H2O_Innovation_Maple_Membrane_Training_2011_ENG.pdf

7/30/2019 H2O_Innovation_Maple_Membrane_Training_2011_ENG.pdf

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Training:Use of membranes

in the maple syrup field

Prepared by:

Rock Gaulin

Pierre Courtois


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Membranes used in maple farms

Factors influencing membrane clogging

When to clean membranes

Cleaning procedures

High Brix concentration

Membrane storage at season end

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Training plan


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3

Membranes used inmaple farms


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4

Membranes used in maple farms

Max.cleaning

temp.

Max.cleaning

pH

Max.cleaning

temp.

Max.cleaning

pHPressure

Permeateflow

produced(GPD)

Max.operatingpressure

MaterialRejection

rate

Activesurface(sqft)

Membraneadaptordiameter

Filmtec Bw 30 45C 2-10.5 35C 1-12 225 psi 10 500 600 psiPolyamideThin-Film

Composite99.0% 440 1-1/4"

Filmtec Mark I 45C 2-10.5 35C 1-12 Na Na 600 psiPolyamideThin-Film

Composite

ND* 450 1-1/4"

Filmtec Nf 270 40C 2-10 35C 1-11 75 psi 12 500 600 psiPolyamideThin-Film

Composite50.0% 400 1-1/2"

Filmtec Nf 90 45C 2-10.5 35C 1-12 75 psi 7 500 600 psiPolyamideThin-Film

Composite85-95.0% 400 1-1/2"

Filmtec Xle 440 45C 2-10.5 35C 1-12 225 psi 12 700 600 psiPolyamideThin-Film

Composite99.0% 440 1-1/2"

Hydranautics PVD1 40C 2-9 35C 2-9.5 Na 11 000 400 psiPolyvinylAlcohol

Derivative80.0% 365 1-1/2"

H2OInnovation

H2O 70 45C 2-12 35C 2-12 100 psi 13 000 600 psiPolyamideThin-Film

Composite99.5% 400 1-1/4"

The table above compares the different membranes used in the maple syrup industry. Pleasenote that the maximum cleaning pH depend on water temperature. For organic clogging, it hasbeen shown that a pH 12 cleaning is 9 times more efficient than a pH 11 cleaning.


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5

Factors influencing membraneclogging


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Non-observance of the membrane s recovery rate

Non-observance of the permeate volume producedper membrane

Maintenance of pre-filtration cartridges

Feed water quality

Operating pressure

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Factors influencing membrane clogging


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According to membrane manufacturers, a membrane mustoperate with a maximum recovery rate of 15% .

RECIRCULATION or an increase in the NUMBER ofmembranes allows increasing the total recovery rate of a

system without damaging the membranes.

Recovery rate calculation:

Recovery rate = Permeate flow/ Total Flow (Concentrate andPermeate) x 100 Ex: Permeate 10 Concentrate 5,

10 /(5+10) = 0.66 x 100 = 66%

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Non-observance of the membrane srecovery rate

3 gpm

70 gpm 7 gpm

60 gpm

10 gpm

30 gpm

40 gpm

70gpm

42 %

70 %


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Non-observance of the membrane srecovery rate

H2O Innovation recommends not to exceed 21 Brix in the concentrate.

The more membranes a system contains, the higher the recovery rate can be.

The table below gives a few examples. It is possible to exceed these criteria, butclogging will happen much faster.

Please note that the operation of a system cannot be based on the concentrate sBrix concentration, as the latter varies according to feed water quality and watertemperature. The operation of a system must be made in accordance with therecovery rate.

Number of serial membranes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Maximum recommended recovery rate at 8C 75% 78% 80% 82% 84% 86% 87% 88%

Concentration if inlet of 2 Brix 8.0 9.1 10.0 11.1 12.5 14.3 16.7 18.2Concentration if inlet of 2.5 Brix

10.0 11.4 12.5 13.9 15.6 17.9 20.8 21Concentration if inlet of 3 Brix

12.0 13.6 15.0 16.7 18.8 21.0 21.0 21

8


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Membranes are designed to produce a maximum volume of Permeate perminute / day. The average lies around 450 gph.

If this maximum volume is exceeded, clogging is accelerated exponentially.

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Non-observance of the permeate volumeproduced per membrane

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Loss of production versusPermeate flow produced

Gallons of permeate per minute per membrane

Loss of production

% per hour

This is why it is important to balance

the production flow of all membranes.


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When pre-filters reach a 40+ psi differential, bypass can happen and someparticles can settle on the membrane; clogging is then irreversible. It isimportant to use good quality cartridges; H2O Innovation recommends 3MPolyclean or Puretrex cartridges.

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Maintenance of pre-filtration cartridges

To enable longer intervals between replacements of filters, H2O Innovationrecommends to add a bag in series with the other cartridges. The cartridgelifetime will be increased up to 4 times.


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Maple water contains various micro-organisms (polysaccharides, bacterialmetabolites). These organisms fix on the membrane surface and create aglue which is called bio-film.

The bio-film is very hard to remove with traditional cleaning products. Itrequires a radical treatment.

To limit bio-film, it is important not to allow water to get warmer in basins.The higher the temperature in the basins, the fastest the cellular division.This is why it is important to rinse thoroughly your system after each use.

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Feed water quality


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Contrary to popular belief, operating pressure isn t a factor of membrane

clogging. But a misuse of the maximum recovery or volume principles canentail an increase in membrane pressure, which is often considered asbeing the problem, whereas it is only the result.

The table below shows osmotic pressure versus feed water concentration.

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The Osmotic pressure isthe minimum pressurenecessary to produce adrop of water at given

concentration andtemperature.

BrixConcentration

Osmoticpressure (psi)

3.5 % 40 psi

8 % 100 psi

12 % 145 psi

14.5 % 185 psi

17 % 225 psi

20 % 275 psi

25 % 380 psi

30 % 500 psi

Operating pressure


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When to clean membranes?


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Here is an easy way to determine if your membranes need cleaning. Please

note that it is important to know the initial PWP. (The initial PWP is measuredat the beginning of the season, and updated after each cleaning).

PWP = Pure Water Permeability, i.e. the quantity of Permeate produced in apure water at given concentration and temperature.

When the PWP reaches 15% , you have to initiate a cleaning sequence. If thePWP is over 20%, it will be hard to properly clean the membrane (see tablebelow).

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Loss of Pure Water Permeability PWP

0

5

10

15

20

25

PWP

PEPPWP


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When to measure the PWP?

It is recommended to measure the PWP after 6 hours of continuousoperation, or when operating pressure has increased by 20%, as well asat the beginning or at the end of each production period.

Procedures:

Rinse the membranes with permeate for 15 minutes or until theconductivity is less than 10 microsiemens. H2O Innovation recommendsrinsing with recirculation pumps, so that it takes less time.

Adjust membrane pressure to 150 psi (H2O Innovation recommends a 150psi PWP); at 150 psi, the permeate flow is very close to the actualproduction flow.

Read and note down the total permeate flow for each membrane ifpossible;.

Read and note down the water temperature.

Use the correction table to adjust your PWP to 13C.

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PWP


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Example of data:

PWPinitial = 25 gpm at 150 psi at 13C

Current data: 150 psi, 14 gpm of permeate, 3C

PWP = permeate flow/ temperature correction factor

PWP = 14 gpm / 0.742 = 18.8 gpm (flow at 13 C)

Yield loss calculation:

100%-((PWP/PWPinital)) x 100) = yield rate in %

( 18.8 / 25) x 100 = 75.4 % of yield

100 % 75.4 % = 24.6 yield loss in %

In this case, a cleaning is essential because loss has exceeded 15%.

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PWP Calculation


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PWP in cold water: 13C as reference temperature

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Temperature Correction Factor

TemperatureC

CorrectionFactor

TemperatureC

CorrectionFactor

0 0.672 13 1.000

1 0.695 14 1.028

2 0.718 15 1.055

3 0.742 16 1.084

4 0.766 17 1.112

5 0.790 18 1.142

6 0.816 19 1.170

7 0.842 20 1.200

8 0.866 21 1.229

9 0.893 22 1.259

10 0.919 23 1.289

11 0.946 24 1.319

12 0.973 25 1.350


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Cleaning procedures


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Standard cleaningNecessary tools:

pH meter

Conductivity meter


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Standard cleaning cycle

Fill the cleaning tank

Add 350 ml of Lavasol VII or 700 ml of Bio-Membrane for every 100 litresof permeate in the cleaning tank, or adjust the solution at pH 12 or (seetable to know cleaning temperatures for each membrane). Then, launchthe cleaning mode. To get an optimal cleaning, the flow must be fast so asto create a membrane washout effect. H2O Innovation recommends touse the pressure pump in cleaning mode so as to increase the flow(washout effect), but if your separator doesn t allow a cleaning under 100psi, the cleaning must be done without the pressure pump.

Re-circulate the cleaning solution until temperature reaches a maximum of45 C (please validate with the informative table on membranes).

Rinse the system for 15 minutes or until conductivity is less than 10microsiemens.

Measure the PWP. If gains are not sufficient, you can clean again withLavasol VII or Bio-Membrane.

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Standard cleaning


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Max.cleaning temp.

Max.cleaning

pH

Max.cleaning

temp.

Max.cleaning

pH

Max.cleaning

temp

Max.cleaning

pH

Filmtec Bw 30 45 C 2-10.5 35C 1-12 25C 1-13

Mark I 45 C 2-10.5 35C 1-12 25C 1-13

Nf 270 40 C 2-10 35C 1-11 25C 1-12

Nf 90 45 C 2-10.5 35C 1-12 25C 1-13

Xle 440 45 C 2-10.5 35C 1-12 25C 1-13

Hydranautics PVD1 40 C 2-9 35C 2-9.5 25C 2-10

H2OInnovation

H2O 70 45 C 2-12 35C 2-12 25C 1-12

Informative table on membranes andcleaning tolerances

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Complete cleaning


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Fill the cleaning tank. Clean with Lavasol VII or Bio-Membrane at pH 12. After 5 minutes of cleaning, we recommend to measure pH and to add

products if needed. When the membrane is filled with organic waste, the pHtends to decrease because the Bio-Membrane or Lavasol VII active agentbinds to this organic matter.

Re-circulate the cleaning solution until temperature reaches 45C. Rinse the system.

Measure the PWP. Clean with citric acid, 1 cup for each 40 litres of dead volume. Rinse the system. Measure the PWP. Clean with Oxysan, 700 ml for each 100 litres of total volume. Be careful not to

exceed 23C. Soak the system with this solution, between 1 hour and 48 hours. (The longer

the soaking time, the more efficient.) Rinse the system. Measure the PWP. Clean with Lavasol VII until temperature reaches 45C. Repeat cleanings with Lavasol VII and Oxysan until the PWP does not

increase any more. Always end with a Lavasol VII cleaning.

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Complete cleaning


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The table below shows profitability of a high Brix concentrate.

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Oil at $0.75/l

Evaporatio

ncost($/UKg

al.ofsyrup)

Evap. EE = 75%

Brix

Savings of $10.9 /UK gal. of syrup



$3.2 / UK gal. $1.6 / UK gal. $1.0 / UK gal.

Source: Center ACER


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To reach a high Brix concentration, you need to have a minimum numberof serial membranes on your system (see table). It is also possible to go 2or 3 times through the membranes with smaller devices.

Please note that evaporation is not the same at 20 Brix and 8 Brix.

The table above shows that a concentration of 20 Brix needs a minimumof 6 membranes if feed water is at 3 Brix.

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Number of serial membranes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Maximum recommended recovery rate at 8C 75% 78% 80% 82% 84% 86% 87% 88%

Concentration if inlet of 2 Brix 8.0 9.1 10.0 11.1 12.5 14.3 16.7 18.2Concentration if inlet of 2.5 Brix

10.0 11.4 12.5 13.9 15.6 17.9 20.8 21Concentration if inlet of 3 Brix

12.0 13.6 15.0 16.7 18.8 21.0 21.0 21


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1 system of 8 serial membranes with Booster Pump

This kind of system is the most efficient. It allows a continuous operationwhile preventing bacteria from proliferating in the basins.

Please note that for cleaning, the system shouldn t have more than 4serial membranes, otherwise the cleaning will be much less efficient.

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Membrane storage


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At the end of the season, it is important to clean the membranes.

After cleaning, the membrane must be stored in a wet place exempt ofbacterial proliferation.

This is why you have to add an additive such as sodium metabisulfite(Na2S2O5), or sodium benzoate (Na+ + C6H5COO-). These additives are

oxygen scavengers which stop bacterial proliferation.

The package must then be sealed (in a bag or a coffer).

Finally, the membrane must be stored in a place where temperatureexceeds 0C.

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Membrane storage at end of season


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Question?

H2O_Innovation_Maple_Membrane_Training_2011_ENG.pdf

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