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G. A. Ham, R. A. Stock, T. J. Klopfenstein, E. M. Larson, D. H. Shain and R. P. Huffmanas a source of protein and energy for ruminants

Wet corn distillers byproducts compared with dried corn distillers grains with solubles

1994, 72:3246-3257.J ANIM SCI

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Wet Corn Distillers Byproducts Compared with Dried Corn DistillersGrains with Solubles as a Source of Protein and Energyfor Ruminants'G. A. Ham, R. A. Stock2, T. J. Klopfenstein, E. M. Larson,D. H. Shain, and R. P. Huffman

Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908

ABSTRACT: Five trials investigated the feedingvalue of wet and dried corn distillers byproducts as asource of protein and energy for growing and finishingcattle and investigated the effect of heat damage onthe feeding value of dried disti llers byproducts. In acalf growth trial, no differences in rate of gain orprotein efficiency were observed among calves fed wetdistillers byproducts (w et distillers grains + thinstillage; WDB) or one of three composites of drieddistillers grains + solubles (DDGS) having a low,medium, or high concentration of ADIN. A finishingtrial compared the energy value of dry-rolled corn(D RC ) with WDB o r the three DDGS composites, fedat 40% of the diet DM replacing DRC. Cattleconsuming WDB or DDGS gained faster ( P < .05) andmore efficiently ( P .05) than cattle fed DRC.Although gains were similar, cattle fed WDB con-

sumed less feed (P < . l o ) and were more efficient (P . l o ) . In a lambfinishing trial, the addition of 5 or 10% ethanol did notaffect ( P > . l o ) daily gain , DMI, or feed efficiency. Intwo metabolism tria ls with stee rs, grain byproducts(wet distillers grains, dry distillers grains plussolubles, wet corn gluten feed, dry corn gluten feed,hominy feed ) and DRC had similar effects on ruminalpH and total VFA. Feeding thin stillage o r condensedsolubles reduced ( P < . lo ) ruminal pH and tended t oreduce acetate:propionate. Wet corn distillersbyproducts, fed at 40% of the diet DM, contain moreNE, th an did DRC and drying WDB reduces its NE,content. Acid detergent insoluble N is a poor indicatorof protein and energy value in distillers grains.

Key Words: Corn, Distillers, Cattle, Protein, Energy

IntroductionTraditionally, distillers byproducts have been driedand sold as a protein source for ruminants andnonruminants. Drying wet distillers grains is expen-

sive and may account fo r more than 40% of the energycosts incurred by the alcohol plant (Stock andKlopfenstein, 19821, and drying may produce changesth at reduce it s nutritional value. The effects of dryingon the nutritional value of dry distillers grains havebeen debated (V an Soest and Sniffen, 1984; Britton e tal. , 1986; Chase, 1987; Klopfenstein, 1987; Van Soest,1989; Weiss e t al., 1989). Wet distillers grains(Fa rl in , 1981; DeHaan et al., 1982; Firkins e t al.,198 5) and thin stillage (Ha nk e et al., 1983; Aines etal., 1985; Rust e t al., 1 990) have been efficiently used

J. h i m . Sci. 1994. 72:3246-3257

as protein and energy sources in ruminant diets.When fed at 40% of the diet DM, the combination ofwet distillers grains and thin stillage averaged 69 and28% more NE, for year lings and calves, respectively(Larson et al., 19931, compared with dry-rolled corn.Feeding dried distillers grains plus solubles as anenergy source has been presumed to be too expensive;however, the increased energy value of wet distillersbyproducts may change these economics. Therefore,the following trials were conducted 1) t o determinethe protein and energy value of wet and dry distillersbyproducts; 2 ) to determine the effects of heatdamage, as measured by ADIN, on protein and energyutilization; and 3 ) t o determine the effect of wet anddry distillers byproducts on ruminal fermentationcompared with other corn byproducts.

lPublished with the approval of the director as paper no. 10671,2T o whom correspondence should be addressed.Received April 4, 1994.Accepted September 1, 1994.

journal ser., Nebraska Agric. Res. Div. ProcedureByproduct Production. Wet distillers byproducts

(WDB; et grains and thin s tilla ge) were produced at3246

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PROTEIN AND ENERGY FROM DISTILLERS BYPRODUCTS 3247

t o the research feedlot.w as screened and pressed,

ion, the byproducts were weighed, sampled,sured for DM (oven-dried at 55C for 48 h )

t. The rat io of wet distillers grains:thin stillage( D M basis) was computed monthly andas were

of 62.5% wet distillers grains and 37.5% thin(DM basis ). The wet grains were mixed into

aser th e th in stillage was consumed,

als were allowed ad libitum access t o fresh water.Dry matter calculations in all studies reported

clude the DM contribution from thin stillage.

of the ethanol content of wetDM basis) and thin stillageDM ba si s) based on the data of Larson et al.

19 93) collected with the same production equipment .Eleven batches of dried distillers grains plus

( DDGS) were obtained from commercialg et al., 197 0) on each batch. Based on

th e ADIN determinations, three composites of DDGSwere formed (low, medium, a nd h igh) containing 5.9,13.9, and 14.8% ADIN, respectively.Growing Trial. For protein evaluation, 60 Englishcrossbred calves (mean BW = 204 kg -t 17 kg) wereallotted randomly and individually fed one of fivesupplemental protein treatments fo r 56 d (April toMay 28, 1992). Calves were trained to use Calangates (American Calan Inc., Northwood, NH) andwere housed in a modified-open front barn with agutt er flush system. Diets (Tab le 1 )were composed ofapproximately 32% sorghum silage, 50% groundcorncobs, and 18% (DM basis) supplement and wereformulated (DM basis) to contain a minimum of11.5% CP, 50% Ca, .30% P, and .60% K. Distillersbyproducts (WDB and DDGS: low, medium, and highADIN) plus their respective dry supplement served asthe distillers byproduct supplement and a urea-groundcorn supplement ( fine ground corn plus its respectivedry sup plem ent) served as the control. The distillersbyproduct supplement was combined with the urea-ground corn supplement t o provide increasing proteinfrom the distillers byproducts (25, 34, 43, and 52%' ofthe supplemental protein). Twelve calves were allot-ted to the urea control and 12 calves were allotted toeach source of distillers byproduct (four distillersbyproducts, four levels of protein; three calves perlevel of each byproduct ). Protein efficiency wascalculated for each treatment using the slope-ratiotechnique (Klopfenstein et al., 1985). Crude proteincontent of the WDB, DDGS composites, sorghum

Table 1. Composition of diets fed in growing calf trialDistillers byproduct and ADIN levela

DDGSItem Control WDB LO W Medium HighSorghum silage 32.12 32.12 32.12 32.12 32.12Corncobs 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00Wet distillers grains - 9.52Dried distillers grains plus solubles

- -inely ground corn 14.03 - -Thin stillage - 5.71 - - -- -Low ADIN - - 15.23 - -Medium ADIN - - - 15.23 -

- 15.23igh ADIN - - -Dry supplement 3.85 2.65 2.65 2.65 2.65Ammonium sulfate .23 .13 .13 .13 .13Urea 2.01 .98 .98 .98 .98Salt .30 .30 .30 .30 .30Limestone .34 .36 .36 .36 .36Dicalcium phosphate .E9 .a0 .80 .a0 .80Trace mineral premixC .05 .05 .05 .05 .05Vitamin premixb .01 .01 .01 .01 .o1Selenium prernixd .02 .02 .02 I0 2 .02

'76, DM basis; DDGS = dried distillers grains + solubles, WDB = wet distillers grains + thin stillage.b15,000 IU of vitamin A, 3,000 IU of vitamin D, and 3.7 IU of vitamin E/g of premix.'10% Mg, 6% Zn, 4.5% Fe, 2% Mn, .5% Cu, .3% I, and .05% Go.d30 mg of s e l e n i u d g of premix.


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3248 HAM ET AL .silage, and corncobs was analyzed by Kjeldahl N(AOAC, 1975). Diets were fed at an equal percentageof body weight to all animals and adjustments in feedoffered were made weekly. Calves were implantedwith Compudose (Elanco Animal Health, Indianapo-lis, I N ) at the beginning of the trial. Initial a nd finalweights were the average of three consecutive daysweights taken before feeding. A one-day weight wastaken at 28 d.

To estimate ruminal escape values, approximately 1g of each distillers byproduct source was placed inDacron bags (7.5 x 12.5 cm2; 50-pm pore size) andincubated for 12 h in the rumen of a steer fed acorncob-based diet (Goedeken et al., 1990). Escapeprotein values were estimated in duplicate. Escapevalues of proteins were estimated as the percentage ofN remaining after 12 h of incubation in situ withoutcorrection for microbial attachment.

Intake and gain were analyzed as a completelyrandomized design according to the GLM proceduresof SAS ( 198 9). Animal was used as the experimentalunit in all statistical evaluations. Initially, the ureatreatment was excluded from the model. The modelincluded distillers byproduct source, level of distillersbyproduct, and the interaction of distillers source andlevel. No interaction ( P > . l o ) was observed, and thusthe data were then pooled across level of distillersprotein and compared with urea. The followingcontrasts were then tested: urea vs average of alldistillers byproducts, wet distillers vs average ofDDGS, linear effect of ADIN level, and quadraticeffect of ADIN level. Gain above th e ure a control andprotein intake were subjected to nonlinear regression(N LI N procedure of SAS, 1989). This model forces acommon intercept at the urea control. The slopederived from the nonlinear regression was used as themean protein efficiency for each treatment. Meanprotein efficiencies for each treatment were comparedusing a one-tailed t-test (Steel and Torrie, 1980).Protein efficiency and escape protein were correlatedto ADIN level using procedures outlined by SAS(1989) .Finishing Trial. One hundred sixty Englishcrossbred yearling steers (mean BW = 392 + 18 kg)were used in a 99-d finishing trial (Ma y 19 to August24, 1992). Steers were blocked by weight and allottedrandomly within block to one of five treatments (fourpens per treatment, eight steers per pen). Treatment s(D M ba si s) consisted of dry-rolled corn ( DRC ) , orDRC replaced by 40% WDB or 40% DDGS containingeither low, medium, or high ADIN. Final diets (DMbasis; Table 2 ) contained 85% DRC and dry supple-ment or DRC, distillers byproducts and dry supple-ment, 5% corn silage, 5% alfalfa hay, and 5% molassesand were formulated (DM basis) to contain aminimum of 12% CP, .7% Ca, .35% P, .7% K, 28 mg ofmonensin (E lanc o Animal Hea1 th) kg of diet, and 11mg of tylosin (Elanco Animal He al th lk g of diet. All

cattle were adapted to final diets in 21 d using fourgrain adaptation diets containing 45 ( 3 d ) , 35 ( 5 d) ,25 (6 d) , and 15% ( 7 d ) forage (DM basis). Theforage was a mixture of ground alfalfa hay and cornsilage; silage was assumed to be 50% grain and 50%forage.

Cattle were implanted with Compudose, offeredfeed once daily for ad libitum consumption, and werehoused in an open-front confinement barn. Initialweights were the average of two weights taken onconsecutive days before the morning feeding. Tominimize variation in gut fill, hot carcass weightsadjusted for a 62% dressing percentage were used tocalculate final weights. At slaughter, hot carcassweight and liver abscess score were recorded. Liverswere scored by modification of the procedures reportedby Elanco Products Company (1 97 4) using thefollowing system: 0 = healthy liver, 1 = one to foursmall abscesses, 2 = one to four medium abscesses, 3 =one or more large abscesses, and 4 = adherence ofabscess to diaphragm or digestive tract. Fat thicknessa t the 12th rib, quality grade, and yield grade wererecorded after carcasses were chilled for 48 h.

Net energy for gain of each diet was calculatedusing th e procedures outlined by Larson et al. (199 3) .These calculations include the NE, of each grainadaptation diet as well a s the final finishing diet. Thenet energy required for gain ( NE,R) was calculatedby the equation NEgR = .0557 BW.75 (ADG1.0g7)where NE,R is the net energy required for dailyweight gain (ADG; NRC, 1984). Maintenance netenergy required (NE,R) was calculated by theequation NE,R = .077 BW.75 (NRC, 1984). The NEcontent of the diet for gain and maintenance wasassumed to fit th e relationship: NE, = .877 NE, - .41(derived from NRC, 1984; Zinn, 1989). By the processof iteration, the NE, and NE, contents of the dietswere calculated to fit the equation DMI = (NE&/NE,) + (NE,RrNE,). The energy content of distillersbyproducts was calculated by substitution, assumingbasal ingredients possess the same energy value(NRC , 19 84) across all diets.

Samples of wet distillers grains, thin stillage, andDDGS (low, medium, and high ) were collected weeklyand analyzed for DM content (55C for 48 h ) a ndKjeldahl N (AOAC, 1975). Weekly samples werecombined to form a trial composite, which wasanalyzed for fat content (chloroform-methanol extrac-tion; Moore et al., 1986).

Analysis of variance procedures for a randomizedcomplete block design were performed as outlined bySteel and Torrie (19 80 ). Pen was the experimentalunit and model effects included block and treatment.Means were computed and comparisons were made bypartitioning treatment degrees of freedom into treat-ment contrasts according to the GLM procedures ofSAS (1 98 9). Contras ts were DRC vs WDB, DRC vsthe average of low, medium, and high ADIN DDGS,


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PROTEIN AND ENERGY FROM DISTILLERS BYPRODUCTS 3249WDB vs the average of low, medium, and high ADINDDGS, and linear effect of low, medium, and highADIN DDGS.L a m b Trial Forty-two lambs (m ean BW = 33 * 2kg) were blocked by weight and allotted randomlywithin block t o three treatments. Treatments werebased on the addition of ethanol, 0, 5 , or 10% (DMbasis), replacing DRC. The 5% ethanol simulated theethanol intake of the finishing trial (Larson et al.,1993). The 10% evel was chosen as a higher level inan attempt t o detect treatment differences. Lambswere adapted t o final diets (Table 3) in 20 d usingfour adaptation diets containing 45 (3 d) , 35 (3 d) , 25( 7 d ), and 15% ( 7 d ) ground alfalfa hay (DM basis).Diets were mixed daily for 5 min, immediately beforefeeding, t o minimize volatilization of the ethanol.Lambs were offered feed for ad libitum consumptionamounts once daily for 64 d, and orts were collectedevery 3 d. Lambs were individually housed in .9-m x

.9-m pens equipped with nipple waterers in anenvironmentally controlled room ( 25"C). Initial andfinal weights were the average of weights taken onthree consecutive days before feeding.

Analysis of variance procedures for a randomizedcomplete block design were performed as outlined bySteel and Torrie (1980). Means were computed andlinear and quadratic contrasts were made according tothe GLM procedures of S A S (1989). Experimentalunit was individual lamb and model effects includedblock and treatment.Metabolism Trial 1. Six British crossbred steers(388 If:24 kg BW) th at had been previously fitted withpermanent plastisol cannulas in the rumen, duode-num, and ileum were used in a 6 x 6 Latin squaredesign. Steers had been previously fistulated followingth e procedures outlined by Stock et al. (1991)and allprocedures had been reviewed and accepted by theUniversity of Nebraska Institutional Animal Care

Table 2. Composition of diets fed in cattle finishing trial and Metabolism Trial 2Treatmenta

ItemDRC 40% 4 0 8 25% WDG

control WD B DDGSb + 15% CDS 15% CDSDry-rolled cornWet distillers grainsThin stillageDried distillers grains plus solublesCondensed solublesCorn silageAlfalfa hayCane molassesSupplementFinely ground cornSoybean mealAnimal fatLimestoneDicalcium phosphatePotassium chlorideAmmonium sulfatesaltUreaTrace mineral premix'Vitamin premix'Rumensin premixeTylan premixfCrude proteinCalciumPhosphorusPotassium

Nutrient composition, %g

79.00----5.005.005.006.003.23

. I21.32.15.25.30.54.05.01.02.01

12.60.70.35.70

--

41.0025.0015.00--5.005.005.004.001.92-.oa1.35

.19

.07

.30

.05

.01

.02

.0115.02

.70

.47

.70

--

41.00--40.00

5.005.005.004.001.92.08

1.35.19.07.30.05.01.02.01

15.73.70.47.70

----

41.0025.00--15.005.005.005.004.001.92.08

1.35.19.07.30.05.01.02.01

15.73.70.47.70

--

-

64.30---15.005.005.005.005.70

.292.89

.101.24.12.23.01.30.43,051.01.02.01

15.73.70.47.70

a%, DM basis; DRC = dry-rolled corn, WDB =wet distillers gr ains + thin stillage, DDGS = dry distillersbDiet composition for low, medium, or high ADIN DDGS (finishing trial), and DDGS, or DDGS +clO% Mg, 6 8 Zn , 4.5% Fe, 2% Mn, . 5 8 Cu, .3% I, and ,0510 Co .d15,000 IU of vitamin A, 3000 IU of vitamin D, and 3.7 IU of vitamin E/g of premix.e132 g of monensinkg of premix.f88 g of tylosinkg of premix.gBased on t rial C P composite values for WDG, DDGS and th in stillage, remain ing CP values based on

grains + solubles, WDG + wet distillers grains, CDS = condensed solubles.water (metabolism trial).

NRC (1984).


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3250 HAMTable 3 . Composition of diets fed in lamb trial

ItemEthanol levela

Control 5% 10%Dry-rolled cornAlfalfa hayCorn silageMolassesEthanolDry supplement

Finely ground cornSoybean mealLimestoneDicalcium phosphatePotassium chlorideSaltUreaTrace mineral premixbVitamin premixCSelenium premixdCrude proteinCalciumPhosphorusPotassium

Nutrient composition, %e

79.005.005.005.006.00

.143.221.32.15.25.30.54.03.03.02

12.62.70.37.70

-74.005.005.005.005.006.00

.143.221.32.15.25.30.54.03.03.02

12.12.68.35.68

69.005.005.005.00

10.006.00

.143.221.32.15.25.30.54.03.03.02

11.62.66.33.66

a%, DM basis.blO% Mn, 10% Fe, 10% Zn, 1% Cu, .34 I, . l% o.c30,000 IU of vitamin A, 6,000 IU of vitamin D , 7.5 IU of vitamind30 mg of seleniumkg of premix.eBased on tabular values (NRC, 1984).

E/g of premix.

Program. Steers were housed in 1.8-m x 2.6-mindividual pens in a 25C temperature-controlledroom.

Dietary treatments (Tab le 4 ) included DRC con-trol, 40% wet distillers grains, 20% thin stillage, 40%hominy feed (HOM), 40% dry corn gluten feed( DCGF), or 40% wet corn gluten feed ( WCGF). Cornbyproducts were fed to replace DRC on a DM basisexcept for thi n stillage, which was infused through th eruminal cannula. Corn gluten feed (DCGF andWCGF) was received from Minnesota Corn Processors(Mars hal, MN). Wet byproducts (distille rs grains andWCG F) were frozen in drums, thawed as needed, a ndstored at 3C until fed. Thin stillage was obtainedweekly and stored at 3C. Chromic oxide (.25% of dietDM) was used as an indigestible marker. Steers hadad libitum access to the 90% concentrate control(D RC ) diet for 3 wk before initiation of the experi-ment. Diets were fed every 2 h by automatic feedersand thin stillage was stirred continuously an d infusedevery 2 h for 1 5 min via a Watson-Marlow pump(Falm outh , Cornwall, U.K). Steers were fed as muchDM as possible without significant (< 10%) amountsof orts accumula ting after each 2-h period. Each periodof the Latin square consisted of a 10-d adaptationperiod and a 4-d digesta sampling period.

Samples of corn and the corn byproducts werecollected during each period and composited forchemical analysis. Dry matter, ash, Kjeldahl N

ET AL.(AOAC, 1975), starch (Herrera-S aldana a nd Huber,19891, NDF (Robertson and Van Soest, 19771, and fat(ch1oroform:methanol extraction; Moore et al., 1986)were determined.

Diet, o r t , and fecal samples were collected on d 11to 14 of each period. Approximately 200 g of fecal(grab sample) contents were collected every 8 h.Sampling time was advanced 2 h daily, such thatevery other hour of a 24-h cycle was represented indigesta collections. Fecal samples were composited ona volume basis by steer across time, within eachperiod. After the last fecal sample was completed,ruminal samples were taken every 2 h for 8 h. Oneliter of ruminal fluid was collected per sample bystra ining contents through four layers of cheesecloth.A combination electrode was used to determineruminal pH, 1 mL of HgCl2 was added to stopmicrobial activity, and the samples were compositedby steer within period and frozen. Diet subsampleswere oven-dried at 60C for 48 h and fecal subsampleswere dried in a Virtis freeze dryer. All diet and fecalsamples were ground through a 1-mm screen in aWiley mill. Feed, ort, and fecal samples were analyzedfor Cr (Williams et al., 19621, DM, ash, Kjeldahl N,starch, and NDF as described previously. Ruminalsubsamples were analyzed for VFA (Erwin et al.,1961) by gas-liquid chromatography (Hewlett-Pack-ard , Avondale, PA ) using a packed (10% SP1200/1%H3P04 on chromosorb WAW) glass column equippedwith a flame ionization detector. Ammonia N (McCul-lough, 19 67) was determined using autom ated proce-dures (Technicon Industrial Systems, Elmsford, N Y ) .

Data were analyzed as a Latin square designaccording to the GLM procedures of SAS (19 89 ). Themodel included steer, period, and treatment. Treat-ment means were separated by the protected LeastSignificant Difference method (Steele and Torrie,1980 ) when a significant ( P < . l o ) treatment F-testwas detected.Metabolism Trial 2. Five British crossbred steers(480 f 20 kg) that had been previously fitted withpermanent ruminal plastisol cannulas were used in a5 x 5 Latin square design. Fistulat ion procedures, pensize, and housing conditions were the same asdescribed in Metabolism Trial 1. Treatments wereDRC (co nt ro l) , 25% wet distillers grains + 15%condensed distillers solubles ( CDS), 40% mediumADIN DDGS without or with wate r added to equal th emoisture content of the wet distillers grains and CDS,and 15% CDS. All distillers byproducts replaced DRCon a DM basis. Thin stillage was not available for thistrial and was replaced (DM basis) with CDS. Themedium ADIN DDGS was the same feed as used inthe growing and finishing trials. To adapt cattle todiets, steers were fed their appropriate diets (Table 2 )every 2 h via automatic feeders for 13 d. Diets wereoffered as close to ad libitum as possible, but yettrying to minimize orts. Bunks were evaluated once


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PROTEIN AND ENERGY FROM DISTILLERS BYPRODUCTS 3251Table 4.Composition of diets fed in Metabolism Trial 2

TreatmentaIte m DRC WDG TS HOM DCGF WCGFDry-rolled cornWet distillers grainsThin stillageHominy feedDry corn gluten feedWet corn gluten feedC orn silageAlfalfa hayMolassesDry supplement

Finely ground cornLimestoneDicalcium phosphatePotassium chlorideSaltUreaTrace mineral premixCVitamin premixdRumensin premixep l a n premixfStarchCrude proteinNDFFa tAsh

Nutrient composition, %

77.00_.----5.005.008.005.002.091.38.11.23.30.80.05.01.02.01

58.911.814.44.14.3

37.0040.00----5.005.008.005.002.921.36

.33

.30

.05

.01

.02

.01

--

36.716.427.3

8.25.3

57.00-20.00b---5.005.008.005.003.041.40.17.30.05.01.02.01

_.

-50.311.614.35.44.9

37.00--40.00-_.

5.005.008.005.002.331.43.03.18.30.64.05.01.02.01

50.812.419.34.25.0

37.00---40.00

5.005.008.005.003.251.36

-

--.30.05.01.02.01

-

41.211.527.4

5.44.6

37.00----

40.005.005.008.005.003.251.36--.30.05. O 1.02.01

-39.713.125.45.55.8

a%, DM basis; DRC = dry-rolled corn, WDG = wet distillers grain, TS = thin stillage, HO M = hominy feed, DCGF = dry corn gluten feed,bInfused through ruminal cannula.c l O % Mg, 6% Zn, 4.5% Fe, 2% Mn, 3% Cu, .3% I, and .05% Co.d15,000 IU of vitamin A, 3,000 IU of vitamin D. and 3.75 IU of vitamin E/g of premix.e132 g of monensinkg of premix.f88 g of tylosinkg of premix.

WCGF = wet corn gluten feed.

daily and feed offered was adjusted in .45-kg of DMincrements according to the previous day's estimatedintakes.

Each metabolism period lasted for 14 d; d 14 wasused for dosing and sampling. Liquid flow rate wasmeasured by Cr:EDTA and Yb was used to measurepassage rat e of DRC; Er w as used to measure passagerate of wet distillers grains and DDGS. At 0800 on d14 ,200 mL of Cr-EDTA (2 .7 g Cr/L), and .5 kg of DMof Yb-labeled DRC (3,000 mg Yb kg ) were dosed to allsteers. In addition, steers were dosed with 200 g ofDM of Er-labeled DDGS (2,200 mg Er/kg), wetdistillers grains (24,300 mg E rk g) , or DDGS + water(4,800 Er/kg), based on their assigned treatment.Ruminal fluid was collected via the cannula at 0(before dosing), 6, 12, 18, and 24 h using the suctionstrainer technique (Raun and Burroughs, 1962).Immediately afte r collection, pH was determined via acombination electrode, and samples were frozen fo rlat er analysis of VFA. Ruminal fluid was analyzed fo rVFA as described previously on samples collected fo reach animal and hour of collection.

At 24 h, ruminal contents were evacuated, weighed,and subsampled for determination of DM and starch

content, and contents were returned t o the rumen.Subsamples were dried in a forced-air oven at 55C fo r48 h, a nd starc h content was determined as describedpreviously.

The Cr-EDTA was prepared as described by Bin-nerts et a]. (19 68 ). After samples were thawed andcentrifuged, Cr concentration was determined with anair-acetylene flame using atomic absorption spec-troscopy. Liquid dilution rates were calculated asdescribed by Jacques e t al. ( 198 6). The Yb and Ertreatments were prepared according to proceduresoutlined by Teeter et al. (198 4) . Each feed wasallowed to soak i n a tub with 28 mMYb or Er for 12 hat 25C. Excess marker solution was strained throughfour layers of cheesecloth, and a weighted garden hosewas placed in the tub. The tub was covered with fourlayers of cheesecloth and the feed was rinsed with tapwater for 6 h. The pH of the tap water + feed wasadjusted t o 4.5 with HC1. The feed was allowed to soakfo r an additional 6 h and was rinsed again with tapwater for 6 h. Excess tap water was strained throughfour layers of cheesecloth, and the labeled DRC andDDGS were dried in a forced-air oven at 55C for 48 h.Samples of the wet distillers grains and DDGS +


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3252 HAM ET AL.Table 5. Calf gains and protein efficienciesa, growing trial

Daily gain, Protein Protein ADIN,Supplementa l prote in kgb efficiency' escape, %d % of NUrea .45Wet distillers byproducts .66 2.6 54.9 7.3DDGSe low ADIN .65 2.0 38.0 5.9DDGS medium ADIN .67 1.8 47.4 13.9DDGS high ADIN .70 2.5 49.4 14.8SEM .04 .3

- - __- -

aIntake averaged 2.3% (DM) of body weight.bAveraged across levels of supplemental protein; urea vs average of all distillers byproducts ( P < .001).CGainabove urea controls divided by protein intake above urea controls (slopes of regression lines).d12-h Dacron bag escape values, % of CP.eDDGS = dried distillers grains plus solubles.

water were dried, as previously described t o determinethe amount of wet byproduct t o dose. On d 14, grabsamples of ruminal digesta were taken, at the sametime as liquid samples, 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h afterdosing. Samples were dried a t 55C for 48 h in aforced-air oven and ground through a 2-mm screen.Marker was extracted by diethylenetriaminepentaa-cetic acid as outlined by Karimi et al. (19861, withone modification. Supernatant was double-filteredrather than centrifuged and then filtered. Markerconcentration was determined by atomic absorptionspectroscopy using a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame.

All data, except ruminal pH and VFA, wereanalyzed as a Latin square design according toanalysis of variance procedures outlined by Steel andTorrie (1 98 0) . Animal was the experimental unit andthe model included steer, period, and treatment.Means were separated using the Duncan's MultipleRange Test (alpha = .lo) according t o the GLMprocedures of SAS (19 89) . The ruminal pH an d VFAdata were analyzed as a split plot design according tothe GLM procedures of SAS (1989). Whole-plotvariables were steer, treatme nt, and period with st eerx treatment x period as the error term. Sub-plotvariables were hour, its interactions with the whole-

plot variables, and residual error. Means were sepa-rated using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test (alpha= . l o ) according to the GLM procedures of SA S(1989).

ResultsGrowing Trial. Calves fed the urea control gained

less ( P < .001) than those fed the dis tillers byproducts(Table 5 ) . No significant differences were observed ( P> . l o ) in daily gains when averaged across proteinlevels with each distiller's byproduct. Catt le fed W DBhad numerically higher protein efficiency values tha nthose fed DDGS, but the differences were not signifi-cant ( P > . l o ) .

Protein efficiency values for the DDGS compositeswere similar. In general, escape protein contentincreased as ADIN concentration increased in theDDGS composites. However, the highest escape valueoccurred with WDB, which had a low ADIN concentra-tion because it was not dried. Neither escape proteincontent nor protein efficiency was correlated ( r = .29and -.08, respectively; P > .70) with ADIN. Wetherefore conclude that the higher ADIN levels of the

Table 6. Effect of wet or dry distillers byproducts on finishing cattle performanceDistillers byproduct and ADIN levela

ItemDDGS

Control WDB Low Medium High SEMDaily gain, kgbc 1.46 1.69 1.66 1.68 1.71 .12Dry matter intake, kg/dde 10.99 10.68 11.48 11.36 11.73 .55Gain/feedbce ,133 .158 .144 .148 .145 .004NE, diet, Mcal/kgbcf 1.24 1.45 1.31 1.35 1.38 .04

aDDGS = dried distillers grains plus solubles, WDB = wet distillers byproducts.bControl vs WDB ( P < ,051.'Control vs average of DDGS composites ( P .05).'Control vs average of DDGS composites ( P < . I O ) .eWDB vs average of DDGS composites ( P < .05).~ W D B s average of DDGS composites ( P < . I O ) .


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PROTEIN A N D ENERGY FROM DISTILLERS BYPRODUCTSTable 7. Effects of ethanol on lamb performance

3253

Ethanol, % of diet DMItem Control 5% 10% SE MDaily gain, kg .34 .34 .34 .04Dry mat ter intake, kg/d 1.92 2.03 2.03 .14Gain/feeda .177 ,170 ,167 ,004

aLinear effect ( P = .15).

DDGS sources, presumably produced during drying,did not cause higher escape values. Further ADIN wasnot a n accurate predictor of protein value of the DDGSsources.Finishing Trial. Cattle fed the wet and drieddistillers byproducts gained ( P < .05) faster and moreefficiently ( P < .05) than cattle fed the DRC controldiet (Tab le 6 ) . Although gains were similar ( P > . l o ) ,catt le fed WDB consumed less feed ( P < .05) and weremore efficient ( P < .05) than cattle fed DDGS. Levelof ADIN (low , medium, or hi gh ) in the DDGS did not( P > . l o ) affect cattle performance when DDGS wasfed as a major source of energy. Liver abscess score,fat thickness, yield grade, and quality grade were notaffected by treatment and averaged .11, 3 cm, 2.90,and 19.0 (low Choice = 19.01, respectively.

The estimated NE, content for the control diet(Table 6) , based on animal performance, was 1.24McaVkg, which is 9% lower than the energy values forthe ingredients listed in the 1984 NRC (1.37 Mcal/kg). The DRC control diet contained less ( P < .05)energy th an t he WDB or DDGS diets. The estimatedNE, content of the DDGS composites was similar ( P >. l o ) . Based on a corn NE, value of 1.55 McaLkg(NR C, 19841, th e NE, value of DDGS ranged from1.77 to 1.97 McaLkg and averaged 1.87 Mcalkg,whereas the WDB contained 2.16 McaVkg. In thistri al, WDB, when fed a t 40% of the d iet DM, contained39% more NE, and DDGS contained an average 21%more NE , than DRC.

Based on weekly composites, wet distillers grainsranged from 26.5 to 37.6% DM and averaged 32.0%DM, and thin stillage ranged from 3.2 to 6.1% DM and

averaged 4.6% DM. Crude protein content ranged from25.0 to 27.9% and averaged 26.410 protein. Thinstillage ranged from 12.6 to 21.8% a nd averaged17.9% protein. F at content (DM ba sis ) of the wetdistillers grains, thin stillage, and DDGS (low,medium, and h ig h) was 16.6, 9.2, 13.3, 14.5, and16.0%, respectively.La mb Tr ia l. When ethanol replaced DRC (Ta ble 7 1at 0, 5, or l o% , no linear ( P> . l o ) or quadratic effectswere detected for daily gain or DMI. As ethanolincreased, feed efficiency tended to decrease (l in ea r, P= .15).Metabolism Trial 1 . Processing method affected thenutrient composition of corn byproducts (Table 8 ) .Compared with corn, wet distillers grains containedminimal starch, four times more NDF, three timesmore C P and fat, and two times more ash. Comparedwith corn, thin stillage contained 65% less starch,similar amounts of NDF, twice the CP and fat, andalmost four times the ash, and hominy feed contained27% less starch and twice the NDF and ash, butsimilar amounts of CP and fat. Compared with corn,corn gluten feed contained approximately 70% lessstarch, twice as much CP, and 70% more fat.Organic matter intake did not differ among treat-ments (Table 9 ); thus, starch, NDF, and N intakereflected relative differences in nutrient concentrationamong dietary feeds. Starch intake was highest ( P

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3254 HA M ET AL.Table 9. Effect of corn byproducts on intake and total tract nutrient digestibility in Metabolism Trial 1

TreatmentaItem DRC WDG TS HOM DCGF WCGF SEMIntake, gfd

OMStarchNDFNOMStarchNDFN

Digestibility,

6,5854,045'

127'990'd

82.8'91.7b62.5'74.9b'

5,8642,306'1,693'

162'81.3bd93.9'69.6'79.1d

6,2263,177d

927b126b88.3'96.4d72.0'78.5bd

5,9483,180d1,207d

123'83.2b92.9"70.1'72.6'

6,4982,87gCd1,865'

119b80.1d94.0'63.2'71.4c

6,2412,627Cd1,682'

140''83.6b73.5c77.2bd94.5'd

4232429810

1.0.9

2.41.6

aDRC = dry-rolled corn, WDG = wet distillers grains, TS = thin stillage, HO M = hominy feed, DCGF = dry corn gluten feed, WCGF = wetcorn gluten feed.b,c,dMeans within a ro w with different superscripts differ ( P . l o ) by addition ofdistillers byproducts in the diet. Particulate passagerate of the DDGS was faster (P < . l o ) than DDGS +water, whereas passage rate of WDG was intermedi-ate compared with DDGS and DDGS + water. Liquidpassage r at e ranged from 4.3%/hfor CDS to 6.3%/h or

Table 10. Effect of corn byproducts on ruminal fluid pH, VFA and N H 3N concentrations in Metabolism Trial 1Treatmenta

Item DRC WDG TS HOM DCGF WCGF SEMRuminal pH 6.05' 5.9Bb 5.74' 6.07' 6.12' 6.14' .IO

Propionate 32.39' 26.51b 45.41' 31.05' 29.68' 29.76b 3.95Total VFA, mM 112.74 111.64 115.03 112.16 111.18 108.46 6.88Acetate 59.01 59.46 49.28 59.61 56.60 56.91 3.78Isobutyrate .97 .95 .80 .82 1.2 1 1.13 .12

Valerate 1.80' 4.01' 3.82' 1.62b 1.92b 2.16b .37Acetate:propionate 1.8gb 2.37' 1.19c 2.11b 2.06b 1.94b .21

Buty rate 14.78 14.85 13.32 15.66 18.63 15.44 1.69Isovalerate 3.78' 5.87' 2.40b 3.40b 3.15' 3.07b .63

NHx N, mg/dL 19.76b 9.51' 9.13' 15.82'd 11.BCe 14.27de 1.76aDRC = dry=rolled corn, WDG = wet distillers grains, TS = thin stillage, HO M = hominy feed, DCGF = dry corn gluten feed, WCGF = wetb,c,d,eWithin a row, me ans with unlike superscripts differ ( P < . l o ) .corn gluten feed.


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PROTEIN A N D ENERGY FROM DISTILLERS BYPRODUCTS 3255Table 11. Effect of distillers byproducts on D M I and ruminal characteristics in Metabolism Trial 2

Treatmenta40% WI G+ 40% 40% DDGS+

Item DRC 15% CDS DDGS wat er 15% CDS SEMDM int ake , kg/d 9.41b 6.74' 9.Mb 8.15d 9.4313 .62Starch, % of DM 4.49b 2.13' 3.86b 2.33' 3.30bC 5 6Passage rate, WhDRC 5.8 5. 0 6.3 6.8 4.5 1.2.7Liquid flow 6. 0 4.8 5.9 6.3 4.3 .8distillers byproducts.

DB __ 5.4b' 6.3b 3.8' -

aDRC = dry-rolled corn, WDG = wet distillers grains, CDS = condensed distillers solubles, DDGS = dry distillers grain + solubles, DB =b,c,dMeans within a row with unlike superscripts differ ( P < ,101.

DDGS + water; however, differences were not signifi-cant ( P > . l o ) .

No time x treatment interactions were observed ( P> . l o ) for ruminal pH or VFA; therefore, data werepooled across hours (Tab le 12) . Ruminal pH waslower ( P < . l o ) for CDS than for DRC and DDGS +water and was similar ( P > . l o ) for DRC, DDGS,WDG + CDS, and DDGS + water.

Total VFA were higher ( P < . l o ) for CDS than forDDGS + water, whereas all other treatments wereintermedia te and a similar pattern was noted for eachV FA measured. The DRC was similar ( P > . l o ) to alldistillers byproduct diets for propionate, isobutyrate,butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, total W A , and acetate:propionate ratio, a nd was different (P < . l o ) only fromDDGS + water for acetate. Propionate concentrationwas higher ( P < . l o ) for CDS than for WDG + CDS,DDGS, and DDGS + water.

DiscussionMany commercial feed laboratories use ADIN as an

estimate of N digestibility for protein sources. Similarprotein efficiencies in the growing trial support prior

research (Plegge et al., 1985; Britton et al., 1986;Rogers et al., 1986; Nakamura et al., 1994) tha tsuggested ADIN was a poor indicator of proteindamage in protein supplements. Distillers byproductsare a good source of bypass protein, and drying seemsto have little effect on the value of the protein forgrowing calves. The growing trial data indicatedistillers byproducts can be fed wet or dry, and equalprotein value will be obtained.

In the finishing trial, level of ADIN in the DDGSdid not affect daily gain, DMI, or feed efficiency;however, cattle fed the DDGS diets were 9.5%(a ve ra ge ) more efficient ( P < .05) than cattle fed theDRC diets but nearly 8% less ( P < .05 ) efficient th ancattle fed the WDB diet. Ward and Matsushima(1 98 1) evaluated dried distillers grains as an energysource for finishing cattle by replacing 0, 15, or 30% ofthe DRC with dried distillers grains and foundperformance t o be simi lar for all diets. Their distillersgrains were from corn, sorghum, and a mixture ofgrains and contained less fat and more CP than theDDGS used in our trials. In addition, the fiber insorghum may not be a s digestible as th e fiber in corn.Thus, the combination of less fat and less digestiblefiber may have reduced their NE , value of drieddistillers grains.

Table 12. Effect of distillers byproducts on VFA concentrations in Metabolism Trial 2Treatmenta

Item40% WDG+ 40% 40% DDGS+

DRC 15% CDS DDGS wat er 15% CDS SEMRuminal pHTotal VFA, mM

AcetatePropionateIsobutyrateButyrateIsovalerateValerate

Acetate:propionate

5.83b115.6bC5'i.lb

.714.31. 71.6

39.7b'

2.1bc

5.6gbc105.3bC54.0bC3O.Oc.8

15.02.21.93.3b

5.75b'103.0bC54SbC30.4'

.713.81.41.92.Ob'

5.94b95.9'47 .F31.0'

.613.11.6'2. 01.8

5.50'123.3'56.4'

.714.41.8'2.21.3

47.9b

3 57.52.85.2

.12.2

.5

.3

.2aDRC = dry-rolled corn, WDG = wet distillers grains, CDS = condensed distillers solubles, DDGS = dry distillers grains + solubles.b,cMeans within a row with unlike superscripts differ ( P < . l o ) .


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3256 HAM ET AL .Steers fed the 40% WDB diet were 18.8% more

efficient compared with steers fed the DRC diet.Similar to our results, Larson et al. (1 99 3) reported a14 and 20% increase in efficiency for finishing calvesand yearlings, respectively, when WDB replaced 40%of the DRC in finishing diets. Additionally, Farlin(1 98 1) reported 12 and 11% increases in feedefficiency when WDG replaced 50 or 75% of the corn infinishing diets, and Firkins et al. ( 19 85 ) reported an11% ncrease in efficiency when 50% WDG replacedDRC in finishing diets.

The WDB used in th e finishing trial contained 2.16Mcal of NE, (1.39 times more energy than co rn),whereas DDGS contained a n average 1.87 Mcal of NE,(1.20 times more energy than corn). Similar to theseresults, Larson et al. (1 99 3) reported WDB containedan average of 2.53 Mcal of NE+g (1.6 times moreenergy than corn) for yearlings and 1.96 Mcal of NE dkg (1.3 times more energy than corn) fo r calves.

Factors that may account for increased feed effi-ciency include increased energy in distillersbyproducts, a possible reduction in subacute acidosis,a change in microbial population, and the effect ofadded moisture. Both WDB (13.8% fa t) and DDGS(14.6% fat) contained over 2.8 times more fat (cornoil) tha n DRC (4.9%). However, the additional fatcontent could only account for 9 o r 10% more energyfor WDB and DDGS, respectively, than corn. Inaddition, WDB may contain ethanol (Larson et al.,199 3), which should not be present in DDGS due tovolatilization during the drying process. Kreul et al.(1994) reported that supplementing 4% of the dietwith ethanol did not affect finishing performance ofsteers. Based on these results and the results of thelamb tri al, ethanol does not seem t o affect efficiency offeed conversion of DRC finishing diets.

Increased feed efficiency when feeding distillersbyproducts may in part be due t o reduced subacuteacidosis (Farlin, 1981; Firkins et al., 1985; Larson etal., 19931, which would reduce gain and efficiency(Stock et al., 1990). High starch intake leads t oincreased production of ruminal organic acids thatmay result in subacute acidosis (Burrin and Britton,198 6). The corn byproducts used in our studiescontained less starch and more fat and NDF thancorn. However, in the metabolism studies, the high-fiber byproducts did not affect ruminal pH o r concen-tration of total VFA. Because steers were fed o rinfused every 2 h, intake patterns may have beenartificially altered and may be different from feedlotsituations. Except for the diet containing DCGF, allother byproducts had OM digestibility similar to DRC,which agrees with the data of Firkins et al. (1984).Ruminal fiber digestibility is usually low in finishingdiets (Axe et a l., 1987; Stock et al., 1987) . However,total-tract NDF digestion was approximately 70%(excluding DCGF), which indicates a significantamount of postruminal NDF digestion probably oc-

curred. Therefore, replacing starch (grain) with acombination of highly digestible fiber (DeHaan, 1983)th at is most likely digested postruminally and with fa tand protein should reduce the total amount of acidsproduced in the rumen, thereby reducing the potentialfo r subacute acidosis.

One notable exception, with the VFA d ata , was theincreased propionate concentration when 20% thi nstillage was infused o r when 15% CDS was fed,suggesting an alteration of microbial populations.Thin stillage and CDS reduced ruminal pH, whichmay have reduced protozoal populations. Reducedprotozoal populations have been associated with alower ruminal pH (Purser and Moir, 1959; Mendoza,1991) and lower acetate:propionate ratio (Whitelawet al., 1972).

Moisture content of the corn byproducts also mayaffect performance. Adding water to DDGS reduced ( P< . l o ) DMI and rate of passage from the rumen. Theadditional moisture added to DDGS o r when WDBwas fed may have resulted in a larger particle sizethat might slow the rate of passage (Firkins et al.,198 5) and increase NDF digestibility as was observedin Metabolism Trial 1. Lahr et al. (19831, Hanke etal. (19831 , and Ham et a]. (199 3) reported reducedintakes but similar feed efficiencies when water wasadded t o reduce DM content of diets of similarformulation. Thus, moisture content of WDB probablyplays a minor role in the improvement of efficiency ofgain of finishing cattle.

ImplicationsFeed efficiency of finishing diets may not bemaximized by feeding diets high in starc h. A combina-

tion of highly degradable corn fiber, fat and protein,such as with wet distillers grains and thin stillage,may be needed to maximize performance. Understand-ing the mechanisms of energy utilization with dis-tillers byproducts may allow fo r formulation of finish-ing diets using different byproducts that combinethese same factors so th at maximum efficiency of gaincan be provided at an economical price.

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Binnerts, W. T ., A. T. Vant Klooster, and A. M. rens. 1968. Solublechromium indicator measured by atomic absorption in diges-tion experiments. Vet. Rec. 81:470.


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Chase, L. E. 1987. Hea t damaged protein-Why worry about it? Proc.Distillers Feed Conf. 42237.

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