Hadronic Physics I Geant4 Users’ Tutorial CERN 15-19 February 2010 Gunter Folger.
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Transcript of Hadronic Physics I Geant4 Users’ Tutorial CERN 15-19 February 2010 Gunter Folger.
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Hadronic Physics I
Geant4 Users’ TutorialCERN
15-19 February 2010Gunter Folger
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Outline
• Overview of hadronic physics– processes, cross sections, models– Elastic scattering– Inelastic scattering
• From high energy down to rest
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Challenge
• Hadronic interaction is interaction of hadron with nucleus– strong interaction
• QCD is theory for strong interaction, so far no solution at low energies
• Simulation of hadronic interactions relies on– Phenomenologial models, inspired by theory– Parameterized models, using data and physical meaningful
extrapolation– Fully data driven approach
• Applicability of models in general are limited– range of energy– Incident particles types– Some to a range of nuclei
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Geant4 Hadronics Philosophy
• Offer a choice of processes, models, and cross sections– No model matches the requirements of all application domains
• Developed a modular hadronics framework– Makes it easy to add new models, cross sections
• allows users to substitute specialized physics
– Separate total and reaction cross sections from final state generators (Model)• allows easy update, multiple implementations of cross sections
• different final state generators for different energies
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Hadronic Process/Model Inventorysketch, not all shown
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1 MeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV
LEP
HEP
de-excitationMultifragment
Fermi breakup
Fission
EvaporationPre-
compound
Bertini cascade
Binary cascadeQG String
FTF String
At rest Absorption
K, anti-p
CHIPS
Radioactive Decay
Photo-nuclear, lepto-nuclear (CHIPS)
High precision neutron
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Hadronic Processes, Models, and Cross Sections
• Hadronic process may be implemented– directly as part of the process, or– Separating final state generation(models)
and cross sections• For models and cross sections there often is
a choice of models or datasets– Physics detail vs. cpu performance
• Choice of models and cross section dataset possible via– Mangement of cross section store– Model or energy range manager
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particle
Energy range
manager
process manager
at restprocess 1
in-flightprocess 2
process3
model 1model 2
.
.model n
c.s. set 1c.s. set 2
.
.c.s. set n
Crosssection
data store
particleparticleparticle
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Cross Sections
• Default cross section sets are provided for each type of hadronic process for all hadrons– elastic, inelastic, fission, capture– can be overridden or completely replaced
• Common Interface to different types of cross section sets– some contain only a few numbers to parameterize cross
section– some represent large databases– some are purely theoretical
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Alternative Cross Sections
• Low energy neutrons– G4NDL available as Geant4 distribution data files– Available with or without thermal cross sections
• “High energy” neutron and proton reaction – 14 MeV < E < 20 GeV, Axen-Wellisch systematics – Barashenkov evaluation– Simplified Glauber-Gribov Ansatz ( E > ~GeV )
• Pion reaction cross sections– Barashenkov evaluation– Simplified Glauber-Gribov Ansatz (E > ~GeV )
• Ion-nucleus reaction cross sections– Good for E/A < 10 GeV
• In general, except for G4NDL, no cross section for specific final states provided– User can easily implement cross section and model
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Cross Section Management
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Set 1Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
GetCrossSection()sees last set loaded
for energy range
Energy
Loadsequence
Baseline Set
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Cross section validation
• Neutron Carbonfrom validation pages: http://cern.ch/geant4/results/validation_plots/cross_sections/hadronic/inelastic/index.shtml
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MODELING INTERACTIONS
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Hadronic Models – Data Driven
• Characterized by lots of data– cross section– angular distribution– multiplicity – etc.
• To get interaction length and final state, models interpolate data– cross section, coefficients of Legendre polynomials
• Examples– neutrons (E < 20 MeV)– coherent elastic scattering (pp, np, nn)– Radioactive decay
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Hadronic Models - Parameterized
• Depend mostly on fits to data and some theoretical distributions
• Examples:– Low Energy Parameterized (LEP) for < 50 GeV– High Energy Parameterized (HEP) for > 20 GeV– Each type refers to a collection of models– Both derived from GHEISHA model used in Geant3
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Hadronic Models – Theory Driven
• Based on phenomenological theory models– less limited by need for detailed experimental data– Experimental data used mostly for validation
• Final states determined by sampling theoretical distributions or parameterizations of experimental data
• Examples:– quark-gluon string (projectiles with E > 20 GeV)– intra-nuclear cascade (intermediate energies)– nuclear de-excitation and breakup– chiral invariant phase space
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Model Management
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Model 1 Model 2
Model 3 Model 4
Model 5
1 1+3 3 Error 2 Error Error Error 2
Model returned by GetHadronicInteraction()
Energy
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ELASTIC INTERACTIONS
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Hadron Elastic ScatteringProcesses
• G4HadronElasticProcess– Used in LHEP, uses G4LElastic model
• G4UHadronElasticProcess– Uses G4HadronElastic model, combined model
• p,n use G4QElastic• Pion with E > 1GeV use G4HElastic• G4LElastic otherwise• Options available to change settings, expert use
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Hadron Elastic ScatteringModels
• G4LElastic, origin in Gheisha models– Simple parameterization of cross sections and angular distribution– Applicable for all long lived hadrons at all energies
• G4QElastic– New parameterization of cross section in function of E, t, (A,Z); t is momentum transfer
(p – p’)2 (Mandelstam variable)– Applicable for proton and neutron at all energies
• G4DiffuseElastic– Scattering particle (wave) on nucleus viewed as black disk with diffuse edge– Applicable p, n, pi, K, lambda, …
• G4HElastic– Glauber model for elastic scattering– Applicable for all stable hadrons
• G4LEpp/G4LEnp – taken from detailed phase-shift analysis by SAID – for (p,p), (n,n)/(n,p), (p,n) :, good up to 1.2 GeV
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INELASTIC INTERACTIONS
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Hadronic Interactions from TeV - meV
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dE/dx ~ A1/3 GeV
TeV hadron
~ GeV - ~100 MeV
~100 MeV - ~10 MeV ~10 MeV to thermal
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Exercise
• Tasks 5a: Get an overview of physics– Using QGSP_BERT physics list
• Dump list of processes– Which particles are defined?
• Look at models in main processes for most common particles
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String Models – QGS and FTF
• For incident p, n,π,K– QGS model also for high energy when CHIPS model is connected
• QGS ~10 GeV < E < 50 TeV• FTF ~ 4 GeV < E < 50 TeV
• Models handle:– selection of collision partners– splitting of nucleons into quarks and diquarks– formation and excitation of strings
• String hadronization needs to be provided• Damaged nucleus remains. Another Geant4 model must be added for nuclear
fragmentation and de-excitation– pre-compound model,– CHIPS for nuclear fragmentation– Binary Cascade and precompound for re-scattering and deexcitation
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String Model Algorithm
• Build up 3-dimensional model of nucleus• Large -factor collapses nucleus to 2 dimensions• Calculate impact parameter with all nucleons• Calculate hadron-nucleon collision probabilities
– use Gaussian density distributions for hadrons and nucleons
• Form strings• String formation and fragmentation into hadrons
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Quark Gluon String Model
• Two or more strings may be stretched between partons within hadrons– strings from cut cylindrical Pomerons
• Parton interaction leads to color coupling of valence quarks– sea quarks included too
• Partons connected by quark gluon strings, which hadronize
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Fritiof Model
• String formation via scattering of projectile on nucleons– momentum is exchanged, increases mass of projectile
and/or nucleon– Sucessive interactions further increase projectile mass– Excited off shell particle viewed as string– Lund string fragmentation functions used
• FTF model has been significantly improved in the last year
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Longitudinal String Fragmentation
• String extends between constituents• Break string by inserting q-qbar pair according
to– u : d : s : qq = 1 : 1 : 0.27 : 0.1
• At break -> new string + hadron • Created hadron gets longitudinal momentum
from sampling fragmentation functions• Gaussian Pt , <Pt> = 0.5 GeV
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Validation of String Models• QGS: Pi+ production in scattering of
protons (400 GeV/c) off Tantalum:invariant cross section d2σ/dΩ/dT
• FTF: pi+/- production in scattering of protons (158GeV/c) off Carbon invariant cross section d2σ/dpT/dxF
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How to Use String Model (QGS)• theModel = new G4TheoFSGenerator("QGSP");
theStringModel = new G4QGSModel< G4QGSParticipants >;theStringDecay = new G4ExcitedStringDecay(new G4QGSMFragmentation);theStringModel->SetFragmentationModel(theStringDecay);
theCascade = new G4GeneratorPrecompoundInterface;thePreEquilib = new G4PreCompoundModel(new G4ExcitationHandler);theCascade->SetDeExcitation(thePreEquilib);
theModel->SetHighEnergyGenerator(theStringModel);theModel->SetTransport(theCascade); theModel->SetMinEnergy(12.*GeV);theModel->SetMaxEnergy(100*TeV);
G4ProtonInelasticProcess* piproc = new G4PionPlusInelasticProcess(); piproc -> RegisterMe(theModel);
... Add lower energy model....proton_manager -> AddDiscreteProcess(pproc);
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Cascade models ( 100 MeV – GeVs )
• Bertini Cascade• Binary Cascade• INCL/ABLA
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Bertini Cascade Models
• The Bertini model is a classical cascade:– it is a solution to the Boltzman equation on average– no scattering matrix calculated– can be traced back to some of the earliest codes (1960s)
• Core code:– elementary particle collider: uses free-space cross sections to generate
secondaries– cascade in nuclear medium– pre-equilibrium and equilibrium decay of residual nucleus– 3-D model of nucleus consisting of shells of different nuclear density
• In Geant4 the Bertini model is currently used for p, n,
L , K0
S , +
– valid for incident energies of 0 – 10 GeV
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Bertini Cascade details
• Modeling sequence:– incident particle penetrates nucleus, is propagated in a density-
dependent nuclear potential– all hadron-nucleon interactions based on free-space cross sections,
angular distributions, but no interaction if Pauli exclusion not obeyed
– each secondary from initial interaction is propagated in nuclear potential until it interacts or leaves nucleus
– during the cascade, particle-hole exciton states are collected– pre-equilibrium decay occurs using exciton states– next, nuclear breakup, evaporation, or fission models
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Validation of Bertini Casacde
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How to use Bertini Casacde
• G4CascadeInterface* bertini = new G4CascadeInterface(); G4ProtonInelasticProcess* pproc = new G4ProtonInelasticProcess(); pproc -> RegisterMe(bertini); proton_manager -> AddDiscreteProcess(pproc);
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Binary Cascade
• Modeling sequence, specific to Binary Cascade– Nucleus consists of nucleons
• Placed in space following density distribution• Carrying Fermi momentum
– hadron-nucleon collisions • handled by forming resonances which then decay according to
their quantum numbers– Delta (10) and Nucleon (15) resonances
• Elastic scattering on nucleons – particles follow curved trajectories in nuclear potential– Pauli blocking– G4PreCompound model is used for nuclear de-excitation
after cascading phase
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Binary Cascade
• In Geant4 the Binary cascade model is currently used for incident p, n and – valid for incident p, n from 0 to 10 GeV
• Good up to ~ 3GeV– valid for incident +, - from 0 to 1.3 GeV– Limitation is due to resonances
• A variant of the model, G4BinaryLightIonReaction, is valid for incident light ions – or higher if target is made of light nuclei
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Validation of Binary Cascade
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How to use Binary Cascade
• G4BinaryCascade* binary = new G4BinaryCascade();G4PionPlusInelasticProcess* pproc = new G4PionPlusInelasticProcess(); pproc -> RegisterMe(binary);piplus_manager -> AddDiscreteProcess(pproc);
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Liege Cascade model
• Well established code in nuclear physics– Well tested for spallation studies– Uses ABLA code for nuclear de-excitation
• Valid for p, n, pions up to 2-3 GeV– Not applicable to light nuclei ( A< 12-16)
• Authors collaborate with Geant4 to re-write code in C++– First version released with 9.2 in 12/2008– ABLA is included as well
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Derived from slides by A.BoudardGeant4 Users' Tutorial, CERN, 15-19 February 2010
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Plo
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Precompound Model
• G4PreCompoundModel – for nucleon-nucleus interactions at low energy – as a nuclear de-excitation model within higher-energy codes– valid for incident p, n from 0 to 170 MeV– takes a nucleus from a highly-excited set of particle-hole states
down to equilibrium energy by emitting p, n, d, t, 3He, alpha– once equilibrium state is reached, four other models are invoked via
G4ExcitationHandler to take care of nuclear evaporation and breakup• these models not currently callable by users
• The parameterized and cascade models all have nuclear de-excitation models embedded
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Equilibrium models
• Fermi breakup– Light nuclei, (A,Z) < (9,17)
• Multifragmentation– Highly excited nuclei
• Evaporation– Emission of p,n, d, t, alpha; – or using GEM up to Mg
• Gamma emission– Both discrete and continous
• G4Precompound and the equilibrium models were significantly improved in 9.3
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Isotope production at 1000 MeV in inverse kinematicsNOWBEFORE 9.2p01 9.3
Includes GEM(corrected)
Validation Precompound & de-excitation models
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Using the PreCompoundModel
• G4Processmanager * procMan = G4Neutron::Neutron()->GetProcessManager;// equilibrium decayG4ExcitationHandler* theHandler = new G4ExcitationHandler;// preequilibrium G4PrecompoundModel* preModel = new G4PrecompoundModel(theHandler);
G4NeutronInelasticProcess* nProc = new G4NeutronInelasticProcess;
// Register model to process, process to particlenProc->RegisterMe(preModel);procMan->AddDiscreteProcess(nProc);
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Low energy neutron transportNeutronHP
• Data driven models for low energy neutrons, E< 20 MeV, down to thermal – Elastic, capture, inelastic, fission
• Inelastic includes several explicit channels
– Based on data library derived from several evaluated neutron data libraries
• More details in lecture tomorrow
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At Rest
• Most Hadrons are unstable– Only proton and anti-proton are stable!– I.e hadrons, except protons have Decay process
• Negative particles and neutrons can be captured (neutron, μ-), absorbed (π -, K-) by, or annihilate (anti-proton, anti-neutron) in nucleus– In general this modeled as a two step reaction
• Particle interacts with nucleons or decays within nucleus• Exited nucleus will evaporate nucleons and photons to
reach ground state
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Capture Processes
• At Rest Capture Processes– G4MuonMinusCaptureAtRest– G4PionMinusAbsorptionAtRest– G4KaonMinusAbsorption– G4AntiProtonAnnihilationAtRest– G4AntiNeutronAnnihilationAtRest
• Alternative model implemented in CHIPS– G4QCaptureAtRest
• Applies to all negative particles, and anti-nucleon• Neutron with E < ~30 MeV can also be captured
– G4HadronCaptureProcess uses following models:– G4LCapture (mainly for neutrons), simple + fast– G4NeutronHPCapture (specifically for neutrons), detailed cross
sections, slow
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Using Capture processes
• // Muon minusaProcMan = G4MuonMinus::MuonMinus()->GetProcessManager();G4MuonMinusCaptureAtRest * theMuonMinusAbsorption = new G4MuonMinusCaptureAtRest(); aProcMan->AddRestProcess(theMuonMinusAbsorption);
// PionMinusaProcMan = G4PionMinus::PionMinus()->GetProcessManager();G4PionMinusAbsorptionAtRest * thePionMinusAbsorption = new G4PionMinusAbsorptionAtRest();aProcMan->AddRestProcess(thePionMinusAbsorption);
• … etc…, OR using CHIPS process• // Using Chips Capture Process
aProcMan = G4PionMinus::PionMinus()->GetProcessManager(); G4QCaptureAtRest * hProcess = new G4QCaptureAtRest();aProcMan ->AddRestProcess(hProcess);
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LEP (0-40 GeV), HEP (25GeV – TeVs)
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CM Frame
nuclear de-excitation
cluster formation and fragmentation
hadron fragmentation
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LEP, HEP models
• Parameterized models, based on Gheisha• Modeling sequence:
– initial interaction of hadron with nucleon in nucleus– highly excited hadron is fragmented into more hadrons– particles from initial interaction divided into forward and backward
clusters in CM – another cluster of backward going nucleons added to account for intra-
nuclear cascade– clusters are decayed into pions and nucleons– remnant nucleus is de-excited by emission of p, n, d, t, alpha
• The LEP and HEP models valid for p, n, , t, d• LEP valid for incident energies of 0 – ~30 GeV• HEP valid for incident energies of ~10 GeV – 15 TeV
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LEP and LEP models
• Providing processes for all particles– Elastic scattering– Inelastic processes
• “production”• Capture• Fission
• Originally created to simulate hadronic showers– Shape in general well described– e/pi, response, resolution less well– Often worst in describing thin target data
• Very fast, but simply physics modeling• Energy/momentum often not conserved
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Using the LEP and HEP models
• G4ProtonInelasticProcess* pproc = new G4ProtonInelasticProcess();• G4LEProtonInelastic* LEproton = new G4LEProtonInelastic();• G4HEProtonInelastic* HEproton = new G4HEProtonInelastic();• HEproton -> SetMinEnergy(25*GeV);• LEproton -> SetMaxEnergy(55*GeV);• pproc -> RegisterMe(LEproton);• pproc -> RegisterMe(HEproton);• proton_manager -> AddDiscreteProcess(pproc);
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Not yet covered
• CHIPS• Ion induced interactions
– Binary light ion cascade– QMD model– Wilson Abrasion/Ablation models available– EM Dissociation model
• Electro-nuclear interactions• Radioactive decay• Isotope production model
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Summary hadronics
• Geant4 hadronic physics framework allows for physics process implemented as:– Process– cross sections plus model, or combination of models
• Many processes, models and cross sections to choose from– hadronic framework also allows users to add his own cross section or
model• Recent improvements and additions in
– FTF model – Precompound and de-excitation models– Liege cascade implementation, including ABLA– Elastic scattering– Cross sections
• Validation of models and cross sections– http://geant4.fnal.gov/hadronic_validation/validation_plots.htm
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Backup slides
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