TEN COMMANDMENTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)

1. Thou shall learn about this poisonous gas called H2S, sour gas, stink damp, etc. (It is very poisonous!) that thy days in this land may be long enough for thee to collect thy Social Security.

2. Thou shall know that H2S temporarily destroys the sense of smell after the first whiff or three, so that thee may no longer smell the gas and may falsely think that the gas has blown away, when in fact it may not have done anything of the sort. Thou shall know in thy heart that H2S is a product of putrefaction (how do thee think it got that odor of rotten eggs?

3. Thou shall realize that the maximum H2S thou should breathe in an eight-hour period is 10 ppm (10 parts of H2S to 1,000,000 parts of air equals 10 ppm; this is an 0.001% concentration of the gas)

4. Thou shall always remember that lower concentrations of H2S produces irritation to the eyes, throat and respiratory tract, and may produce coughing, eye burning, and/or sleepiness.

5. Thou shall never forget that concentrations of H2S over about 500 ppm (0.05%) may well knock thee out and cause thee to fall with a thud from thy perch, perhaps busting thy butt or breaking thy neck, or drowning thee in water or oil.

6. Thou shall come to know in thy heart that H2S concentrations over 600 ppm (0.06%) likely will gather thee to thy ancestors…PDQ!

7. Thou shall covet for thy own use the best approved air mask and personal monitor for H2S when thy work requires that thee enter an area where the concentrations IS or MAY BE above safe levels.

8. Thy mind shall come to know that H2S is colorless so that the eye cannot perceive it, and that it is heavier than air so that it settles in low places.

9. Remove thy neighbor (or co-worker) to fresh air at once if he should fall victim to H2S. Remember to exercise due caution in the rescue lest thee, too, fall to the smelly gas. Render rescue breathing unto thy fallen neighbor if he be unconscious and not breathing, that the breath of life may be sustained in him. Get the fallen one to a physician with great haste.

10. Demand not that thy God protect thee from thy foolishness when thou tread where angels fear to go, for thy God gave thee a brain and expects thee to use it!

KNOW THOU ABOUT HYDROGEN SULFIDE GAS

6. Thou shall come to know in thy heart that H2S concentrations over 600 ppm (0.06%) likely will gather thee to thy ancestors…PDQ!

7. Thou shall covet for thy own use the best approved air mask and personal monitor for H2S when thy work requires that thee enter an area where the concentrations IS or MAY BE above safe levels.

8. Thy mind shall come to know that H2S is colorless so that the eye cannot perceive it, and that it is heavier than air so that it settles in low places.

OCCURRING NATURALLYOCCURRING NATURALLY• Oilfields - Drilling & ProductionOilfields - Drilling & Production

• MinesMines

• VolcanoesVolcanoes

• Geothermal ExplorationGeothermal Exploration

• By-Product of Chemical Process

• Catalyst for Chemical Reaction

• Pulp Paper Industry

• Asphalt Roofing Industry

• Gold Ore Workers

• Felt Makers

• Miners

• Fishing Industry

• Breweries

• Tanneries

• Slaughterhouses

• Manure Processing

• Municipal Sewers

KEY DEFINITIONSKEY DEFINITIONS

Oxygen Deficient - Atmosphere in which there is not enough oxygen to sustain life. Normal atmosphere contains 20.8% oxygen. An oxygen deficient atmosphere contains less than 19.5% oxygen.

Oxygen Enriched - Atmosphere containing more than 23.5% oxygen.

Flammable Vapors - Any material in a gas form that will explode when mixed with enough oxygen and exposed to a source of ignition.

Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) - Largest concentration of gas or vapor in air which can catch fire or explode when exposed to a source of ignition.

Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) - The smallest concentration of gas or vapor in air which can catch fire or explode when exposed to a source of ignition.

LEL / UEL - The flammable range will vary from gas to gas; therefore it is important to know which gas you are testing for.

Flash Point - The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air and produce a flame when a source of ignition is present.

Vapor Pressure - The pressure exerted by a volatile liquid at a specified temperature.

Vapor Density - The weight of a vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of air. Materials lighter than air have vapor densities less than 1.0 (acetylene, methane, hydrogen). Materials heavier than air (propane, hydrogen sulfide, ethane, chlorine) have vapor densities greater than 1.0. Lighter vapors and gases will tend to rise while heavier vapors are likely to concentrate in low places.

Inert Gas - Gas or mixture of gases which contains only trace amounts of oxygen. Nitrogen is considered to be an inert gas.

Threshold Limit Value (TLV) - A term used by the ACGIH to express the airborne concentration of a material to which nearly all persons can be exposed day after day, without adverse affects. The TLV may be expressed as a TWA (Time Weighted Average). This allows for the concentration to go up and down over the course of the work day as long as the average exposure does not exceed the TLV or PEL for the material.

Threshold Limit Value / Ceiling (TLV/C) - The maximum concentration that should not be exceeded, even instantaneously, without proper protective equipment.

Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) - Refers to exposures to a higher concentration than the TLV or PEL with limits placed on the time you can be exposed. STEL exposures are limited to 15 minutes followed by one (1) hour in fresh air. This cycle can be repeated four (4) times during a normal eight (8) hour work day.

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) - The legally enforceable level as established by OSHA and is normally expressed in parts per million (PPM). The PEL is defined as the concentration that a worker may be exposed to for eight (8) hours a day, five (5) days a week for 30 years with no ill effects.

TRACE CONCENTRATION UNITS

UNIT 1 PART PER MILLION

Length 1 Inch / 16 Miles

Time 1 Minute / 2 Years

Money 1 Cent / $10,000

Weight 1 Ounce / 31 Tons Potato Chips

Volume 1 Drop Vermouth / 80 “Fifths” Gin

Area 1 ft2 / 23 Acres

Action 1 Bogey / 3,500 Golf Tournaments

Quality 1 Bad Apple / 2,000 Barrels

TOXICITY OF VARIOUS GASES

Common Name Chemical Vapor TLV LC

Formula Density

Carbon Dioxide CO2 1.52 5000 PPM 10%

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 2.21 2 PPM 0.01%

Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 1.189 10 PPM 600PPM

Methane CH4 0.55 9%

Hydrogen Cyanide HCN 0.94 10 PPM 300PPM

Carbon Monoxide CO 0.97 50 PPM 0.01%

TOXICITY OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE

H2S Per Cent(PPM)

0 - 2Minutes

0 - 15Minutes

15 - 30Minutes

30 Minutesto 1 Hour

1 - 4Hours

4 - 8Hours

8 - 48Hours

0.005 ( 50ppm)0.010 (100ppm)

MildConjunctivitis;Respiratory TractIrritation

0.010 (100ppm)0.015 (150ppm)

Coughing;Irritation of Eyes;Loss of Sense ofSmell

DisturbedRespiration;Pain in Eyes;Sleepiness

Throat Salivation &MucousDischarge; SharpPain in Eyes;Coughing

IncreasedSymptoms*

Hemorrhage &Death *

0.015 (150ppm)0.020 (200ppm)

Loss of Sense ofSmell

Throat & EyeIrritation

Throat & EyeIrritation

DifficultBreathing; BlurredVision;Light & Shy

Serious IrritatingEffects

Hemorrhage &Death *

0-025 (250ppm)0.035 (350ppm)

Irritation of Eyes;Loss of Sense ofSmell

Irritation of Eyes Painful Secretionof Tears;Weariness

Light & Shy;Nasal Catarrh;Pain in Eyes;Difficult Breathing

Hemorrhage &Death

0-035 (350ppm) Irritation of Eyes;Loss of Sense ofSmell

DifficultRespirationCoughing;Irritation of Eyes

Increased Irritationof Eyes & NasalTract; Dull PainHead; Weariness;Light & Shy

DizzinessWeakness;IncreasedIrritation;Death

Death *

0.050 (500ppm) Coughing Collapse&Unconsciousness

RespiratoryDisturbances;Irritation of Eyes;Collapse

Serious EyeIrritation;Palpitation ofHeart; Few Casesof Death*

Severe Pain inEyes and HeadDizziness;Trembling ofExtremities;Great Weakness& Death *

0.060 (600ppm)0.070 (700ppm)0.080 (800ppm)0.100(1000ppm)1.150(1500ppm)

Collapse *UnconsciousnessDeath *

Collapse *UnconsciousnessDeath *

* Data secured from experiments of dogs which have susceptibility similar to men/women. **PPM parts per million

HAZARDS & CHARACTERISTICS

The principle hazard is death by inhalation. When the amount of gas absorbed into the blood stream exceeds that which is readily oxidized, systemic poisoning results, with a general action on the nervous system. Labored respiration occurs shortly and respiratory paralysis will follow immediately at higher concentrations.

Death will occur from asphyxiation unless the exposed person is immediately removed to fresh air and breathing stimulated by rescue breathing. Other levels of exposure may cause the following symptoms individually or in combination: Headache…Dizziness…Excitement…Nausea…Coughing…Drowsiness…Dryness and pain in nose, throat and chest

Detection of H2S solely by smell is highly dangerous as the sense of smell is quickly paralyzed by the gas.

1. Extremely toxic, ranking second to Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) and five (5) to six (6) times more toxic than Carbon Monoxide (CO)

2. Colorless gas in its pure state

3. Offensive odor, often described as that of rotten eggs

4. Heavier than air - Vapor Density 1.189 (Air = 1.0) Vapors may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flashback.

5. Forms an explosive mixture with air in concentrations between 4.3% (LEL/LFL) and 46% (UEL/UFL) by volume

6. Auto-ignition temperature of 500o F; Cigarette burns at 1,400o F

7. Burns with a blue flame and produces Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), which is less toxic than H2S, but highly irritating to eyes and lungs and can cause serious injury. Chemical pneumonia (pulmonary edema) can develop in only a few hours.

8. Soluble in both water and liquid hydrocarbons. H2S dissolves in water forming a weak hydrosulfurous acid.

9. Produces irritation to eyes, throat, and respiratory system

10. Threshold Limit Value / Time Weighted Average (TLV/TWA - ACGIH) maximum of eight (8) hour exposure without respiratory protection - 10 PPM

11. Permissible Exposure Limit / Time Weighted Average (PEL/TWA - OSHA) maximum of eight (8) hour exposure without respiratory protection - 20 PPM (Note: OSHA is enforcing 10 PPM under the 5(a)1 General Duty Clause)

12. Short Term Exposure Level (STEL) - 15 PPM for 15 minutes; maximum four (4) times in an eight (8) hour day; excursions at least one (1) hour apart

13. Heat generated by burning H2S: 680 BTU/ft3/hr

14. H2S attacks most metals, especially in the presence of water, forming sulfides which are generally insoluble precipitates. Acidizing, or lowering the pH of this liquid below about 8.1 (7.0 is neutral), tends to permit the gas to evolve from the liquid.

15. Corrosive to plastics, elastomers, animal tissues and nerves.

16. Causes hydrogen embrittlement or sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in the harder metals. Maximum hardness for metals exposed to H2S in 21-22 Rockwell(C) or 235 Brinnell.

17. In certain applications, can form a pyrophorric substance called Iron Sulfide, or Iron Sponge. This substance will auto-ignite when exposed to air.

• Confined Space Entry

• Buddy System

• Lockout / Tagout

• Safe Work Permits (Hot Work, Barricading, etc.)

• Tank Gauging

• Emergency Standby & Rescue

•IDLH 300 PPM or 100 PPM ?

OUTLINE FOR DEVELOPING A OUTLINE FOR DEVELOPING A CONTINGENCY PLANCONTINGENCY PLAN

A contingency plan is a written document that shall provide an organized plan of action for alerting and protecting the public within an area of exposure following the accidental release of a potentially hazardous volume of H2S. This document must be site-specific for the location and shall be available to all personnel responsible for the implementation of the plan, regardless of their location assignment.

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF H2S AND SO2

This section should contain the physical and chemical properties of these two gases.

3. EMERGENCY CALL LIST

This section of the plan contains all the anticipated telephone numbers and other means of communications needed to activate and support the contingency effort.

4. INVENTORY OF PUBLIC IN AREA OF EXPOSURE

This is a list with means of communicating or contacting all of the public expected to be within the area of exposure.

5. MAP OR PLOT OF AREA OF EXPOSURE

This is a detailed map of the areas showing:

(a) Location of Operation or System

(b) Radii of Exposure (ROE); 500 PPM and 100 PPM

(c) Topography and Vegetation

(d) Access and Escape Routes

(e) Public in Exposure Area

6. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT LIST

In this section is a listing of the equipment possessed by each company and their personnel, and the location and existence of auxiliary equipment.

7. DETAIL OF THE SYSTEM

In this section there should be a diagram of the system including sufficient detail to support the emergency

effort.

8. DESCRIPTION OF THE EMERGENCY SYSTEM

This section should include a detailed description of all emergency shut-downs, their locations and a means of activation.

9. TRAINING SUMMARY

This section should indicate the degree to which the operating personnel have been trained, an outline

of the training documentation, copies of training and drill records.

10. PROGRAM FOR MAINTAINING THE CURRENT APPLICABILITY OF THE PLAN

Includes the means and lines of responsibility for maintenance of the plan in operating condition.

11. LEAK PREVENTION AND SURVEILANCE

Includes the procedure for testing emergency equipment and other considerations such as corrosion controls and periodic testing and inspections.

12. REMEDIAL ACTION

This section should address the following concerns:

(a) Alert and account for facility personnel

(b) Control present or potential discharge and eliminate possible ignition sources

(c) Alert public and initiate evacuation operations as needed

(d) Contact appropriate personnel

(e) Make recommendations to public officials regarding blocking unauthorized access

(f) Make recommendations to public officials regarding evacuating the public

(g) Notify as required, state and local regulatory officials and the National Response Center

(h) Monitor ambient air to determine when it’s safe for re-entry

NoseNose

Lead Acetate StripsLead Acetate Strips

Colormetric Tubes (Silica Gel)Colormetric Tubes (Silica Gel)

Electronic Monitors - Fixed & PortableElectronic Monitors - Fixed & Portable

Wet Chemistry - Tutweiler MethodWet Chemistry - Tutweiler Method

Gas Chromatograph - GCMSGas Chromatograph - GCMS

What You Don’t Know What You Don’t Know CANCAN Kill You ! Kill You !

ROUTES OF ENTRY AND TARGET ORGANSROUTES OF ENTRY AND TARGET ORGANS

INJECTION: > Bloodstream

INGESTION: > Stomach, Gastrointestinal Tract, Bloodstream, Liver

ABSORPTION: > Bloodstream

INHALATION: > Respiratory System, Bloodstream

Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic and irritant gas whose major effects are exerted on the nervous system, the eyes and the respiratory tract. Other target organs/body structures affected include the brain and olfactory nerves.

Olfactory Nerves:Olfactory Nerves: Loss of sense of smell occurs within 3-5 minutes at 100 ppm

Brain: Brain: Headaches, nausea, dizziness, confusion, brain damage

Eyes: Eyes: Irritation, tearing, inflammation, conjunctivitis, temporary loss of vision

Respiratory Tract: Respiratory Tract: Throat irritation, coughing, olfactory fatigue, pulmonary edema, respiratory arrest

Nervous System: Nervous System: H2S in the bloodstream reduces the oxygen-carrying capability of the blood which depresses the nervous system. Immediate collapse from nervous system paralysis and respiratory arrest is usually followed within 5-10 minutes by cardiac failure.

ACUTEACUTE vs. vs.CHRONICCHRONIC EXPOSURES EXPOSURES

Acute: (Short Term) Generally defined as exposure to high concentration for short duration; less than 24 hours

Chronic: (Long Term) Generally defined as exposure to low concentration for duration longer than 3 months

Olfactory Paralysis Excitement

Eye Irritation Coughing

Headaches Sneezing

Nausea Respiratory Irritation

Diarrhea Pulmonary Edema

Dizziness Respiratory Arrest

Confusion Brain Damage

Staggering Gait Photophobia

Cardiac Arrest

Eye Irritation

Corneal Blistering, Pitting, Opacity

Headaches

Nausea

Irritation of Respiratory Tract

Pulmonary Edema

Anorexia

Sleep Disturbances

VARIABLES AFFECTING THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY VARIABLES AFFECTING THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF HOF H22S EXPOSURES EXPOSURE

PRIMARY VARIABLES

Exposure Concentration

Exposure Frequency

Duration of Exposure

Individual Variables: > Body Mass

> Overall Physical Condition

> Age

> Smoker/Nonsmoker

> Personal Biochemistry

MEDICAL EVALUATIONSMEDICAL EVALUATIONS

Required to determine whether or not respiratory Required to determine whether or not respiratory protection can be utilized effectivelyprotection can be utilized effectively

• Air Purifying Respirator (APR)

• Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)

Self-Contained Breathing ApparatusSelf-Contained Breathing Apparatus

Airline RespiratorAirline Respirator

Escape PackEscape Pack

ADVANTAGES OF SCBA’SADVANTAGES OF SCBA’S

• Excellent Protection In Positive Pressure Mode

• Provides Good Mobility

• Easily Carried from Job-to-Job

DISADVANTAGES OF DISADVANTAGES OF SCBA’SSCBA’S

• Limited Air Supply

• Weight of Air Supply

• No Back-Up Air Supply in the Event of Unit Failure

ADVANTAGES OF AIRLINE ADVANTAGES OF AIRLINE RESPIRATORSRESPIRATORS

• Extended Working Time Due to Greater Air Supply

• Egress Bottle for Escape Purposes…Minimum 5 Minutes

• Work Unit is Light in Weight

• Ability to Adjust Air Pressure to Facepiece

DISADVANTAGES OF AIRLINE DISADVANTAGES OF AIRLINE RESPIRATORSRESPIRATORS

• Range of Mobility is Limited to Maximum 300 Feet

• Airline Hose Can Cause Tripping Hazard

• Maximum of 6 Workers on 1 Cascade System; More Has Greater Potential to Over-breathe the system

ADVANTAGES OF ESCAPE-ADVANTAGES OF ESCAPE-ONLY UNITSONLY UNITS

• Relatively Inexpensive

• Quick and Easy to Don

DISADVANTAGES OF ESCAPE-DISADVANTAGES OF ESCAPE-ONLY UNITSONLY UNITS

• Very Limited Supply of Air

• Air Supply Not Sufficient to Perform A Rescue Attempt

• Psychological Factors - “Plastic Bag Over Head”

• Air…Not Oxygen (19-23% O2)

• Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Requires Grade D

• No Odor Permitted

• One 30-Minute Cylinder Contains 45 ft3

• At Maximum Work: 4.6 ft3 Minute

• “30-Minute Pack” Lasts Less Than 10 Minutes!!!

“How to Get Rid of Your Stuff…

Without Upsetting the Neighbors”

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

Big Picture - Big Picture - We have the “stuff”..Now how are we going to get rid of it?

What We Will LearnWhat We Will Learn

a) Nothing

b) Less than nothing

c) I’ll be sleeping and you’ll be learning nothing

d) Horizontal and Vertical Transport, Wind Conditions and Plume Behavior

“Our Stuff” or Effluent Must Be Dispersed into the Atmosphere

Two Factors…

- Horizontal Transport- Horizontal Transport

- Vertical Transport- Vertical Transport

Horizontal TransportHorizontal Transport

• Depends on Wind Conditions

• Concentration of Contaminants

• Topography - affected by sea and land breezes

Example - El Paso is a natural “pocket” surrounded by hills and Houston an unnatural “pocket” surrounded by spills

Vertical TransportVertical Transport

Depends on the Rate of Change of the Depends on the Rate of Change of the Ambient Temperature with AltitudeAmbient Temperature with Altitude

- Isothermal - Temperature does not change with elevation (Vertical Mixing)

- Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate - Decrease in Air Temperature of 5.4o F / 1000 ft.

- Negative Lapse Rate - Increase in Air Temperature with Altitude ( Vertical Mixing)

- Positive (Super Adiabatic) Lapse Rate - Decrease in Air Temperature with Altitude ( Vertical Mixing)

InversionsInversions

• Radiation (at night) - Earth’s surface cools faster than the air

• Subsidence - Occurs below 5,000 feet from cool air sinking in a high pressure region

• Wind

• Topographic Condition and Vegetation

• Temperature of Gas vs Ambient Temperature

• Humidity - Moisture Content of Gas

• Gas Composition of Gas - Buoyancy of Gas

• Leak Mechanics & Escape Rate

• Plume Rise

TOP TEN LIST OF HOW YOU CAN TOP TEN LIST OF HOW YOU CAN TELL IF YOUR OSHA INSPECTION IS TELL IF YOUR OSHA INSPECTION IS

GOING BAD...GOING BAD...

No. 10 OSHA sets up temporary housing in your parking lot

No. 9 The Compliance Officer mutters, “This is unbelievable!” each time he enters a different department

No. 8 OSHA calls in a professional film crew to document conditions in the plant. A reporter from 60 Minutes tags along.

No. 7 The Compliance Officer insists on wearing a “moon suit” with a supplied-air respirator and bullet-proof vest. Your employees work in jeans, t-shirts and tennis shoes.

No. 6 The member of Congress you call for help won’t return your phone calls but does return your campaign contribution.

No. 5 The Compliance Officer begins the opening conference with “You have the right to remain silent...”.

No. 4 The Compliance Officer asks you a very specific question about a report in your files…but you haven’t yet turned over any files.

No. 3 The Compliance Officer knows each of your employees by their first name

No. 2 The Compliance Officer is a former employee that you fired

No. 1 Undersecretary of Labor John Henshaw conducts the closing conference!!!

How do you know what you’re supposed to be doing…and How do you know what you’re supposed to be doing…and how do you know when you’ve got it done?how do you know when you’ve got it done?

1. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) - 30CFR - Department of the Interior and Minerals Management Service (MMS). Primarily regulates offshore work

2. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - Department of the Interior and MMS; Controls some 30% of all lands under lease

3. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

4. National Environmental Protection Act

5. Superfund Amendments Reauthorization Act (SARA Title III)

6. National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

7. Comprehensive Environmental Recovery Compensation Liability Act (CERCLA)

8. Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA)

9. Clean Air Act

10. Federal Land Leasing Act

11. Endangered Species Act

12. American Petroleum Institute (API) RP-55 & RP-49

13. Texas Railroad Commission (RRC) State Rule 36

14. New Mexico Rule 118

15. Oklahoma Rule 3-203.2

16. Mississippi Rule 66

17. Wyoming Rules & Regulations for Oil & Gas Well Drilling

18. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) - 29CFR - Department of Labor. Regulates the workforce and not the public

1904.2 - Log and Summary of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

1910.20 - Employee Access to Medical Records and Industrial Hygiene Records

1910.38 - Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans

1910.119 - Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals

1910.120 - Hazardous Waste Operations Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)

1910.120(a) - HAZWOPER with Cheese (10 cents extra)

1910.132 - Personal Protective Equipment

1910.134 - Respiratory Protection

1910.146 - Permit-Required Confined Spaces

1910.147 - Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout / Tagout)

1910.252 - Welding, Cutting & Brazing

1910.1200 - Hazard Communication Standard

1910.1000 Table Z - Toxic & Hazardous Substances

19. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z-390.1-1995 (R2000) Accepted Practices for

Hydrogen Sulfide Training

20. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI Z-490.1-2001 Criteria for Accepted Safety, Health, and Environmental Training

• Establish Accepted Industry Practices for H2S Training

• Establish Minimum Requirements for Site-Specific H2S Training

• Enhance Employee Safety in H2S Environments

• Minimum Informational Content of the Course

• Recommended Exercises and Drills

• Refresher Training Requirements

• H2S Safety Instructor Qualifications

• Properties and Characteristics of H2S

• Sources of H2S and Areas of Potential Exposure

• Typical Site-Specific Safe Work Practices

• Detection Methods for H2S

• Use and Care of Personal Protective Equipment

• Rescue Techniques and First Aid

• Recommends H2S Instructors Complete An Appropriate H2S Instructor Development Course

• Must Be Able To Demonstrate Proficiency In Technical Aspects As Well As Training Aspects

• Training Credentials Or Certification From Recognized Or Accredited Training Authority Constitutes Qualification

• Course Outline Must Conform to ANSI Z-390.1

• No Class May Be Abbreviated For Any Reason

• Instructors Must Conduct A Minimum of Two Classes Per Year

• Recommends Attending Instructor Refresher Course Every Three Years

• Must Demonstrate Performance-Based Competency Through…

• Written Evaluation

• Verbal Evaluation or

• Practical Evaluation

• 3-Year Record Retention

• Annual Retraining Required

• First Aid & Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

• Respiratory Protection Training & Questionnaire

• Pre-Placement Medical Evaluation

• SAR Quantitative Fit Testing

• Confined Space Entry Training

• Control of Hazardous Energy Training

• Process Safety Management (PSM) Training

• Other Related Safety Training Modules

TOXIC GASES FORMEDTOXIC GASES FORMED

The mind is a wonderful thing.The mind is a wonderful thing.

It starts working the minute you’re It starts working the minute you’re born and never stops until you get born and never stops until you get

up to speak in public.up to speak in public.

- Roscoe Drummond -

• Determine In Training Is Needed

• Identify Training Needs

• Identify Goals and Objectives

• Develop Learning Activities

• Conduct The Training

• Evaluate Program Effectiveness

• Improve The Program

• New Employee

• Transferred Employee

• From Another Facility, Area or Job

• Supervisors & Managers

• Newly Promoted

• With New Responsibilities

• Refresher or Update Training

• Know Your Audience

• Define Your Objectives

• Develop Program For Specific Audience

• Accomplish Your Objectives

• Conduct The Program Professionally

• Audit The Program Effectiveness

• Schedule Retraining

Objectives Must…Objectives Must…

• Be Clear

• Be Reasonably Accomplished

• Describe Your Goal

• Communicate What Is Expected of Attendees

• Address The “Why”

• Accomplish The Needs Of The Company And The Individual

• Determine Knowledge Level

• Interview Students

• Evaluate Work Practices On The Job

• Determine Strong and Weak Areas

• Determine Trainee Capabilities

• Training Record Review

• Develop A Pretest

• What Is The Student Expected To Do As A Result Of The Training?

• Course Evaluation At The Conclusion Of Each Class

• Student Assessment of Instructor and Course Content

• Assessment of Student Comprehension

• Supervisor Assessment of Knowledge Transfer and Skills Integration

On The Job

• Training Should Be Delivered In The Native Language

• Avoid Use of Colloquialisms Or Local Expressions

• Utilize Visually Oriented Training Materials

• Be Cognizant Of And Recognize The Need For Orally Administered Tests

• Help Students Relax

• Help Students Get To Know One Another

• Get Students Involved Right Away

• Provide Important Information

• Give An Overview Of The Course

• Make The Participants Want To Learn

T - Teach In Their WorldT - Teach In Their World

A - Actively Involve ParticipantsA - Actively Involve Participants

B - Be Prepared To Vary Your Instruction MethodsB - Be Prepared To Vary Your Instruction Methods

A - Ask Participants To PresentA - Ask Participants To Present

S - Show An AcronymS - Show An Acronym

C - Create Physical MovementC - Create Physical Movement

O - Open Class For DiscussionO - Open Class For Discussion

• One in eight adults read no better than the fourth-grade level. That number reflects 12.5% of the U.S. population.

• One in five adults reads only at the fifth-grade level. That’s 20% of the working population in the U.S.

You probably conduct all of your current safety training at a minimum ninth- to twelfth-grade level. See the problem??? Most newspapers are written at a twelfth-grade reading level.

National Safety Council, Safety + Health, February 1997: “How Much Safety Training Do Employees Understand?”; by Joseph R. Kelbus

“The longer I live, the more I realize the impact of attitude on life. Attitude, to me, is more important than facts. It is more important than the past, than education, than money, than circumstances, than failures, than successes, than what other people think or say or do. It is more important than appearance, giftedness or skill. It will make or break a company…a church…a home. The remarkable thing is we have a choice every day regarding the attitude we will embrace for that day. We cannot change our past…we cannot change the fact that people will act in a certain way. We cannot change the inevitable. The only thing we can do is play on the one string that we have, and that is our attitude…I am convinced that life is 10% what happens to me and 90% how I react to it. And so it is with you…we are in charge of our attitudes.” - Charles Swindoll -