H177 Midterm Dezoysa

HC 177: Biotech & ArtHC 177: Biotech & ArtNeuro Imaging Art and Neuro Imaging Art and

ManipulationManipulation

HC 177: Biotech & ArtHC 177: Biotech & ArtNeuro Imaging Art and Neuro Imaging Art and

ManipulationManipulation

Madushka Yohan De ZoysaMadushka Yohan De Zoysa

NeuroscienceNeuroscienceMadushka Yohan De ZoysaMadushka Yohan De Zoysa

NeuroscienceNeuroscience

AbstractAbstractAbstractAbstract

The fusion of art and science is supposed to both create a The fusion of art and science is supposed to both create a dialogue among the community and push the boundaries of what dialogue among the community and push the boundaries of what can be accomplished in both art and science. One can develop a can be accomplished in both art and science. One can develop a program that would integrate the results of an EEG to produce a program that would integrate the results of an EEG to produce a visual recording much like an fMRI. Further, this recording can be visual recording much like an fMRI. Further, this recording can be combined with the results of an electroencephalophone which combined with the results of an electroencephalophone which can convert brain waves into sound to achieve an audiovisual can convert brain waves into sound to achieve an audiovisual piece created solely through an individual’s thoughts. Medical piece created solely through an individual’s thoughts. Medical applications of this include using this technology measure brain applications of this include using this technology measure brain activity in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Additionally, activity in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Additionally, the same technology can be used to create a transcranial the same technology can be used to create a transcranial magnetic stimulation cap that can noninvasively enhance or magnetic stimulation cap that can noninvasively enhance or inhibit specific parts of brain activity.inhibit specific parts of brain activity.

The fusion of art and science is supposed to both create a The fusion of art and science is supposed to both create a dialogue among the community and push the boundaries of what dialogue among the community and push the boundaries of what can be accomplished in both art and science. One can develop a can be accomplished in both art and science. One can develop a program that would integrate the results of an EEG to produce a program that would integrate the results of an EEG to produce a visual recording much like an fMRI. Further, this recording can be visual recording much like an fMRI. Further, this recording can be combined with the results of an electroencephalophone which combined with the results of an electroencephalophone which can convert brain waves into sound to achieve an audiovisual can convert brain waves into sound to achieve an audiovisual piece created solely through an individual’s thoughts. Medical piece created solely through an individual’s thoughts. Medical applications of this include using this technology measure brain applications of this include using this technology measure brain activity in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Additionally, activity in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Additionally, the same technology can be used to create a transcranial the same technology can be used to create a transcranial magnetic stimulation cap that can noninvasively enhance or magnetic stimulation cap that can noninvasively enhance or inhibit specific parts of brain activity.inhibit specific parts of brain activity.

Concept/TopicConcept/TopicConcept/TopicConcept/Topic

Neuroimaging work is highly limited to obtaining images of Neuroimaging work is highly limited to obtaining images of patients’ brain activity while they are lying almost completely patients’ brain activity while they are lying almost completely still. As a result, it is impossible to get images of brain activity in still. As a result, it is impossible to get images of brain activity in the motor and somatosensory cortices. Thus, these areas of the the motor and somatosensory cortices. Thus, these areas of the brain cannot be analyzed, and misfiring of neurons in this region brain cannot be analyzed, and misfiring of neurons in this region cannot be recognized. This poses a very difficult problem in cannot be recognized. This poses a very difficult problem in diagnosing motor or sensory disorders originating in the cortex. diagnosing motor or sensory disorders originating in the cortex. An additional problem with current imaging technology is that An additional problem with current imaging technology is that even slight movement results in unusable results.even slight movement results in unusable results.

There is also a lack of technologies involving noninvasive neural There is also a lack of technologies involving noninvasive neural stimulation. The only method that exists has low spatial stimulation. The only method that exists has low spatial resolution which results in stimulation of large portions of the resolution which results in stimulation of large portions of the brain at a time.brain at a time.

Neuroimaging work is highly limited to obtaining images of Neuroimaging work is highly limited to obtaining images of patients’ brain activity while they are lying almost completely patients’ brain activity while they are lying almost completely still. As a result, it is impossible to get images of brain activity in still. As a result, it is impossible to get images of brain activity in the motor and somatosensory cortices. Thus, these areas of the the motor and somatosensory cortices. Thus, these areas of the brain cannot be analyzed, and misfiring of neurons in this region brain cannot be analyzed, and misfiring of neurons in this region cannot be recognized. This poses a very difficult problem in cannot be recognized. This poses a very difficult problem in diagnosing motor or sensory disorders originating in the cortex. diagnosing motor or sensory disorders originating in the cortex. An additional problem with current imaging technology is that An additional problem with current imaging technology is that even slight movement results in unusable results.even slight movement results in unusable results.

There is also a lack of technologies involving noninvasive neural There is also a lack of technologies involving noninvasive neural stimulation. The only method that exists has low spatial stimulation. The only method that exists has low spatial resolution which results in stimulation of large portions of the resolution which results in stimulation of large portions of the brain at a time.brain at a time.

Context and PrecedentsContext and PrecedentsContext and PrecedentsContext and Precedents

An EEG measures the electric activity of An EEG measures the electric activity of certain parts of the brain based upon the certain parts of the brain based upon the firing of neurons.firing of neurons.

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are needed to see this picture.

fMRIs display which areas of the brain are more fMRIs display which areas of the brain are more active by mapping changes in blood flow in the active by mapping changes in blood flow in the brain. As a result, brain areas that are engaged brain. As a result, brain areas that are engaged in neural activity experience an increase in in neural activity experience an increase in metabolism and blood flow, which shows up as metabolism and blood flow, which shows up as a bright region on the fMRI.a bright region on the fMRI.

Transcranial magnetic stimulators use changing Transcranial magnetic stimulators use changing magnetic fields to induce weak electric currents in the magnetic fields to induce weak electric currents in the brain. This works to manipulate the electrical activity brain. This works to manipulate the electrical activity already present in the brain.already present in the brain.



Project Proposal - Artistic AspectProject Proposal - Artistic AspectProject Proposal - Artistic AspectProject Proposal - Artistic AspectVisual PortionVisual PortionEEGs reveal neural activity in specific areas of the brain based on EEGs reveal neural activity in specific areas of the brain based on electrical signaling. Integrating all these wavelengths of activity has the electrical signaling. Integrating all these wavelengths of activity has the potential to create a changing map of global brain function, much like potential to create a changing map of global brain function, much like what is found in fMRIs. Different portions of the brain will light up based what is found in fMRIs. Different portions of the brain will light up based on what the subject is doing/thinking at that given moment.on what the subject is doing/thinking at that given moment.

Audio PortionAudio PortionUsing an electroencephalophone, it is possible to Using an electroencephalophone, it is possible to make audible what is normally never considered make audible what is normally never considered to make soundto make sound[1][1]. One can combining brainwave . One can combining brainwave sounds with a real-time map of the changing brain sounds with a real-time map of the changing brain activity map to create a unique audiovisual piece activity map to create a unique audiovisual piece unique to every individual who performs it.unique to every individual who performs it.



Project Proposal - Diagnostic AspectProject Proposal - Diagnostic AspectProject Proposal - Diagnostic AspectProject Proposal - Diagnostic AspectThe functional EEG activity map will prove invaluable as a diagnostic The functional EEG activity map will prove invaluable as a diagnostic tool. Patients who are incapable of remaining still (Parkinson’s and tool. Patients who are incapable of remaining still (Parkinson’s and epilepsy patients) will be able to finally image their brain activity and gain epilepsy patients) will be able to finally image their brain activity and gain a better sense of where their problem lies.a better sense of where their problem lies. [2][2]

Additionally, patients with Additionally, patients with neuromuscular disorders can neuromuscular disorders can understand how their neurons misfire understand how their neurons misfire when attempting to move a muscle.when attempting to move a muscle.

Other neurological anomalies, such Other neurological anomalies, such as phantom limb syndrome (an as phantom limb syndrome (an example of synaesthesia) can be example of synaesthesia) can be examined.examined.





Project Proposal - Clinical AspectProject Proposal - Clinical AspectProject Proposal - Clinical AspectProject Proposal - Clinical Aspect

Current transcranial magnetic stimulators have the same low spatial Current transcranial magnetic stimulators have the same low spatial resolution problem as current fMRIs.resolution problem as current fMRIs.

As mentioned before, they use affect electric As mentioned before, they use affect electric currents through magnetic fields created by two currents through magnetic fields created by two large loops of metal. This is what creates the low large loops of metal. This is what creates the low spatial resolution.spatial resolution.



By making these metal coils smaller and attaching By making these metal coils smaller and attaching them to an EEG-type cap, it is possible to selectively them to an EEG-type cap, it is possible to selectively stimulate parts of the brain.stimulate parts of the brain.

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Can be used to manage seizures as they develop Can be used to manage seizures as they develop as well as enabling brain function recovery in stroke as well as enabling brain function recovery in stroke patients.patients.

ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

These tools in the proper environment can become a powerful These tools in the proper environment can become a powerful tool to aid doctors in diagnosing and treating various tool to aid doctors in diagnosing and treating various neurological disorders. In the hands of an artist, this technology neurological disorders. In the hands of an artist, this technology can also produce artwork that can claim a stamp of individuality can also produce artwork that can claim a stamp of individuality unlike any other piece before it. However, if this technology is unlike any other piece before it. However, if this technology is not properly controlled or monitored (in particular the TMS cap) it not properly controlled or monitored (in particular the TMS cap) it can be used in an abusive manner with dire consequences. By can be used in an abusive manner with dire consequences. By the nature of how it operates, the TMS cap’s primary purpose is the nature of how it operates, the TMS cap’s primary purpose is to manipulate brain activity. Overuse of it can be both physically to manipulate brain activity. Overuse of it can be both physically damaging and highly addicting, just like any drug. Lastly, damaging and highly addicting, just like any drug. Lastly, manipulation of structures such as the hippocampus can alter manipulation of structures such as the hippocampus can alter our memories and possibly our own consciousness. As such, use our memories and possibly our own consciousness. As such, use of these machines should be limited and carefully monitored.of these machines should be limited and carefully monitored.

These tools in the proper environment can become a powerful These tools in the proper environment can become a powerful tool to aid doctors in diagnosing and treating various tool to aid doctors in diagnosing and treating various neurological disorders. In the hands of an artist, this technology neurological disorders. In the hands of an artist, this technology can also produce artwork that can claim a stamp of individuality can also produce artwork that can claim a stamp of individuality unlike any other piece before it. However, if this technology is unlike any other piece before it. However, if this technology is not properly controlled or monitored (in particular the TMS cap) it not properly controlled or monitored (in particular the TMS cap) it can be used in an abusive manner with dire consequences. By can be used in an abusive manner with dire consequences. By the nature of how it operates, the TMS cap’s primary purpose is the nature of how it operates, the TMS cap’s primary purpose is to manipulate brain activity. Overuse of it can be both physically to manipulate brain activity. Overuse of it can be both physically damaging and highly addicting, just like any drug. Lastly, damaging and highly addicting, just like any drug. Lastly, manipulation of structures such as the hippocampus can alter manipulation of structures such as the hippocampus can alter our memories and possibly our own consciousness. As such, use our memories and possibly our own consciousness. As such, use of these machines should be limited and carefully monitored.of these machines should be limited and carefully monitored.

ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences

[1] Davis, Joe. “Rubisco Stars, SETI, and the Paradox of [1] Davis, Joe. “Rubisco Stars, SETI, and the Paradox of Scale.” Honors Collegium 177. University of California, Scale.” Honors Collegium 177. University of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles. 15 January 2010.Los Angeles. Los Angeles. 15 January 2010.

[2] Pontin, Jason. “Mind Over Matter, With a Machine’s [2] Pontin, Jason. “Mind Over Matter, With a Machine’s Help.” Help.” The New York TimesThe New York Times. 26 August 2007. Web. 6 . 26 August 2007. Web. 6 January 2010.January 2010.

[1] Davis, Joe. “Rubisco Stars, SETI, and the Paradox of [1] Davis, Joe. “Rubisco Stars, SETI, and the Paradox of Scale.” Honors Collegium 177. University of California, Scale.” Honors Collegium 177. University of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles. 15 January 2010.Los Angeles. Los Angeles. 15 January 2010.

[2] Pontin, Jason. “Mind Over Matter, With a Machine’s [2] Pontin, Jason. “Mind Over Matter, With a Machine’s Help.” Help.” The New York TimesThe New York Times. 26 August 2007. Web. 6 . 26 August 2007. Web. 6 January 2010.January 2010.

Bibliography/LinksBibliography/LinksBibliography/LinksBibliography/LinksDavis, Joe. “Rubisco Stars, SETI, and the Paradox of Scale.” Honors Collegium 177. University of California, Los Angeles. Los Davis, Joe. “Rubisco Stars, SETI, and the Paradox of Scale.” Honors Collegium 177. University of California, Los Angeles. Los

Angeles. 15 January 2010.Angeles. 15 January 2010.

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Kirkcaldie, Matthew, and Saxby Pridmore. “Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.” Kirkcaldie, Matthew, and Saxby Pridmore. “Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.” Open MindOpen Mind. 6 January 2010.. 6 January 2010.

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““Quantitative Electroencephalographic Assessment of Brain Function (qEEG).” Quantitative Electroencephalographic Assessment of Brain Function (qEEG).” NDC: NeuroDevelopment CenterNDC: NeuroDevelopment Center. 2004. 5 . 2004. 5 January 2010. <http://www.neurodevelopmentcenter.com/index.php?id=39>.January 2010. <http://www.neurodevelopmentcenter.com/index.php?id=39>.

““The Lab’s EEG/ERP Research.” 5 January 2010. <http://people.brandeis.edu/~sekuler/eegERP.html>.The Lab’s EEG/ERP Research.” 5 January 2010. <http://people.brandeis.edu/~sekuler/eegERP.html>.

““Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.” Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.” The Mayo ClinicThe Mayo Clinic. 6 January 2010. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-. 6 January 2010. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/MY00185>.magnetic-stimulation/MY00185>.

““Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).” Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).” University of ColoradoUniversity of Colorado. 7 January 2010. . 7 January 2010. <http://www.uchsc.edu/psychiatry/brainimaging/research_areas/TMS.php>.<http://www.uchsc.edu/psychiatry/brainimaging/research_areas/TMS.php>.

Davis, Joe. “Rubisco Stars, SETI, and the Paradox of Scale.” Honors Collegium 177. University of California, Los Angeles. Los Davis, Joe. “Rubisco Stars, SETI, and the Paradox of Scale.” Honors Collegium 177. University of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles. 15 January 2010.Angeles. 15 January 2010.

““Electroencephalophone.” Electroencephalophone.” Answers.comAnswers.com. 5 January 2010. <http://www.answers.com/topic/electroencephalophone>.. 5 January 2010. <http://www.answers.com/topic/electroencephalophone>.

““fMRI.” fMRI.” Science MuseumScience Museum. 5 January 2010. <http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/brain/193.asp>.. 5 January 2010. <http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/brain/193.asp>.

““How MRI Works.” How MRI Works.” HowStuffWorksHowStuffWorks. 6 January 2010. <http://www.howstuffworks.com/mri.htm>.. 6 January 2010. <http://www.howstuffworks.com/mri.htm>.

Kirkcaldie, Matthew, and Saxby Pridmore. “Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.” Kirkcaldie, Matthew, and Saxby Pridmore. “Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.” Open MindOpen Mind. 6 January 2010.. 6 January 2010.

Pontin, Jason. “Mind Over Matter, With a Machine’s Help.” Pontin, Jason. “Mind Over Matter, With a Machine’s Help.” The New York TimesThe New York Times. 26 August 2007. Web. 6 January 2010.. 26 August 2007. Web. 6 January 2010.

““Quantitative Electroencephalographic Assessment of Brain Function (qEEG).” Quantitative Electroencephalographic Assessment of Brain Function (qEEG).” NDC: NeuroDevelopment CenterNDC: NeuroDevelopment Center. 2004. 5 . 2004. 5 January 2010. <http://www.neurodevelopmentcenter.com/index.php?id=39>.January 2010. <http://www.neurodevelopmentcenter.com/index.php?id=39>.

““The Lab’s EEG/ERP Research.” 5 January 2010. <http://people.brandeis.edu/~sekuler/eegERP.html>.The Lab’s EEG/ERP Research.” 5 January 2010. <http://people.brandeis.edu/~sekuler/eegERP.html>.

““Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.” Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.” The Mayo ClinicThe Mayo Clinic. 6 January 2010. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-. 6 January 2010. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/MY00185>.magnetic-stimulation/MY00185>.

““Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).” Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).” University of ColoradoUniversity of Colorado. 7 January 2010. . 7 January 2010. <http://www.uchsc.edu/psychiatry/brainimaging/research_areas/TMS.php>.<http://www.uchsc.edu/psychiatry/brainimaging/research_areas/TMS.php>.

H177 Midterm Dezoysa

Health & Medicine

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