Hailstone nps
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Transcript of Hailstone nps
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Vegetation
Distribution on a Saline Landscape
Hailstone National Wildlife Refuge
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Nelson, 2009
BillingsBozeman
Hailstone NWR
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RegionalGroundwater Salinity
Concentrations
Hailstone NWR
Nelson, USFWS 2009
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Watershed Area = 12,634 hectares Reservoir Area = 226 hectaresVolume = 2,168,461 kiloliters
Courtesy Google Maps - Terrain
Hailstone Basin
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Elevation of Groundwater
USFWS 2009
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Nelson, USFWS 2009
1941 1954 1962
1979 1991 2003
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Hailstone Reservoir
at 54% Salt - 2003
TDS levels
exceeding 500,000
ppm
(Seawater ~ 34,000 ppm)
Nelson, USFWS 2009
Problem
Elevated waterfowl and wildlife mortality.
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Crop Fallow
Google Earth Image, 2011
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Saline Seep Development
McCauley & Jones, 2005
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Seelig 2000
Soil
Classification
EC
(dS/m)SAR pH
Saline > 4.0 < 12 < 8.5
Sodic < 4.0 > 12 > 8.5
Saline-Sodic > 4.0 > 12 < 8.5
Non-stress Condition
Stress Condition
Effects of Salinity
on Vegetation
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Problem
Elevated salinity & selenium causing severe
waterfowl and wildlife mortality.
Goals
Examine vegetation distribution, landscape
characteristics, hydrology and soil chemistry.
Compare these conditions with vegetation.
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Vegetation Characteristics
Objectives
1) Identify plants on selected sampling
points, measure canopy cover by
species, determine species richness and
calculate diversity. Classify plants using
known indices for anoxia/saturation
toleration (USFWS) and salt tolerance
(USDA).
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Objective: Vegetation
ABCD
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50 cm x 50 cm
(2500 cm2)
sampling frame
vegetation identified
percent cover estimated
for each species
Objective: Vegetation
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Salicornia rubra - glasswort, swamp fireweed
USDA Plants Database
Position Species WIScanopy
cover
A Salicornia rubra OBL 70%
Objective: Vegetation
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Suaeda calceoliformis - seepweed
USDA Plants Database
Position Species WIScanopy
cover
B Suaeda calceoliformis FACW 22%
Objective: Vegetation
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Distichlis spicata – saltgrass
USDA Plants Database
Position Species WIScanopy
cover
C Distichlis spicata FACW 16%
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Photo: Matt Lavin
Poa pratensis – Kentucky bluegrass
Position Species WIScanopy
cover
D Poa pratensis FACU 33%
Objective: Vegetation
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Objective: Vegetation
Position
A B C D
Invers
e S
impson's
(1/D
)
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Shannon W
iener
(H')
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Simpson's
Shannon-Wiener
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0
5
10
15
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
De
pth
(cm
)
EC dS/m
Mean EC (dS/m) vs. depth by position
A
B
C
D
Objective: Soils
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Objectives
5) Compare vegetation characteristics with
abiotic conditions and use data to help
refuge managers determine revegetation
strategies for soil stabilization
Synthesize Vegetation Characteristics
and
Abiotic Condition
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VEGETATIONLA
ND
SCA
PE
HYDROLOGY
SOILS
EC
N-P-K
%OM
Saturation Depth
% Canopy CoverSpecies Type
Point Elevation & Distance to Water Surface
Objective: Synthesis
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Summary of Observations
• Banded vegetation patterns are representative of unique
abiotic conditions at Hailstone.
• Soil salinity and saturation are closely linked based on
position from water (lake or swale) and depth.
• An environmental gradient exists where salinity and soil
saturation values are highest closer to the lake and
lowest in the upland positions.
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Recommendations
• Build a revegetation model based on observational data,
field scale seeding and planting trials, and soils and
hydrologic data from the newly exposed lake bed.
• Organize areas on the landscape into planting zones
based on elevation, hydrology and soil salinity. Choose
a variety of species and forms (seed, plugs and
transplants) most suited for the conditions within each
zone.
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Objective:
Synthesis
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2010 – Harvested Puccinellia On Site using the Arbuckle Native Seedster
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Seedster – Combs, Brushes, and Air to Harvest Seed –
No Plant Damage
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Harvested 125 Lbs. Puccinellia – Enough for 500 acres
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Seeded November 2010
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Secret Ingredient
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Hmmm….I wonder if
there’s any secret
ingredients in this truck…
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What the heck am I doing out
here?
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Inland saltgrass - Distichlis spicata established
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Suaeda calceoliformis var. erecta
Establishing behind snow fence
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~Questions~