GY 111: Physical Geology - University of South Alabama · 2016. 11. 29. · 9. Assam - Tibet 1950...
Transcript of GY 111: Physical Geology - University of South Alabama · 2016. 11. 29. · 9. Assam - Tibet 1950...
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GY 111: Physical Geology
Lecture 29: Earthquakes
Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
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Last Time
Web notes 29: Lab Manual Chapter 7
A) Types of Brittle Deformation B) Types of faults/terminology C) Faults on maps
Faults (Brittle Deformation)
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Mechanical Behavior of Rocks Near-surface rocks that are under low T-P conditions behave as brittle material:
– Fault fracture (slippage) – Joint fracture (no slippage)
Deep rocks under elevated T-P conditions behave as ductile material:
– Folding
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Brittle Deformation
Fractures are irregularly spaced cracks that cut across rocks
http://roamingretirees.wordpress.com/category/state-parksrecreation-areas/
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Brittle Deformation
Joints are regularly spaced and parallel fractures that result from tension. Columnar jointing
is caused by cooling
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Brittle Deformation
Faults are fractures that involve movement.
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Fault Terminology
All faults share some features. All active faults are subject to earthquakes
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Fault Terminology
Dip Slip Faults are subdivided into two types based upon the sense of motion along the fault plane and the type of stress involved Tension = Normal Fault Compression = Reverse Fault
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Fault Terminology
Strike Slip Faults are also subdivided into two types based upon the sense of motion along the fault plane. Shear = Strike Slip Fault Left Lateral Strike Slip Fault Right Lateral Strike Slip Fault
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Faults on Maps
Strike Slip Faults (Right Lateral)
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Faults on Maps
Normal Faults
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Faults on Maps
There is a special class of reverse fault that is common in mountain belts Thrust Faults
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Faults on Maps
The Canadian Rockies are one of the best places to see thrust faults
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Faults on Maps
Trust faults usually occur in multiples (like in the Rockies) leading to complex geological maps
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Today’s Agenda Earthquakes
A) Earthquake intensity and magnitude B) Seismographs C) Case Studies
Web notes 29: GY 111 Lab Manual Chapter 7
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Seismic Waves
P and S-waves are called body waves because they travel through the Earth.
P-waves travel through all media and are the fastest (4+ km/s) S-waves cannot pass through liquids and are slower (3+ km/s)
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Seismographs
Seismic waves are recorded using seismographs.
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Seismographs
More about seismograms shortly, but first… Earthquake magnitude.
Seismic waves are recorded using seismographs. The traces are called seismograms.
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Earthquake Magnitude The “intensity” of an earthquake can be measure through one of two ways.
1) A “people” method: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (I to XII)
2) A geophysical method: Modified Richter Scale (1 to 10)
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Earthquake Magnitude
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Earthquake Magnitude The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is most useful for historical earthquakes, but is subject to perception errors.
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Earthquake Magnitude The Modified Richter Scale uses geophysical information recorded from seismographs.
You need to measure the amplitude, but also take into account the distance from the earthquake epicenter
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Earthquake Magnitude
You need to measure the amplitude, but also take into account the distance from the earthquake epicenter
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Earthquake Magnitude
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Earthquake Magnitude Magnitude Effects
(source http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca) # per year
(worldwide) Source: USGS
Strength compared to a Magnitude 3
quake
1 Not perceptible to people ? -100
2 1,300,000 -10
3 Often felt, but rarely cause damage. 130,000 --
4 13,000 10
5 At most slight damage to well-designed buildings. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions.
1300 100
6 Can cause damage to poorly constructed buildings and other structures in areas up to about 100 kilometers across where people live. Substantial deaths, especially if epicenter is in a major city
150 1000
7 "Major" earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas.
20 10,000
8 "Great" earthquake. Can cause serious damage and loss of life in areas several hundred kilometers across.
1 100,000
9 Rare great earthquake. Can cause major damage over a large region over 1000 km across.
<1 1,000,000
10 Impossible unless you make bad movies 10,000,000
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Earthquakes
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Earthquakes In the USA (1973-2002)
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Earthquakes In the USA
?
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Earthquakes In the USA
Three earthquakes (all above 9) hit the New Madrid area from 1812-1813. Their cause is still debated.
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Death 101: The Earthquake Edition
Woodcut; New Madrid 1812? Source: http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/prepare/factsheets/NewMadrid/Woodcut.gif
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Death 101: The Earthquake Edition
San Francisco, 1906
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Death 101: The Earthquake Edition
Magnitude vs. Ground Motion and Energy
Magnitude Average Annually
8 - 10 1 ¹
7 - 7.9 17 ²
6 - 6.9 134 ²
5 - 5.9 1319 ²
4 - 4.9 13,000 (estimated)
3 - 3.9 130,000 (estimated)
2 - 2.9 1,300,000 (estimated)
¹ Based on observations since 1900. ² Based on observations since 1990.
Source: http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists
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Date Location Deaths Magnitude
Jan. 23, 1556 Shansi, China 830,000 ~8
July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China 255,0001 7.5
Aug. 9, 1138 Aleppo, Syria 230,000 n.a.
Dec. 26, 2004 off west coast of northern Sumatra 225,000+ 9.0
Dec. 22, 8562 Damghan, Iran 200,000 n.a.
May 22, 1927 near Xining, Tsinghai, China 200,000 7.9
Dec. 16, 1920 Gansu, China 200,000 7.8
March 23, 8932 Ardabil, Iran 150,000 n.a.
Sept. 1, 1923 Kwanto, Japan 143,000 7.9
Oct. 5, 1948 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, USSR 110,000 7.3
Dec. 28, 1908 Messina, Italy 70,000– 100,0003
7.2
Sept. 1290 Chihli, China 100,000 n.a.
Oct. 8, 2005 Pakistan 80,361 7.6
Nov. 1667 Shemakha, Caucasia 80,000 n.a.
Nov. 18, 1727 Tabriz, Iran 77,000 n.a.
Dec. 25, 1932 Gansu, China 70,000 7.6
Nov. 1, 1755 Lisbon, Portugal 70,000 8.7
May 31, 1970 Peru 66,000 7.9
May 30, 1935 Quetta, Pakistan 30,000– 60,000
7.5
Death 101
The worst earthquakes (as far as death is
concerned)
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Date Location Deaths Magnitude
Jan. 23, 1556 Shansi, China 830,000 ~8
July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China 255,0001 7.5
Aug. 9, 1138 Aleppo, Syria 230,000 n.a.
Dec. 26, 2004 off west coast of northern Sumatra 225,000+ 9.0
Dec. 22, 8562 Damghan, Iran 200,000 n.a.
May 22, 1927 near Xining, Tsinghai, China 200,000 7.9
Dec. 16, 1920 Gansu, China 200,000 7.8
March 23, 8932 Ardabil, Iran 150,000 n.a.
Sept. 1, 1923 Kwanto, Japan 143,000 7.9
Oct. 5, 1948 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, USSR 110,000 7.3
Dec. 28, 1908 Messina, Italy 70,000– 100,0003
7.2
Sept. 1290 Chihli, China 100,000 n.a.
Oct. 8, 2005 Pakistan 80,361 7.6
Nov. 1667 Shemakha, Caucasia 80,000 n.a.
Nov. 18, 1727 Tabriz, Iran 77,000 n.a.
Dec. 25, 1932 Gansu, China 70,000 7.6
Nov. 1, 1755 Lisbon, Portugal 70,000 8.7
May 31, 1970 Peru 66,000 7.9
May 30, 1935 Quetta, Pakistan 30,000– 60,000
7.5
Death 101
The worst earthquakes (as far as death is
concerned)
More on this one shortly
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Locating Epicenters on maps
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Locating Epicenters on maps Fact: P- and S- waves travel at different speeds through the Earth so the interval between their separate arrival times can be used to estimate distance.
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Locating Epicenters on maps
You need at least 3 seismograph stations
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Locating Epicenters on maps
You need at least 3 seismograph stations to locate an epicenter
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Locating Epicenters on maps
You need at least 3 seismograph stations to locate an epicenter
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Locating Epicenters on maps
You need at least 3 seismograph stations to locate an epicenter
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Locating Epicenters on maps
You need at least 3 seismograph stations to locate an epicenter
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Locating Epicenters on maps
You need at least 3 seismograph stations to locate an epicenter
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Weird Earthquake Stuff
1) Japanese video coverage of the Kobe 1993 earthquake 2) Japanese Tsunami 2011 3) New Zealand 2016 observations 4) Other near death experiences in New Zealand earthquakes 5) Liquefaction and building failures (Japan, 1960) 6) California bridge collapses (1974, 1994)
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Weird Earthquake Stuff
1) Japanese video coverage of the Kobe 1993 earthquake https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxitIewLv9c
Japanese Tsunami 2011 New Zealand 2016 observations Other near death experiences in New Zealand earthquakes Liquefaction and building failures (Japan, 1960) California bridge collapses (1974, 1994)
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Weird Earthquake Stuff
Japanese video coverage of the Kobe 1993 earthquake 2) Japanese Tsunami 2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0YOXVlPUu4 0 min, 1 min, 5 min to 7 min
New Zealand 2016 observations Other near death experiences in New Zealand earthquakes Liquefaction and building failures (Japan, 1960) California bridge collapses (1974, 1994)
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Weird Earthquake Stuff
Japanese video coverage of the Kobe 1993 earthquake 2) Japanese Tsunami 2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0YOXVlPUu4 0 min, 1 min, 5 min to 7 min
New Zealand 2016 observations Other near death experiences in New Zealand earthquakes Liquefaction and building failures (Japan, 1960) California bridge collapses (1974, 1994)
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Weird Earthquake Stuff
Japanese video coverage of the Kobe 1993 earthquake Japanese Tsunami 2011 3) New Zealand 2016 observations http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11752137 Other near death experiences in New Zealand earthquakes Liquefaction and building failures (Japan, 1960) California bridge collapses (1974, 1994)
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Weird Earthquake Stuff
Japanese video coverage of the Kobe 1993 earthquake Japanese Tsunami 2011 3) New Zealand 2016 observations Other near death experiences in New Zealand earthquakes Liquefaction and building failures (Japan, 1960) California bridge collapses (1974, 1994)
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Indonesia, December 26, 2004
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Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
Seismicity of Australia, Indonesia and New Zealand: 1990-2000
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Indonesia Geopolitical Map
Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
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Indonesia Tectonic Map
Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
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Indonesia Seismicity Map
Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
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Number of Earthquakes per Year (Mag 5 and higher), All Depths
Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
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Location Date UTC Magnitude Coordinates Reference 1. Chile 1960 05 22 9.5 -38.24 -73.05 Kanamori, 1977
2. Prince William Sound, Alaska 1964 03 28 9.2 61.02 -147.65 Kanamori, 1977
3. West Coast of Northern Sumatra 2004 12 26 9.1 3.30 95.78 PDE
4. Kamchatka 1952 11 04 9.0 52.76 160.06 Kanamori, 1977
5. Off the Coast of Ecuador 1906 01 31 8.8 1.0 -81.5 Kanamori, 1977
6. Rat Islands, Alaska 1965 02 04 8.7 51.21 178.50 Kanamori, 1977
7. Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 2005 03 28 8.6 2.08 97.01 PDE
8. Andreanof Islands, Alaska 1957 03 09 8.6 51.56 -175.39 Johnson, 1994
9. Assam - Tibet 1950 08 15 8.6 28.5 96.5 Kanamori, 1977
10. Kuril Islands 1963 10 13 8.5 44.9 149.6 Kanamori, 1977
11. Banda Sea, Indonesia 1938 02 01 8.5 -5.05 131.62 Kanamori, 1977
12. Kamchatka 1923 02 03 8.5 54.0 161.0 Kanamori, 1988
Updated 2006 May 02
Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900
Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/10_largest_world.php
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Seismograms
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December 26, 2004 Tsunami
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Tsunami Arrival Times (hours:minutes)
Sour
ce: I
OC
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The Aftermath
230,000? dead
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Whole villages washed away
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Coastlines permanently
changed
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Source: http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov
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IOC ICG/ITSU
“Early” Warning System
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SEISMOGRAPHIC NETWORK
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Today’s Homework 1. Assignment 4 (folds on maps) Due after the break
Next Time
GY 302 Poster Session. Too late! Rock and Gem Show Thanksgiving weekend (Last Bonus opp)
proof of attendance required
1) Mountain Building part 1
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GY 111: Physical Geology
Lecture 29: Earthquakes
Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick
This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.