Hand Printing - Laura

8/8/2019 Hand Printing - Laura

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By Laura Varian


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Etching is the process of using strong acidor mordant to cut into the unprotected parts

of a metal surface to create a design inintaglio in the metal (the original processin modern manufacturing other chemicalsmay be used on other types of material). As

an intaglio method of printmaking it is,along with engraving, the most importanttechnique for old master prints, and remainswidely used today.


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Linocut is a printmaking technique, avariant of woodcut in which a sheet oflinoleum (sometimes mounted on a

wooden block) is used for the relief surface.A design is cut into the linoleum surfacewith a sharp knife, V-shaped chisel orgouge, with the raised (uncarved) areasrepresenting a reversal (mirror image) of

the parts to show printed. The linoleumsheet is inked with a roller (called a brayer),and then impressed onto paper or fabric.The actual printing can be done by hand orwith a press.


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Screen printing is a printing technique that uses awoven mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil. Theattached stencil forms open areas of mesh thattransfer ink as a sharp-edged image onto a substrate.A roller or squeegee is moved across the screenstencil, forcing or pumping ink past the threads of thewoven mesh in the open areas.Screen printing is alsoa stencil method of print making in which a design isimposed on a screen of silk or other fine mesh, withblank areas coated with an impermeable substance,and ink is forced through the mesh onto the printingsurface. It is also known as Screen Printing, silkscreen,seriography, and serigraph.


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Woodcutformally known as xylographyis arelief printing artistic technique in printmakingin which an image is carved into the surface of

a block of wood, with the printing partsremaining level with the surface while the non-printing parts are removed, typically withgouges. The areas to show 'white' are cut awaywith a knife or chisel, leaving the characters orimage to show in 'black' at the original surfacelevel. The block is cut along the grain of thewood (unlike wood engraving where the blockis cut in the end-grain). In Europe beechwoodwas most commonly used; in Japan, a specialtype of cherry wood was used.


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Lithography (from Greek - lithos,'stone' + - graph, 'to write') is a

method for printing using a stone(lithographic limestone) or a metal platewith a completely smooth surface.Invented in 1796 by Bavarian author

Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method ofpublishing theatrical works, lithographycan be used to print text or artwork ontopaper or another suitable material.


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Letterpress printing is a term for the relief printing oftext and image using a press with a "type-high bed"

printing press and movable type, in which a reversed,raised surface is inked and then pressed into a sheetof paper to obtain a positive right-reading image. Itwas the normal form of printing text from its inventionby Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century untilthe 19th century and remained in wide use for booksand other uses until the second half of the 20thcentury. In addition to the direct impression of inkedmovable type onto paper or another receptive

surface, printmaking blocks such as photo-etchedzinc "cuts" (plates), linoleum blocks, woodengravings, etc., using such a press.


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Newsprint is generally made by amechanical milling process, without thechemical processes that are often used to

remove lignin from the pulp. The lignincauses the paper to rapidly become brittleand yellow when exposed to air and/or

sunlight. Traditionally, newsprint was madefrom fibers extracted from various softwood

species of trees (most commonly, spruce,fir, balsam or pine). However, an increasingpercentage of the worlds newsprint ismade with recycled fibers.


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Samuel Hartlib, who was exiled in Britainand enthusiastic about social and culturalreforms, wrote in 1641 that "the art of

printing will so spread knowledge that thecommon people, knowing their own rightsand liberties, will not be governed by wayof oppression. For both churchmen andgovernments, it was concerning that print

allowed readers, eventually including thosefrom all classes of society, to study religioustexts and politically sensitive issues bythemselves, instead of thinking mediated bythe religious and political authorities.


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Print gave a broader range of readers access toknowledge and enabled later generations to buildon the intellectual achievements of earlier ones. Print,according to Acton in his lecture On the Study ofHistory (1895), gave "assurance that the work of theRenaissance would last, that what was written wouldbe accessible to all, that such an occultation ofknowledge and ideas as had depressed the MiddleAges would never recur, that not an idea would belost. Print was instrumental in changing the nature ofreading within society. Elizabeth Eisenstein identifiestwo long term effects of the invention of printing. Sheclaims that print created a sustained and uniformreference for knowledge as well as allowing forcomparison between incompatible views.


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otogravure(roto or gravure for short) is a type of intaglioprintingprocess, that is, it involves engraving the imageonto an image carrier. In gravure printing, the image isengraved onto a copper cylinder because, like offset and

flexography, it uses a rotary printing press. The vastmajority of gravure presses print on rolls (also known aswebs) of paper, rather than sheets of paper. (Sheetfedgravure is a small, specialty market.) Rotary gravurepresses are the fastest and widest presses in operation,printing everything from narrow labels to 12 feet (4 m)-wide rolls of vinyl flooring. Additional operations may bein-line with a gravure press, such as saddle stitchingfacilities for magazine/brochure work. Once a staple ofnewspaper photo features, the rotogravure process is stillused for commercial printing of magazines, postcards,and corrugated (cardboard) product packaging.


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Photocopyingis widely used in business,education, and government. There have

been many predictions thatphotocopiers will eventually become

obsolete as information workers continue

to increase their digital document

creation and distribution, and rely less ondistributing actual pieces of paper.


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Alaser printer is a common type ofcomputer printer that rapidly produces high

quality text and graphics on plain paper. Aswith digital photocopiers and multifunctionprinters (MFPs), laser printers employ axerographic printing process but differ from

analog photocopiers in that the image isproduced by the direct scanning of a laserbeam across the printer's photoreceptor.


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An inkjet printer is a type of computer

printer that reproduces a digital image

by propelling variably-sized droplets ofliquid material (ink) onto a page. Inkjet

printers are the most common type of

printer and range from small inexpensive

consumer models to very large andexpensive professional machines.

Hand Printing - Laura

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