoryinformation,theEnergyMarketAuthority(EMA)andtheBuildingConstructionAuthority(BCA)gottogetherearlierthisyeartoworkonintegratingtheirrespectivesolarmanuals intoanall-in-onereferenceguidefor thosewhoarekeenon installingsolarPVsystems in Singapore.
The outcome of this joint project,which also saw the involvement of industry partners andstakeholderssuchasPhoenixSolarPteLtd,GrenzonePteLtd,SolarEnergyResearchInstituteofSingapore(SERIS)andSingaporePolytechnic, isthis“HandbookforSolarPhotovoltaic(PV)Systems”. Through this integrated and revised handbook, we hope to be able to provide acomprehensiveguidetotherelevantparties,includingowners,developers,engineers,architects,Licensed ElectricalWorkers and electricians on the key issues, requirements and processespertaining to the installation of solar PV systems.
Aswiththepreviouseditionofthehandbooks,thissinglevolumecoversandprovidesinformationonlicensing,marketandtechnicalrequirements,andbuildingandstructuralissuesthatarerelatedtotheimplementationofsolarPVsystemsinabuildingenvironment.Inaddition,itprovidesnewinformationontheinstallationrequirementsforsolarPVsystems,operationsandrecommendedpreventivemaintenanceworks,andvariousincentivestopromotesolarPVsystemsinSingapore.Wehavealsorefreshedthepresentationofthehandbooktomakeitmoreaccessibleandreader-friendly,aswellastoincorporateexamplesofcompletedsolarPVinstallationsinSingapore.
Wehopeyouwillfindthistobeausefulguide.
david tan Ang Kian SengDeputy Chief Executive DirectorEnergyPlanningandDevelopmentDivision CentreofSustainableBuilding&ConstructionEnergyMarketAuthority BuildingandConstructionAuthority
foreword
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Acknowledgements
Wewouldliketothankthefollowingorganisationsfortheirsupportandcontributionsinthedevelopmentofthishandbook:
1) GrenzonePteLtd
2) PhoenixSolarPteLtd
3) SingaporePolytechnic
4) SolarEnergyResearchInstituteofSingapore(SERIS)
5) SPPowerGrid
6) UrbanRedevelopmentAuthority
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1Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview
figure 1. the difference between solar thermal and solar PV systems
1.1 Introduction
Thesundeliversitsenergytousintwomainforms:heatandlight.Therearetwomaintypesofsolarpowersystems,namely,solarthermalsystemsthattrapheattowarmupwater,andsolarPVsystemsthatconvertsunlightdirectly intoelectricityasshowninFigure1.
When thePVmodules are exposed to sunlight, they generate direct current (“DC”)electricity.AninverterthenconvertstheDCintoalternatingcurrent(“AC”)electricity,sothatitcanfeedintooneofthebuilding’sACdistributionboards(“ACDB”)withoutaffectingthequalityofpowersupply.
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Chapter 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
figure 2. grid-connected solar PV system configuration
1.2 Types of Solar PV System
SolarPVsystemscanbeclassifiedbasedontheend-useapplicationofthetechnology.TherearetwomaintypesofsolarPVsystems:grid-connected(orgrid-tied)andoff-grid(orstandalone)solarPVsystems.
Grid-connectedsolarPVsystems
ThemainapplicationofsolarPV inSingapore isgrid-connected,asSingapore’smainislandiswellcoveredbythenationalpowergrid.MostsolarPVsystemsareinstalledonbuildingsormountedonthegroundiflandisnotaconstraint.Forbuildings,theyareeithermountedontherooforintegratedintothebuilding.ThelatterisalsoknownasBuildingIntegratedPhotovoltaics(“BIPV”).WithBIPV,thePVmoduleusuallydisplacesanotherbuildingcomponent,e.g.windowglassorroof/wallcladding,therebyservingadual purpose and offsetting some costs.
Theconfigurationofagrid-connectedsolarPVsystemisshowninFigure2.
Abuildinghastwoparallelpowersupplies,onefromthesolarPVsystemandtheotherfromthepowergrid.ThecombinedpowersupplyfeedsalltheloadsconnectedtothemainACDB.
TheratioofsolarPVsupplytopowergridsupplyvaries,dependingonthesizeofthesolarPVsystem.WheneverthesolarPVsupplyexceedsthebuilding’sdemand,excesselectricitywill be exported into the grid.When there is no sunlight to generate PVelectricityatnight,thepowergridwillsupplyallofthebuilding’sdemand.
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Chapter 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
figure 3. Off-grid solar PV system configuration
Agrid-connectedsystemcanbeaneffectivewaytoreduceyourdependenceonutilitypower,increaserenewableenergyproduction,andimprovetheenvironment.
Off-gridsolarPVsystems
Off-gridsolarPVsystemsareapplicableforareaswithoutpowergrid.Currently,suchsolarPVsystemsareusuallyinstalledatisolatedsiteswherethepowergridisfaraway,suchasruralareasoroff-shoreislands.Buttheymayalsobeinstalledwithinthecityinsituationswhereitisinconvenientortoocostlytotapelectricityfromthepowergrid.Forexample,inSingapore,severalURAparkingsignlightsarepoweredbyoff-gridsolarPV systems.
Anoff-gridsolarPVsystemneedsdeepcyclerechargeablebatteriessuchaslead-acid,nickel-cadmium or lithium-ion batteries to store electricity for use under conditionswherethereislittleornooutputfromthesolarPVsystem,suchasduringthenight,asshowninFigure3below.
1.3 Solar PV Technology
This section gives a brief description of the solar PV technology and the commontechnical terms used.
AsolarPVsystemispoweredbymanycrystallineorthinfilmPVmodules.IndividualPV cells are interconnected to form a PV module. This takes the form of a panel for easy installation.
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Chapter 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
Mono-Crystalline Silicon PV Cell Poly-Crystalline Silicon PV Cell
figure 5. PV technology family tree
PV Cell Types
Poly-crystalline
Mono-crystalline
Amorphous-Si (a-Si)
Tandema-Si/microcrystalline
CIGS(Copper Indium Gallium
Selenide)
CdTe(Cadmium Telluride)
Dye-sensitised (TiO2)
Commerciallyavailable product,
suitable for Singapore
R&D or pilot stage, orunsuitable for
Singapore
Special
Compound semiconductoreg GaAs-based
Crystalline Silicon(wafer based) Thin Film
PVcellsaremadeoflight-sensitivesemiconductormaterialsthatusephotonstodislodgeelectronstodriveanelectriccurrent.TherearetwobroadcategoriesoftechnologyusedforPVcells,namely,crystallinesilicon,asshown inFigure4whichaccounts for themajorityofPVcellproduction;andthinfilm,whichisnewerandgrowinginpopularity.The“familytree”inFigure5givesanoverviewofthesetechnologiesavailabletodayandFigure6illustratessomeofthesetechnologies.
figure 4. Mono-and Poly-Crystalline Silicon PV Cell
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Chapter 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
CIgS thin filmMono-crystalline silicon
Poly-crystalline silicon
flexible amorphous thin film
figure 6. Common PV module technologies
CrystallineSiliconandThinFilmTechnologies
Crystallinecells aremade fromultra-puresilicon rawmaterial suchas thoseused insemiconductorchips.Theyusesiliconwafersthataretypically150-200microns(onefifthofamillimetre)thick.
Thin film is made by depositing layers of semiconductor material barely 0.3 to 2micrometres thick onto glass or stainless steel substrates. As the semiconductor layers aresothin,thecostsofrawmaterialaremuchlowerthanthecapitalequipmentandprocessing costs.
ConversionEfficiency
technology Module efficiency Mono-crystallineSilicon 12.5-15%
Poly-crystallineSilicon 11-14%
CopperIndiumGalliumSelenide(CIGS) 10-13%
CadmiumTelluride(CdTe) 9-12%
AmorphousSilicon(a-Si) 5-7%
table 1. Conversion efficiencies of various PV module technologies
Apart from aesthetic differences, the most obvious difference amongst PV celltechnologiesisinitsconversionefficiency,assummarisedinTable1.
Forexample,athinfilmamorphoussiliconPVarraywillneedclosetotwicethespaceofacrystallinesiliconPVarraybecause itsmoduleefficiency ishalved,forthesamenominalcapacityunderStandardTestConditions1(STC)rating.
1StandardTestConditionsrefertothefollowingtestingconditions:•1,000W/m2 of sunlight•250Ccelltemperature•Spectrumatairmassof1.5
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Chapter 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
ForcrystallinesiliconPVmodules,themoduleefficiencyislowercomparedtothesumofthecomponentcellefficiencyduetothepresenceofgapsbetweenthecellsandtheborderaroundthecircuit i.e.,wastedspacethatdoesnotgenerateanypowerhencelowertotalefficiency.
EffectsofTemperature
AnotherimportantdifferentiatorinsolarPVperformance,especiallyinhotclimates,isthetemperaturecoefficientofpower.PVcellperformancedeclinesascelltemperaturerises.
Forexample, inbright sunlight, cell temperatures inSingapore can reachover70ºC,whereasPVmodulesareratedatacelltemperatureof25ºC.Thelossinpoweroutputat70ºCisthereforemeasuredas(70-25)xtemperaturecoefficient.
Mostthinfilmtechnologieshavealowernegativetemperaturecoefficientcomparedtocrystallinetechnologies.Inotherwords,theytendtoloselessoftheirratedcapacityastemperaturerises.Hence,underSingapore’sclimaticcondition,thinfilmtechnologieswillgenerate5-10%moreelectricityperyear.
APVmoduledatasheetshouldspecifythetemperaturecoefficient.SeeTable2andchartinFigure7.
technology temperature Coefficient [%/°C] Crystallinesilicon -0.4to-0.5
CIGS -0.32to-0.36
CdTe -0.25
a-Si -0.21
table 2. temperature coefficient of various PV cell technologes
moduleoutputrelativetoSTC
figure 7. the effects of a negative temperature coefficient of power on PV module performance
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Chapter 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
1.4 Technical Information
Single-core, double isolated sheathed cables that can withstand the environmentalconditions,andminimisetheriskofearthfaultsandshortcircuitsareusedtointerconnectthePVstringsandarrays.ThecableconnectionsareprotectedinenclosuresknownasjunctionboxthatprovidesthenecessaryconnectorsasshowninFigure10.
figure 8. PV String figure 9. PV Array
figure 10. Junction Box
ElectricityproducedbythesolarPVinstallationisintheformofDC.TheoutputofthePVinstallationisconnectedthroughtheDCmaincablestotheDCterminalsofthePVinverterwhereelectricityisconvertedfromDCintoAC.
After conversion, theAC current of thePV inverter is connected throughPV supplycabletothebuilding’selectricalinstallation(ACdistributionboard).
Figure 11 shows a typical PV inverter connected to the electrical installation of abuilding.NotethattheactualconfigurationofthePVinvertermayvaryacrossdifferentsystems.
ThePVmodulesarenextconnectedinseriesintoaPVstringasshowninFigure8. APVarrayasshowninFigure9isformedbytheparallelaggregationofPVstrings.
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Chapter 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
Justlikeanyelectricalinstallationinabuilding,earthingisanimportantsafetyrequirementfor solar PV system. Arrangement must be made for proper connection of the solar PV system to the consumer’s electrical installation earthing system.
In locations susceptible to lightning strikes, a lightning protection system must beprovided,andalltheexposedmetallicstructuresofthesolarPVsystemmustbeboundto the lightning earthing system.
It is the responsibility of the consumers to have their solar PV systemsmaintainedregularly to ensure safe operation of their solar PV systems and electrical installations. SeeFigure12foradiagramshowingthesolarPVsystemformingpartofaconsumer’selectrical installation.
figure 11. typical PV inverter connected to a building’s electrical installation
figure 12. Solar PV system forming part of a consumer’s electrical installation
dC Side AC Side
PVInverter
PV dC Main Cable
PV SupplyCable
AC distributionBoard
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2Solar PV Systems on a Building
2.1 Introduction
TherearemanyexamplesoverseaswherePVmodulesaremountedontheroofandintegratedintobuildingfaçades.TheyworkparticularlywellinEuropeandNorthAmerica,assouth-facingfaçadesintheseregionsarewellexposedtothesun.
InSingapore,wehavetoconsiderthatthesunpassesalmostdirectlyoverhead.ThisisbecausewearelocatedneartheEquator,andthepathofthesunfollowstheEquator,withseasonalvariationsofupto23.5o to the north or south. Therefore there are optimal positionstolocatethePVmodulesthathavetobetakenintoconsideration.RefertoAppendixAforexamplesofsolarPVsystemsonbuildingsinSingapore.
2.2 Installation Angle
To maximise electricity production for use in Singapore, the best location for thePVmodules tobe installed is righton topofabuilding, facing thesky.ThepossibleinstallationoptionsareshowninFigure13.
figure 13. where to install PV modules on a building in Singapore
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figure 14. PV module frames trap dirt as water evaporates from aflat-mounted PV module
Vertical façades and steeply sloped roofs tend to suffer a big loss in the ability to generate electricityinexchangeforhigherpublicvisibility.
WiththePVmodulesfacingthesky,itispossibletoimprovetheyieldbyinstallingPVmoduleson trackers to follow thesun fromeast towestduring theday (single-axistrackers),andfromnorthtosouthduringseasonalchanges(dual-axistrackers).
However, trackerscanonly improvesystemperformanceunderdirectsunshine,andtheygivenoadvantageindiffusedsunlightconditions,suchasoncloudyorhazydays.
Thedownsideofhavingflat-mountedPVmodulesisthattheytendtogetdirtyfromrainwateranddust.SeeFigure14.ItisthereforebettertomountthePVmodulesatanincline(10-15oforframedmodules,oraslittleas3-5oforunframedmodules),toallowrainwatertoproperlydrainoff
2.3 Avoid Shading PV Modules
PV modules should be free from shade. Shading of any single cell of a crystalline silicon PVmodulewilldrasticallyreducetheoutputoftheentirePVmodule.
Thin filmPVmodules aremore tolerant to partial shading than crystalline siliconPVmodules.Typicalculpritsincludeshadowscastbytalltreesandneighbouringbuildings.
Chapter 2SOlAR PV SySteMS On A BuIldIng
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Chapter 2SOlAR PV SySteMS On A BuIldIng
2.5 Solar PV Output Profile
SolarPVonlyproduceselectricitywhensunlightisavailable.TheoutputofasolarPVsystemvarieswithitsratedoutput,temperature,weatherconditions,andtimeoftheday.ThepoweroutputprofileofthePVinstallationasshowninFigure17,ataselectedtestsiteinSingaporecollectedoveraperiodfrom2002-2004,intermsofitscapacityfactor2,showsahighvariationofsolarPVoutput.
figure 15. BIPV modules integrated into a façade
figure 16. BIPV modules integrated into a skylight canopy
2.4 Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules
Besides mounting PV modules on the rooftop, customised PV modules can beintegratedintothebuildingfaçadeinacreative,aestheticallypleasingmanner.Theycanbemountedonanypartoftherooftoporexternalwallsthatiswellexposedtosunlighte.g.skylights,cladding,windows,andexternalshadingdevices.
Theycanalsobeintegratedintoexternalstructuressuchasfaçadesandcanopies,asshowninFigure15andFigure16,respectively.
[2] PV Output capacity factor = Ratio of the actual output of the PV installation at time (t) over its output if it had operated at full rated output.
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2.6 Solar PV Yield
The amount of electricity you are able to generate from a solar PV system depends not onlyontheavailabilityofsunshinebutalsoonthetechnologyyouchoosetoinstall.Forexample,atypical10-kWrooftopsolarPVsysteminSingaporewouldproduceabout11,000to12,500kWhannuallyusingcrystallinePVmodules,and12,000to14,500kWhannuallywithamorphoussiliconthinfilmPVmodules.
2.7 Cost of a Solar PV System
ThecostofyoursolarPVsystemwilldependonmanyfactors:systemconfiguration,equipmentoptions,labourcostandfinancingcost.Pricesalsovarydependingonfactorssuchaswhetherornotyourhomeisnew,andwhetherthePVmodulesareintegratedinto the rooformountedon the roof.Thecost alsodependson thesystemsizeorrating,andtheamountofelectricityitproduces.
Generally,solarPVsystemsentailhighcapitalcosts.Withsolarpower,youcansaveonthepurchaseofelectricityfromthegrid.Butevenwiththesesavings,itwilltakealongtimetorecoverthecapitalcostofthesolarPVinstallation.TheoperatingcostsforsolarPV installationsarenegligible,but theannualmaintenancecostbeyondthewarrantyperiodmayamountto0.5%to1%ofthecapitalcostoftheinstallation.
Thereforeonanoverallbasis,solarPV-derivedelectricityisstillmuchmoreexpensivethanthatfromthepowergrid.However,thecostofsolarPVhashistoricallybeenfallingbyabout4%ayear,andifthiscontinues,solarPVmaybecompetitivewithinthenext10years.ForincentivesonsolarPVsystem,pleaserefertoAppendixD.
figure 17. Varying daily power output profile of PV installation at a selected test site in Singapore
Chapter 2SOlAR PV SySteMS On A BuIldIng
PV
ou
tpu
t ca
pac
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fact
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3Appointing a Solar PV System Contractor
3.1 Introduction
YouwillneedtoselectacontractortoinstallyoursolarPVsystem.Ifinterested,youmaycheckwiththefollowingorganisationsforsomesolarPVsystemdesignersandcontractors:
• TheListofSolarPVSystemcompanies inSingapore,available fromSustainableEnergyAssociationofSingapore,bycalling63388578orbyvisiting
http://www.seas.org.sg/about-seas/our-committees/cleanenergy/54
• TheSingaporeSustainableDevelopment IndustryDirectory 2008/2009, availablefromtheSingaporeBusinessFederation,bycalling68276838orbyvisiting
http://www.sbf.org.sg/public/publications/industrydirectory.jsp
YourcontractorwillappointaLicensedElectricalWorker(“LEW”)whowillberesponsibleforthedesign,installation,testing,commissioning,andmaintenanceofyoursolarPVsystem.
Inthecaseofnon-residentialelectricalinstallationsthatrequireanelectricalinstallationlicence,theappointedLEWwhosupervisestheelectricalwork(“DesignLEW”)maynotbetheonewhotakeschargeofyourelectricalinstallation(“InstallationLEW”).TheDesignLEWwillthenhavetoworkwiththeInstallationLEWtoworkoutthetechnicalissues.
PleaserefertoAppendixBfordetailsonhowyoucanengageanLEWandthenecessaryconsultation process.
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Chapter 3APPOIntIng A SOlAR PV SySteM COntRACtOR
3.2 Getting Started
First, compile a list of potential solar PV system contractors. Next, contact thecontractorstofindouttheproductsandservicestheyoffer.Thefollowingpointersmaygiveconsumersagoodsenseofthecontractor’scapabilities:
Getanexperiencedandlicensedcontractor
Experienceininstallinggrid-connectedsolarPVsystemsisinvaluable,becausesomeelements of the installation process, particularly interconnection with the grid, areuniquetothesesystems.Acontractorwithyearsofexperiencewillalsodemonstrateanabilitytoworkwithconsumers,andpricetheirproductsandservicescompetitively.
ItisalsoimportanttogetacontractorwhoisanLEW.
Choosingbetweenbids
IfthereareseveralbidsfortheinstallationofasolarPVsystem(itisgenerallyagoodpractice to obtainmultiple bids), consumers should take steps to ensure that all ofthebidsreceivedaremadeonthesamebasis.ComparingabidforasolarPVsystemmounted on the ground against another bid for a rooftop system is like comparing apples to oranges.
Bids should clearly state themaximum generating capacity of the solar PV system[measured inwattspeak (Wp)or kilowattspeak (kWp)]. If possible, thebids shouldspecify thesystemcapacity inACwatts,orspecify theoutputof thesystemat theinverter.
Bids should also include the total cost of getting the solar PV systemcomponents,includinghardware,software,supportingstructure,meter,installation,connectiontothegrid(ifapplicable),permitting,goodsandservicestax,warranty,andfuturemaintenancecost(ifapplicable).
SolarPVsystemwarranty
AsolarPVsystemisaninvestmentthatshouldlastalongtime,typicallytwotothreedecadesforgrid-connectedapplications.TheindustrystandardforaPVmodulewarrantyis20-25yearsonthepoweroutput.
TherearetwomaincomponentstoaPVmodulewarranty:
• Aworkmanshipwarrantythatofferstorepair,replaceorrefundthepurchasein case of defects. The period varies from one to as long as ten years,dependingonthemanufacturer.Twotofiveyearsistypical;and
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• AlimitedpoweroutputwarrantythatoffersavarietyofremediesincasethePVmodule’soutputunderSTCdropsbelowcertainlevel.Mostmanufacturerswarrantatleast90%oftheminimumratedoutputfor10years,and80%oftheminimumratedoutputfor20-25years.Takenotethattheminimumratedoutputisusuallydefinedas95%oftheratedoutputtoallowformanufacturingandmeasurementtolerances.SeeFigure18fordetails.
Chapter 3APPOIntIng A SOlAR PV SySteM COntRACtOR
Takenotethatunderthelimitedpowerwarranty,manufacturersseldomoffertoreplacethePVmoduleitself.Rather,attheirsolediscretion,theymayofferto:
• RepairthedefectivePVmodules; • SupplyenoughnewPVmodules to replace the lostpoweroutput in aPV
array.Forexample,ifyour20kWPVarrayonlyproduces16.1kWunderSTC,sixyearsafterinstallation,themanufacturermayopttosupplyyouwith1kWof PV modules to make up for the shortfall; or
• Refundyouforthelostpoweroutput,afterdeductionaccordingtothenumber
ofyearsinuse.Fora25-yearwarranty,theannualdeductionisnormally4%.Forexample,ifyoufindthatyour20kWPVarrayonlyproduces16.1kWunderSTC,sixyearsafterinstallation,themanufacturermayopttoreimburseyourpurchasepriceminus24%(6yearsx4%).
Inallcases,themanufacturerdoesnotcoveryourcostsofdismounting,transporting,andreinstallingthePVmodules.Thewarrantyalsoexcludesproblemsresultingfromimproper installations; repairs, changes or dismounting by unqualified personnel;accidental breakage or abuse; lightning strikes and other acts of God.
figure 18. understanding a manufacturer’s limited power warranty
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Chapter 3APPOIntIng A SOlAR PV SySteM COntRACtOR
Significantly,mostmanufacturersspecifythatthePVmoduleoutputwillbedeterminedbytheflashtestersintheirownpremises,ratherthanbyathirdparty.
The solar PV system contractor should assist in determiningwhether a PVmoduledefectiscoveredbywarranty,andshouldhandlethesituationwiththemanufacturer.
Regularmaintenance
Duringthedefectliabilityperiod(usuallyfor12monthsafterinstallation),solarPVsystemcontractors usually use remote monitoring data to prepare monthly performance reports of the installed solar PV system. They should come on site to rectify any problems flaggedbytheremotemonitoringservice.
Otherrelevantmatters
AnothermattertobeawareofisthatPVmodulemanufacturersareconstantlyupgradingtheirproducts,andadaptingnewsizesanddimensionstosuitmarket requirements.This means that you may no longer be able to buy an identical PV module to replace adefectiveoneinyourPVarrayafewyearsafterinstallation.NewerPVmodulesarelikelytobemoreefficientorhavedifferentphysicaldimensions,andmaynolongerfitexactlyintothegapleftbytheoldPVmodule.
Thisdoesnotmattermuchonalarge,ground-mountedsolarPVpowerplant,becausethenewmodulescanformanewrow.Butonabuilding-mountedsolarPVsystemitmayspoiltheaesthetics,andmaycauseproblemstotheelectricalconfiguration.
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4Solar PV System Installation Requirements
4.1 Electrical Installation Licence
An electrical installation refers to any electrical wiring, fitting or apparatus used fortheconveyanceandcontrolofelectricityinanypremises.AsolarPVsysteminstalledwithin suchpremises formspart of the consumer’s electrical installation and shouldcomplywiththerequirementsstipulatedintheElectricityAct(Cap.89A),theElectricity(ElectricalInstallations)RegulationsandtheSingaporeStandardCP5CodeofPracticeforElectricalInstallations.
Under the Electricity Act, the Energy Market Authority (“EMA”) licenses all non-residentialelectricalinstallations,withdemandexceeding45kilovoltampereorkVA.Forresidentialelectricalinstallationsandnon-residentialelectricalinstallationswithdemandbelowthethreshold45kVA,noelectricalinstallationlicenceisrequired.
ThelicencerequirestheowneroftheelectricalinstallationtoengageanLEWtotakechargeoftheelectricalinstallationandcomplywiththerelevantsafetystandardsandrequirements.YourappointedLEWshallconsultSPPowerGridLtdontheir technicalrequirementsandprocedures, ifyouwishtooperateyoursolarPVsysteminparallelwiththepowergrid.Theobjectiveistoensureallelectricalinstallations,includingsolarPVsystems,aresafetouse.
4.2 Electrical Safety Standards and Requirements
Agrid-connectedsolarPVsystemoperatesinparallelwiththepowergridsupply.Thepowergridsupplyisconsideredthesource,andtheelectricalinstallationwiththesolarPV system connected is considered as the load.
ThetechnicalrequirementforinstallationofasolarPVsystemisgiveninSection612oftheSingaporeStandardCP5.
ThereareinternationalproductstandardsonPVmodulesandelectricalcomponents.Forexample,PVmodulesshouldcomplywiththerequirementsofIEC61215forcrystallinesilicon terrestrial PVmodules or IEC 61646 for thin-film terrestrial PVmodules. Inaddition,PVarrayjunctionbox,PVgeneratorjunctionboxandswitchgearassembliesshouldcomplywiththerequirementsofIEC60439-1.
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Chapter 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
4.3 Application of Electrical Installation Licence
YourLEWwillbeabletoadviseyouwhetheryouneedtoapplytoEMAforanElectricalInstallation Licence for the use or operation of the electrical installation within thepremises of your building.
IfanElectricalInstallationLicenceisneeded,yourLEWwillsubmitthelicenceapplicationtoEMAonyourbehalf.IfyoualreadyhaveanElectricalInstallationLicenceissuedbyEMA,youneednotapplyforaseparatelicenceforthesolarPVsystemwithinthesamepremises.
The electrical licence fee payable to EMA is $100 per year (exclusive of goods andservicestax).
4.4 Conservation and Development Control Requirements
Atpresent, there isnospecific requirementorcontrolby theUrbanRedevelopmentAuthority (“URA”) on the use of installations such as a solar PV system.However,conservationprojects,orprojectswithintheCentralAreaaresubjecttoURA’sUrbanDesignevaluationprocess.
Thestandarddevelopmentcontrolguidelinesapplytoprojectsthatmaynotbesubjectto conservation or urban design requirements, depending onwhich structure(s) thesolarPVsystemisinstalledonto.Forexample,ifasolarPVsystemisinstalledontherooftopofanattic,thentheatticguidelineswillapply.Likewise,ifasolarPVsystemisinstalledonraisedstructureslikeapavilion,thenthepavilionguidelineswillapply.
4.5 Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control
Architectsareadvisedtorefertotheconservationanddevelopmentcontrolguidelineswhen designing a development with a solar PV system installation. The respectiveguidelineisavailableatURA’swebsite:
http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/Cons%20Guidelines.pdf http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchandbook.html
ShouldyouhavefurtherenquiriesonwhetheryourinstallationsconflictwiththeUrbanDesignorDevelopmentControlguidelines,youmaysubmityourenquiriestoURAeitherinpersonorthroughaQualifiedPerson(“QP”)—aQPiseitheraregisteredarchitectoranengineer—withtheaccompanyingplansofthestructuresonwhichthesolarPVsystemwillbeinstalled:
Conservedbuildings Email:[email protected] Tel:63293355
Non-conservedbuildings Email:[email protected] Tel:62234811
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Chapter 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
ShouldaformaldevelopmentapplicationtoURAberequired,itmustbemadeviaaQP.Thedetailscanbecheckedatthetwoweblinksbelow:
http://www.boa.gov.sg/register.html
http://www.peb.gov.sg/peb/process/searchPe
4.6 Structural Safety and Lightning Protection
Structural Safety
Toensuresafety,therearemeasuresandstepsthatneedtobetakenorconsideredwheninstallingasolarPVsystemontoaneworanexistingbuilding.Fornewbuildingdevelopments,thedesignofthestructuremusttakeintoconsiderationtheloadingofthesolarPVsysteminstallation,justlikeanyotherequipmentmountedontoabuildingstructure.
Forexistingbuildings,aprofessionalstructuralengineermayberequiredtocarryoutaninspectionoftheroofstructure,anddoacalculationonthestructuralloading.IftheroofisunabletowithstandtheloadingofthesolarPVsystem,structuralplanswillneedtobesubmittedtotheBuildingandConstructionAuthority(“BCA”)forapprovalbeforeabuildingpermitcanbeissuedforcommencementofinstallationworks.TheapplicationguidelineisavailableatthefollowingBCA’swebsite:
http://www.bca.gov.sg/StructuralPlan/structural_plan_application.html
LightningProtection
Givenacertainlocation,solarPVsystemsareexposedtothethreatoflightningstrikes.As lightningcancausedamagetothePVmodulesand inverters,extracaremustbetakentoensurethatproperlightningprotectionisprovidedforthesolarPVsystemandthe entire structure. The inverters should be protected by appropriately rated surgearrestorsontheDCside.ItisgoodpracticetoalsoinstallsurgearrestorsontheACside.Structures and PV module frames must be properly grounded.
4.7 Connection to the Power Grid
If a solar PV system is designed tomeet only a fraction of the electricity load, thesystemwillneedtobeinterconnectedwiththepowergridtomeettheremainderoftheconsumer’s needs for electricity.
IfasolarPVsystemneedstobegrid-connected,interconnectioniskeytothesafetyofbothconsumersandelectricalworkers,andtotheprotectionofequipment.
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Chapter 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
4.8 Get Connected to the Power Grid
IfyouintendtoconnectandoperateyoursolarPVsysteminparalleltothepowergrid,yourappointedLEWwillhave toconsultSPPowerGrid (“SPPG”)on theconnectionschemeandtechnicalrequirements.
The following documents set out the detailed consultation process and technical
requirements:
• TheTransmissionCodeandtheMeteringCodearepublishedatEMA’swebsite:
http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/files/codes_of_practice/electricity/transmission_code.pdf
http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/files/codes_of_practice/electricity/Metering_Code.pdf
• SPPG’s handbook, How to Apply for Electricity Connection, is published at SPPowerAsset’swebsite:
http://www.sppowerassets.com.sg/PDF/howtoapply.pdf
4.9 Sale of Solar PV Electricity
Theexcesselectricitygeneratedfromagrid-connectedsolarPVcanbesoldbacktothepowergrid.ThearrangementsneededtoenablethissaleofsolarPVelectricityvary,dependingonwhetheryouareacontestableornon-contestableconsumer.
Consumers are classified, based on their average monthly electricity consumption,into:
• Contestableconsumers:Theseconsumersarethenon-residentialconsumerswhousemorethan10,000kWhofelectricityamonth.Contestableconsumershaveachoiceofwhotheywishtobuytheirelectricityfrom.Theymaypurchaseelectricityfroma retailer, directly from thewholesalemarket (provided they are registeredwith the EnergyMarket Company asmarket participants) or indirectly from thewholesalemarketthroughSPServices.
• Non-contestableconsumers:Theseconsumerscomprisealltheresidentialelectricity
usersandnon-residentialconsumerswhouselessthan10,000kWhofelectricityamonth.TheseconsumersaresuppliedwithelectricitybySPServices.
ContestableConsumers
If you are a contestable consumer generating electricity from a solar PV system and wishtosellandgetpaidfortheelectricityyouinjectintothepowergrid,youwillberequired to registerwith theEnergyMarketCompany (“EMC”) to participate in thewholesaleelectricitymarket,whichiscalledtheNationalElectricityMarketofSingaporeorNEMS.
24
Chapter 4InStAllIng A SOlAR PV SySteM
figure 19. flowchart for electricity licences
Theflowchart inFigure19describes thecircumstancesunderwhich theGenerationLicenceorWholesaler(Generation)Licenceisrequired.
GenerationLicenceorWholesaler(Generation)Licencenotrequired
ApplytoEMAforGenerationLicence
ApplytoEMAforWholesaler
(Generation)Licence
ProposedGenerationUnit(e.g.Cogen,PVsystem,etc.)
GenerationCapacity<1MW
GenerationCapacity≥10MW?
1MW ≥GenerationCapacity<10MW? Connectedtopowergrid?
Yes
Yes Yes
No
No No
Theapplicationprocedures to registerasaMarketParticipantwith theEMCand forgeneration facility registration are set out in the Market Manual: Market Administration– Registration and Authorisation,whichisavailableattheEMCwebsite:
http://www.emcsg.com/MarketRules/MarketManuals
AsaMarketParticipant,youwillneedtocomplywiththeMarketRules,whichisavailableatEMC’swebsite:
http://www.emcsg.com/MarketRules
Bysellingelectricityinthewholesaleelectricitymarket,youwillbepaidtheprevailingelectricityspotpricefortheelectricitythatyouinjectintothepowergrid.Theelectricityspot price varies every half-hour, depending on the demand-supply situation in thewholesaleelectricitymarket.
Themarketwillalsoofferservicesandsystemresourcestoyou,butyouwillbesubjectedto market charges in respect to the gross generation output from your registered PV system,fortheprovisionofthemarketservicesandsystemresources.
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Chapter 4InStAllIng A SOlAR PV SySteM
TheEMCcontactis:
MarketAdministrationTeam EnergyMarketCompany 238AThomsonRoad,#11-01NovenaSquareTowerA,S307684 Telephone:67793000 E-mail:[email protected]
Non-ContestableConsumers
Ifyouareanon-contestableconsumergeneratingelectricityof less than1MWandwishtosellandgetpaidfortheelectricityyouinjectintothepowergrid,youneednotapplyforaGenerationorWholesaler(Generation)LicencenorregisterwiththeEMCasamarketparticipant.YouwillhavetoapplytoSPServices(“SPS”)byfollowingtheapplicationproceduresetoutinAppendixB.
Non-contestable consumers are compensatedbySPS for electricity exported to thepowergridbywayof a credit adjustment to the consumer’smonthlyelectricitybill,basedontheprevailinglow-tensionelectricitytarifflessthegridcharge.
Thecreditadjustmentwilleffectivelycompensate thenon-contestableconsumer fortheamountofelectricityexportedintothepowergridduringthatmonth.
Thisschemetocompensatenon-contestableconsumerswithgenerationcapacityoflessthan1MWfortheelectricitytheyexport intothepowergrid isnotapplicabletothose consumers whose electricity consumption is metered under the master-submetering scheme.
Master-sub metering schemes refer to metering arrangements where there is amaster-metermeasuringtheoverallelectricityconsumedbythebuilding(i.e.boththeindividualunitsandthecommonservices),withsub-metersmeasuringtheusageoftheindividualunits. Suchmeteringschemesare typicallyused inprivatecondominiumsand commercial buildings.
Underamaster-submeteringarrangement,theelectricitythatanindividualunitattemptstoexport into thegridmay in factbeusedupby thecommonservicesorbyotherindividualunits.Asitisnotpossibletotracktheactualflowoftheelectricityexportedbytheindividualunits,thecreditadjustmentschemecannotbeappliedtothoseunderthemaster-submeteringscheme.
26
4.10 Design and Installation Checklist
YouareadvisedtorefertothefollowingchecklistonceyouhavedecidedtoinstallsolarPV system in your premises.
no. design and Installation Checklist Check Box
1 Set your budget and select a location. 2 Determinetheenergyrequirementandestimatethesize of the system. 3 Performasitesurveyforspaceneeded,andaccessformaintenance. 4 Engagealicensedelectricalworker(“LEW”)ifyourproposed solarPVsystem: i) istobeconnectedtotheelectricalinstallationwithin thepremisesofthebuilding;and/or ii) tobeconnectedandoperatedinparalleltothepowergrid.
TheappointedLEWwillberesponsibleforthedesignand implementation of the connection of your solar PV system to theelectricalinstallationand/orpowergrid. 5 Select a PV module type and mounting method. 6 SelectinvertertomatchPVarray: i) Numberofinvertersneeded; ii) Selectinvertertype;and iii) Locationofinverters(accessibleforinspectionandmaintenance). 7 Finalisethemountingsystem. 8 Ensuretherearefixingandmountingpointsavailable. 9 Ensurethestructureformountingissafe: i) AdditionalloadingbysolarPVsystemisconsidered; ii) Windloadingisconsidered;and iii) Waterproofingisnotcompromisedduringinstallation. 10 Ensuresolaraccess: i) Ensurelocationtobemountedwillgetmaximumexposure to sunlight; and ii) Choosealocationthatisnotshaded.
Chapter 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
27
no. design and Installation Checklist Check Box
11 EnsureallPVmodulesconnectedtothesameinverter face the same direction. 12 EnsurePVmodulesaremountedatanincline(10to15degrees forframedmodules,oraslowas3-5degreesforunframed modules)forself-cleaning.
13 EnsuresufficientventilationspacebehindthePVarrayfor cooling purposes. 14 Ensure: i) Cablingusedmeetsufficientcurrent-carryingcapacity andaresuitablyratedforusageintheenvironment; ii) DCcablesaresingle-coreanddouble-insulated;and iii) Cableinsulationonoutdoorcablesmustwithstandhigh temperatureandUVexposureforanestimatedperiod of more than 20 years. NotethatPVCandxLPEcablesareinadequateontheDCside andmustnotbeexposedtotheweatherelements. 15 DetermineifaLightningProtectionSystemisneeded. 16 EnsurethePVmoduleframeisearthed. 17 FinalisetheInverterandACwiringsystem. 18 Duringinstallation: i) PVsystemshouldbeinstalledbyqualified/experiencedinstallers; ii) Safetyrulesmustbeobserved; iii) InstallermustwearPPE;and iv)Onlypropercertifiedsafetyequipmentcanbeusede.g.scaffolding,
stepladders,etc. 19 Cablesmustbeproperlyconnected,secured,androuted. 20 Ensurecontinuityandinsulationtestsaredone. 21 Completionoftestingandsystemcommissioning.
22 Propersystem,documentation/manualhandovertoclients.
Chapter 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
28
5Operations and Maintenance
figure 20. examples of performance monitoring displays (Courtesy of Phoenix Solar)
5.1 Operations of Solar PV Systems The most practical indicator of the performance of the solar PV systems can be obtained
from the remote monitoring and data logging software supplied by most invertermanufacturers.
Thedataloggingsoftwarewillrecorddaily,monthly,andannualoutputforcomparisonoftheactualsystemperformanceagainsttheexpectedsystemperformance.SeeFigure20 for typical performance monitoring displays.
SolarPVsystems requireminimalmaintenance,as theydonotusuallyhavemovingparts.However, routinemaintenance is required to ensure the solar PV systemwillcontinue to perform properly.
It is a good practice for contractors of solar PV systems to provide an operation&maintenance(“O&M”)manualfortheclient.Themanualshouldincludebasicsystemdata,testandcommissioningdata,O&Mdata,andwarrantyinformation.
29
Chapter 5OPeRAtIOnS And MAIntenAnCe
5.2 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works
Itisrecommendedthatpreventiveinspectionandmaintenanceworksarecarriedouteverysixtotwelvemonths.ThePVmodulesrequireroutinevisualinspectionforsignsof damage, dirt build-up or shade encroachment. Solar PV systemfixturesmust bechecked for corrosion. This is to ensure that the solar PV system is safely secured.
Whiletheinverter’sfunctionalitycanberemotelyverified,onlyon-siteinspectioncanverifythestateoflightningsurgearrestors,cableconnections,andcircuitbreakers.
The following table shows some recommendations on the preventivemaintenanceworksonthecomponentsandequipment,andthecorrespondingremedialactionstobecarriedoutbyqualifiedpersonnel.
S/n Components/equipment description Remedy/Action 1 PVmodules Checkfordust/debris Wipeclean.Donot onsurfaceof useanysolvents PVmodule otherthanwater
Checkforphysical Recommend damage to any PV replacement module if found damaged
Checkforloosecable Retighten terminationsbetween connection PVmodules,PV arrays,etc. Checkforcable Replacecableif conditions necessary
2 PVinverter Checkfunctionality, Recommend e.g. automatic replacement if disconnection upon functionality fails
lossofgridpower supply Checkventilation Cleardustanddirt condition inventilationsystem
Checkforloose Tightenconnection cable terminations Checkforabnormal Recommend operating temperature replacement
30
Chapter 5OPeRAtIOnS And MAIntenAnCe
3 Cabling Checkforcable Replacecableif conditionsi.e.wear necessary and tear Checkcableterminals Tightenconnections forburntmarks,hot orrecommend spots or loose replacement connections 4 Junctionboxes Checkcableterminals Tightenor e.g.wearandtear recommend or loose connections replacement
Checkforwarning Replacewarning notices notice if necessary
Checkforphysical Recommend damage replacement
5 Meansofisolation Checkfunctionality Recommend replacement
6 EarthingofsolarPVsystem Checkearthingcable Recommend conditions replacement
Checkthephysical Retighten earthing connection connection
Checkcontinuityofthe Troubleshootor cable to electrical earth recommend
replacement
7 Bondingoftheexposed Checkbondingcable Recommend metallic structure of solar conditions replacement PV system to lightning earth Checkphysicalbonding Tightenconnection connection Checkcontinuityof Troubleshootor the bonding to lightning recommend
earth replacement
31
AAppendices
31
32
AAppendix A.1 ZeRO eneRgy BuIldIng @ BCA ACAdeMy
Buildingname : ZeroEnergyBuilding@BCAAcademy
Owner : BuildingandConstructionAuthority(BCA)
Location : 200BraddellRoad,Singapore579700
Buildingtype : AcademicInstitution
Completion : 2009
Workinggroups • Projectarchitects : DPArchitectsPteLtd• Principalinvestigators : NationalUniversityofSingapore/SERIS• Structuralengineers : BecaCarterHollings&Ferner(S.E.Asia)PteLtd• M&Eengineers : BecaCarterHollings&Ferner(S.E.Asia)PteLtd• Quantitysurveyor : DavisLangdon&SeahSingaporePteLtd• Contractors : ACPConstructionPteLtd• PVdesign : GrenzonePteLtd• PVmanufacturer : Various(7manufacturers)
TypeofPVintegration : onMetalRoof,Canopy,Louver,Railing,Façade
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Various(mc-Si,pc-Si,a-Si,HIT,CIGS)
PVarea(m2) : 1,540
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 190
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 207,000
PVYield(kWh/kWp/year) : 1,090
Photographs and information courtesyof : BCA/GrenzonePteLtd
33
figure A.1.1. Building exterior
figure A.1.3. PV array view (PV Main Roof)
figure A.1.2. PV array view (PV Sunshade)
figure A.1.4. PV array view (PV Staircase facade)
Appendix A.1ZeRO eneRgy BuIldIng @ BCA ACAdeMy
The Solar Photovoltaic System installed at BCA Academy’s Zero-EnergyBuilding(ZEB)consistsof12systemswithsixsystemsconnectedtogridandsix standalone systems.Featuringdifferent typesofSolarPV technology andmountingtechniques,theZEB@BCAAcademy’sSolarPVsystemisdesignedto achieve zero-energy and for advance academic research on various PVperformances.
34
Buildingname : POHERNSHIH(TempleofThanksgiving)
Owner : POHERNSHIH
Location : 9ChweeChianRoad,Singapore117488
Buildingtype : Religious
Completion : 2006(PhaseI)
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : LeeCooConsultantAssociates
• Structuralengineers : KTPConsultantsPteLtd
• M&Eengineers : SquireMechPteLtd
• Quantitysurveyor : WTPartnershipInternationalLimited
• Contractors : WeeHurConstructionPteLtd
• PVdesign : GrenzonePteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : Uni-Solar,Sharp,Mitsubishi
TypeofPVintegration : StandingMountingStructure
TypeofPVcelltechnology : AmorphousMonocrystalline Polycrystalline silicon silicon silicon PVarea(m2) : 36.1 39.2 84.7
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 2.232 5.250 11.340
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 2,566 6,036 13,038
PVYield(kWh/kWp/year) : 1,150 1,150 1,150
Photographs and information courtesyof : GrenzonePteLtd
AAppendix A.2 POh eRn ShIh (teMPle Of thAnKSgIVIng)
35
ThePVarraysaremountedontherooftopwithstandingmountingstructure,allowing sufficient ventilation to improve PV performance. About 25% ofelectricalpowerdemandinthebuildingaresuppliedbythesolarPVsystem.
figure A.2.1. Building exterior figure A.2.2. Building interior
figure A.2.3. PV array view figure A.2.4. PV array view
Appendix A.2POh eRn ShIh (teMPle Of thAnKSgIVIng)
36
AAppendix A.3 313 SOMeRSet CentRAl
Buildingname : 313SOMERSETCENTRAL
Owner : LendLeaseRetailInvestment1PteLtd
Location : 313OrchardRoad,Singapore238895
Buildingtype : ShoppingMall
Completion : 2009
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : AedasPteLtd
• Structuralengineers : MeinhardtInfrastructurePteLtd
• M&Eengineers : BesconConsultingEngineersPteLtd
• Quantitysurveyor : WTPartnershipPteLtd
• Contractors : BovisLendLeasePteLtd
• PVdesign : GrenzonePteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : Various(4manufacturers)
TypeofPVintegration : onTrellisandMetalRoof
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Monocrystalline,Polycrystalline,Micromorph
PVarea(m2) : 587
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 76
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/year) : 87,381
PVYield(kWh/kWp/year) : 1,150
Photographs and information courtesyof : BovisLendLease
37
313SomersetCentral iscentrally located intheheartofSingapore’sfamousOrchardRoad.ThesolarphotovoltaicsystemconsistsoffourPVarrays,withamainPVarrayof60kWpmountedon the trellis, and threesmaller arraysfeaturingmonocrystalline,polycrystallineandmicromorphsolarmodulesthatareaccessiblebyvisitors.
figure A.3.1. Building exterior
figure A.3.2. Building exterior
Architect’s Impression of Somerset Central viewed from Orchard Road
Appendix A.3313 SOMeRSet CentRAl
38
AAppendix A.4 SentOSA COVe
Buildingname : Private
Owner : Private
Location : SentosaCove,Singapore
Buildingtype : Two-storeybungalowwithbasement
Completion : July2008
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : GuzArchitects
• M&Econsultant : HerizalFitriPteLtd
• PVdesign : PhoenixSolarPteLtd
• Maincontractors : SunhoConstructionPteLtd
• Roofingcontractor SheetMetalInternational
• PVmanufacturer : Uni-Solar
TypeofPVintegration : GluedontoapprovedFazonalmetalroof
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Flexibleamorphoussilicon
PVarea(m2) : 92
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 5.712
EstimatedenergyoutputkWh/yr) : 7,100
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,250
Photographsandinformation : PhoenixSolarPteLtd, courtesyof GuzArchitects,andSheetMetalInternational
39
Thisstrikinghousestandsoutforitsopenlayout,cappedwithtwincurvedroofs.Therearroofhasaturflawntokeepitcool,whilethefrontroofgenerateselectricitywithflexiblesolarlaminates,bondedunobtrusivelyontop.ThisconfigurationmeetsSentosaResortManagement’sstrictguidelinesforroofaesthetics,whichdonotgenerallypermitbaremetalroofsonbungalowdevelopments.
Thanksto the laminates’ lightweight (less than4kg/m2), theroofcanmakedowithalighterandlowersubstructurecostthanifithadtocarryconventionalclaytiles.
figure A.4.1. twin curved roofs, green grass and PV
figure A.4.2. lightweight, flexible laminates follow the
curved roof
figure A.4.3. testing the uni-Solar
laminates during installation
Appendix A.4SentOSA COVe
40
AAppendix A.5 MARInA BARRAge
Buildingname : MarinaBarrage
Owner : PUB,Singapore’snationalwateragency
Location : Singapore
Buildingtype : FloodControl
Completion : 2008
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : ArchitectsTeam3PteLtd
• Structuralengineers : KohBrothersBuilding&CivilEngineering Contractor(Pte)Ltd
• PVdesign : RenewpowersTechnologiesPteLtd
• Buildingservices : CegelecPteLtd
• Contractors : KohBrothersBuilding&CivilEngineering Contractor(Pte)Ltd
• PVmanufacturer : SolarWorldAsiaPacificPteLtd
TypeofPVintegration : RoofTop
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Monocrystallinesilicon
PVarea(m2) : 1200
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 70
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 76,650
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,095
Photographs and information courtesyof : PUB,Singapore’snationalwateragency
41
figure A.5.2. Marina Barrage Solar Park
Marina Barrage spans the mouth of the Marina Channel, creating Singapore’s 15threservoir,anditsfirstinthecity.
ThebarragecreatesafreshwaterlaketoboostSingapore’swatersupply,actsasatidalbarriertopreventfloodinginlow-lyingcityareas,andkeepsthewaterlevelconsistent,offeringavenueforwater-basedactivitiesintheheartofthecity.
Butmore than anengineering showpiece, thebarrageexemplifies thenationalwateragency’scommitmenttowardsenvironmentalandwatersustainability.
OneofSingapore’slargestcommissionedsolarPVsystematasinglesitetodate,MarinaBarrage’ssolarparkhousesoneofthelargestcollectionofsolarpanels–405panelsinall–currentlyinoperationinSingapore.Its70kWpDCgrid-tiedsolarPVsystemisthefirsttobeemployedonsuchalargescalelocally,anditcomeswithaestheticallyarrangedsolarpanels(panelsarearrangedinninearraysof15bythreepanels)onthebarrage’sgreen roof.
The solar panels generate 50%ofutilitygradeelectricityfor lighting and general power in the visitor centre,controlroomandoffices.Theenvironmentally-friendly grid-tied solar PV system does not require batteries, henceeliminating the costs for battery replacement.
figure A.5.1. Aerial view of Marina Barrage
Appendix A.5MARInA BARRAge
42
AAppendix A.6 lOnZA BIOlOgICS
Buildingname : LBxS2
Owner : LonzaBiologicsTuasPteLtd
Location : Tuas,Singapore
Buildingtype : Biotechfactoryandlaboratory
Completion : May2009
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : RSPArchitectsPlanners&EngineersPteLtd
• M&Eengineers : JacobsEngineeringSingaporePteLtd
• PVdesign : PhoenixSolarPteLtd
• Contractors : BovisLendLeasePharmaceuticalPteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : REC(framedmodules)andSolar-Fabrik(frameless laminates)
TypeofPVintegration : RoofmountedonBluescopeLysaghtKlipLokmetalroof
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Polycrystallinesilicon
PVarea(m2) : 1,330
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 181
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 217,000
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,200
Photographsandinformation : PhoenixSolarPteLtd courtesyof andLonzaBiologicsTuasPteLtd
43
The curved laboratory roof of the Lonza Biologic’s LBxS2 factory offers prominentvisibilitytomaximisepublicawarenessfora181kWpsolarPVsystemonanindustrialbuilding.Thebulkof thePVarrayconsistsof744piecesofREC210modules,whiletheflatteruppersectionoftheroofiscoveredwith104SF130/2framelesslaminatesfromSolar-Fabrik.Without frames to trapwater at shallow installationangles, theselaminateswillavoiddirtaccumulation.
RoofclampswerespeciallyengineeredtoattachthePVmodulerailstotheKlipLokroofseamswithoutanypenetrations.LonzaBiologicswasarecipientofoneoftheinauguralSolarPioneergrantsunderEDB’sSolarCapabilityScheme.
figure A.6.3. Installing the ReC modules
figure A.6.1. Building exterior (Rendering by RSP Architects Planners & engineers Pte ltd)
figure A.6.2. Modules installed on the 6o-16o slope
Appendix A.6lOnZA BIOlOgICS
44
Buildingname : ZeroEnergyHouse
Owner : Private
Location : District15,Singapore
Buildingtype : Residential,21/2-storeysemi-detachedhouse
Completion(renovation) : April2008
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : Art&ArchitectureCollaborative
• Structuralengineers : Portwood&Associates
• PVdesign : PhoenixSolarPteLtd
• Contractors : MCLConstruction&EngineeringPteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : MitsubishiHeavyIndustriesandPhoenixSolar
TypeofPVintegration : Roofmountedonmetalroof
TypeofPVcelltechnology : amorphoussiliconandmicromorphsiliconthinfilms
PVarea(m2) : 120
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 8.58
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/year) : 12,000
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,400
Photographs and information courtesyof : PhoenixSolarPteLtd
AAppendix A.7 ZeRO eneRgy hOuSe
45
figure A.7.2. west roof flank with micromorph PV modules
figure A.7.1. Building roof with two types of PV module
This1960ssemi-detachedhousewasconvertedintoSingapore’sfirstmodernzero-energyhomebyreducingsolarheatgain,improvingnaturalventilationandaddingarooftopsolarPVsystem,whichgeneratesmoreelectricitythanthe6-personhouseholdconsumes.
The PV modules are mounted on rails that are clamped to the seams of the aluminium Kalziproofwithoutanyroofpenetrations.Asanimportantaddedbenefit,thePVmodulesshadetheroof,keepingtheatticroomsmuchcoolerthantheywouldbeunderarooffullyexposedtothesun.
Appendix A.7ZeRO eneRgy hOuSe
46
Buildingname : TampinesGrande
Owner : CityDevelopmentsLtd
Location : Tampines,Singapore
Buildingtype : Officebuilding
Completion : May2009
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : Architects61PteLtd
• M&Eengineers : ConteemEngineersPteLtd
• PVdesign : PhoenixSolarPteLtd
• Contractors : DragagesSingaporePteLtd/BYMESingapore
• PVmanufacturer : Suntech(rooftop)andSchottSolar(BIPV)
TypeofPVintegration : RoofmountedandBuildingIntegratedfaçade
TypeofPVcelltechnology : MonocrystallinesiliconandamorphoussiliconthinfilmBIPV
PVarea(m2) : 934
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 107
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 120,000
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,200
Photographsandinformation : PhoenixSolarPteLtd courtesyof andCityDevelopmentsLtd
AAppendix A.8 tAMPIneS gRAnde
47
figure A.8.1. 6kwp BIPV façade on tower 2
figure A.8.2. Partially completed PV array figure A.8.3. Aerial view of both towers
101kWpofmonocrystallinePVmodulesformthemainrooftopPVarrayonTowers1and2,whilethewestfaçadeofTower2has6kWpofBIPVcomprising40large,custom-builtamorphoussiliconthinfilmmodules.
At the time of completion, this was Singapore’s largest PV system, and the firstcommercialapplicationofathinfilmBIPVfaçade.
The building also boasts a solar air-conditioning system powered by solar thermalcollectors.
TampinesGrandewas a recipient of one of the inaugural Solar Pioneer grants underEDB’sSolarCapabilityScheme.
Appendix A.8tAMPIneS gRAnde
48
AAppendix A.9 hdB APARtMent BlOCKS At SeRAngOOn nORth PReCInCt
BuildingName : HDBApartmentBlocksatSerangoonNorthPrecinct
Owner : AngMoKio-YioChuKangTownCouncil
Location : SerangoonNorthAvenue3Block548to554 and550A(Multi-storeyCarpark)
Buildingtype : Residential
Completion : 2008
Workinggroups
• Contractors : KingWanConstructionPteLtd& AsiaticEngineeringPteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : SunsetEnergietechnikGmbH
TypeofPVintegration : Rooftop
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Mono-crystallinesilicon
PrecinctPVarea(m2) : 667.61
PrecinctPVsystempeakpower(kWp): 75.75
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 80,300
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,060
PV Photographs and information courtesyof : HDB
49
figure A.9.1. typical rooftop PV array layout at Serangoon north Precinct
The Serangoon North Precinct consists offive blocks of 16 storey and two blocks ofnine storey residential apartments and a multi storeycarpark(MSCP).Sixty-ninepiecesofsolar PV panels are mounted at the rooftop of each residential block and 22 pieces of the panelatthestaircaseroofoftheMSCP.
Appendix A.9 hdB APARtMent BlOCKS At SeRAngOOn nORth PReCInCt
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BuildingName : HDBApartmentBlocksatWellingtonCirclePrecinct
Owner : SembawangTownCouncil
Location : WellingtonCircle508A-C,509A-B,510A-B&508(MSCP)
Buildingtype : Residential
Completion : 2008
Workinggroups
• Contractors : KingWanConstructionPteLtd& AsiaticEngineeringPteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : SunsetEnergietechnikGmbH
TypeofPVintegration : Rooftop
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Mono-crystallinesilicon
PrecinctPVarea(m2) : 667.61
PrecinctPVsystempeakpower(kWp): 75.75
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 80,300
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,060
Photographs and information courtesyof : HDB
AAppendix A.10 hdB APARtMent BlOCKS At wellIngtOn CIRCle PReCInCt
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figure A.10.1. typical rooftop PV array layout at wellington Circle Precinct
The Wellington Circle Precinct consistsof seven blocks of 12 storey residentialapartments and aMSCP. Sixty-nine piecesof solar PV panels are mounted at the rooftop of each residential block and 22 pieces of the panelatthestaircaseroofoftheMSCP.
Appendix A.10HDB APARTMENT BLOCKSAT WELLiNgTON CiRCLE PRECiNCT
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BAppendix B. engAgIng A lICenSed eleCtRICAl wORKeR
1. Engaging a Licensed Electrical Worker (LEW)
1.1 TherearethreeclassesofLEWs:LicensedElectrician,LicensedElectricalTechnician,andLicensedElectricalEngineer.ThevariousclassesofLEWsareauthorisedtodesign,install,repair,maintain,operate,inspectandtestelectricalinstallationsaccordingtotheconditionsstatedbelow:
Class of lew Approved load Voltage level
Electrician Notexceeding45kVA 1000V&below
ElectricalTechnician Notexceeding150kVA (Design);notexceeding500kVA (Operation) 1000V&below
ElectricalEngineer Nolimit Subjecttolicenseconditions
1.2 The Singapore Standard for electrical safety applicable to solar PV Systems is set out in theCodeofPracticeforElectricalInstallations(SingaporeStandardCP5:2008),whichispublishedbySPRINGSingapore.TheLEWwhomyouappointtocarryoutorsupervisetheelectricalworksassociatedwithyourPVsystemwillberesponsibleforthecompliancewiththerelevantsafetystandardsandrequirements.
1.3 YoucansearchforLEWsandtheircontactparticularsatthefollowingEMAwebsite: http://elise.ema.gov.sg
1.4 ForenquiriesonLEWs,youcancontactEMA’sElectricityInspectorateBranchat: Tel:68358060 Email:[email protected]
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2 Guide for consumers – Installation of Solar PV Systems
Appendix B.1engAgIng A lICenSed eleCtRICAl wORKeR
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CC.1 COntACt InfORMAtIOn
Appendix
for enquiries on the following matters pertaining to Solar PV systems, please contact: (1) Buildingsissues Building And Construction Authority (BCA) Email:[email protected] Tel:1800-3425222(1800-DIALBCA)
(2) DevelopmentPlanningControl urban Redevelopment Authority (uRA) –ConservedBuildings BuildingConservation Email:[email protected] Tel:63293355
(3) DevelopmentPlanningControl urban Redevelopment Authority (uRA) –Non-conservedBuildings Non-conservedbuildings Email:[email protected] Tel:62234811
(4) ElectricityGenerationLicences energy Market Authority (eMA) EconomicRegulation&LicensingDepartment Email:[email protected] Tel:68358000
(5) LicensedElectricalWorkers energy Market Authority (eMA) (“LEWs”) ElectricityInspectorateBranch Email:[email protected] Tel:68358060
(6) Electricitymarketrules, energy Market Company (eMC) marketregistrationprocess, MarketAdministrationTeam andmarketcharges Email:[email protected] Tel:67793000
(7) Connectiontothepowergrid SP Services ltd (SPS) Email:[email protected] Tel:68238283/68238284
(8) Connectiontothepowergrid SP Powergrid ltd (SPPg) Email:[email protected] Tel:68238572
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DAppendix d.1 SOlAR CAPABIlIty SCheMe (SCS)
The Economic Development Board (EDB) unveiled the Solar Capability Scheme to spur demand and build up expertise for this young but growing field. The scheme – the latest by Clean Energy Programme Office (CEPO) – seeks to strengthen critical capabilities of companies engaged in activities such as engineering, architecture and system integration through increased implementation of solar energy technologies by lead users in Singapore.
Agency : EDB
Quantum : $20Million(Overall);$1Millionperprojectorupto40%of total capital cost of solar technology.
TargetGroup : Engineering; Architecture; System Integration (Withimplementationofsolarenergytechnologies)
ForReading : http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/news/articles/ cepo_launches_solar.html
http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/news/articles/ Award_Ceremony_for_Solar_Testbeds.html
ForDetails : http://www.edb.gov.sg/etc/medialib/downloads/industries. Par.98811.File.tmp/Solar%20Capability%20Scheme%20Factsheet.pdf
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DAppendix d.2 MARKet deVelOPMent fund (Mdf)
The MDF seeks to incentivise the use of clean and renewable energy resources among non-residential consumers and developers by offsetting the market charges and related costs associated with selling clean and renewable energy into the power grid. This will help to promote energy efficiency as well as help in the market integration of innovative clean and renewable energy resources.
Agency : EnergyMarketAuthority(EMA)
Quantum : $5million;$50,000overaspanof5yearsor90%ofincurred marketchargesforapprovedprojects,whicheverislower.
TargetGroup : Non-residentialconsumersanddeveloperswhochoosetosell excesselectricitygeneratedfromcleanandrenewableenergy technologiestothepowergrid.
ForDetails : http://www.ema.gov.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=artic le&id=125&Itemid=141
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Agency : BuildingandConstructionAuthority(BCA)
TargetGroup : Developers Designers Builders
ForReading : http://www.greenmark.sg
http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/green_mark_buildings.html
ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/others/gmtc.pdf
DAppendix d.3 gReen MARK SCheMe
The Green Mark Scheme was launched to promote environmental awareness in the construction and real estate sectors. It is a benchmarking scheme that aims to achieve a sustainable built environment by incorporating best practices in environmental design and construction, and the adoption of green building technologies.
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DAppendix d.4 gReen MARK gROSS flOOR AReA (gM-gfA) InCentIVe SCheMe
To encourage the private sector to develop buildings that attain higher tier Green Mark ratings (i.e. Green Mark Platinum or Green Mark GoldPLUS), BCA and the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) have introduced a set of Gross Floor Area (GFA) incentives on 29 Apr 2009. For developments attaining Green Mark Platinum or GoldPLUS, URA will grant additional floor area over and above the Master Plan Gross Plot Ratio (GPR) control.
Agency : BCAandURA
TargetGroup : Allnewprivatedevelopments,redevelopmentsand reconstructiondevelopmentssubmittedonorafterthe effectivedate.
ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmgfa.html
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DAppendix d.5 $100 MIllIOn gReen MARK InCentIVe SCheMe fOR exIStIng BuIldIngS (gMIS-eB)
The GMIS-EB aims to encourage private building owners of existing buildings to undertake improvements and/or retrofits to achieve substantial improvement in energy efficiency. It provides a cash incentive that co-funds up to 35% (capped at $1.5 million) of the upgrading/retrofitting costs for energy efficiency improvement in their existing buildings.
Agency : BCA
TargetGroup : Buildingowners/developersofprivateexistingnon- residentialdevelopmentsthatiscentrallyair-conditioned, withgrossfloorareaof2,000sqmabovee.g.energy intensivebuildingssuchasshoppingmalls,hotels,office buildings,hospitals,andothercentrallyair-conditioned buildings. ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmiseb.html
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Agency : BCA
TargetGroup : Developers,buildingowners,projectarchitectsandM&E engineerswhomakeeffortstoachieveatleastaBCAGreen MarkGoldratingorhigherinthedesignandconstructionof newbuildings.
ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/GMIS.html
The GMIS-NB is to help accelerate the adoption of environmentally-friendly green building technologies and building design practices. The enhanced scheme offers cash incentives.
DAppendix d.6 enhAnCed $20 MIllIOn gReen MARK InCentIVe SCheMe fOR new BuIldIngS (gMIS-nB)
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disclaimer
The information in this handbook is subject to change or revision, to adapt to the continual development andevolvementoftheelectricityandbuildingandconstructionindustriesandisnotasubstituteforanylaw,regulation,codeofpractice,standardofperformance,MarketRulesorBuildingControlActwhichmayapplytothesaidindustriesinSingapore.ItdoesnotinanywaybindtheEnergyMarketAuthority(“EMA”)andtheBuildingandConstructionAuthority(“BCA”)tograntanyapprovalorofficialpermissionforanymatters,includingbutnotlimitedtothegrantofanyexemptionnortothetermsofanyexemption.BothEMAandBCAreservetherighttochangeitspoliciesand/ortoamendanyinformationinthishandbookwithoutpriornotice.Personswhomaybeindoubtabouthowtheinformationinthishandbookmayaffectthemortheircommercialactivitiesareadvisedtoseekindependentlegaladviceoranyotherprofessionaladviceastheymaydeemappropriate.BothAuthoritiesassumenoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequences(financialorotherwise)suffereddirectlyorindirectlybypersonswhohaveenteredintocommercialactivitiesuponrelianceonanyinformationinthisdocument.
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EnergyMarketAuthority991GAlexandraRoad,#01-29Singapore119975Tel:(65)68358000Fax:(65)68358020
BuildingandConstructionAuthority5MaxwellRoad#16-00TowerBlockMNDComplexSingapore069110MainLine:1800-3425222(1800-DIALBCA)
ISBN:978-981-08-4462-2